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| <main class="article default-main full-800" data-ceiling="topbar"> |
| <div class="article-banner"> |
| <p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="article-header"> |
| <nav class="crumbs" aria-label="breadcrumbs"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="crumb">Cassandra</li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="../index.html">Managing</a></li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Operating</a></li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="repair.html">Repair</a></li> |
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| <li class="tool edit"><a href="https://github.com/apache/cassandra/edit/cassandra-5.0/doc/modules/cassandra/pages/managing/operating/repair.adoc" title="Edit Page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edit</a></li> |
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| </div> |
| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Repair</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra is designed to remain available if one of it’s nodes is down |
| or unreachable. However, when a node is down or unreachable, it needs to |
| eventually discover the writes it missed. Hints attempt to inform a node |
| of missed writes, but are a best effort, and aren’t guaranteed to inform |
| a node of 100% of the writes it missed. These inconsistencies can |
| eventually result in data loss as nodes are replaced or tombstones |
| expire.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>These inconsistencies are fixed with the repair process. Repair |
| synchronizes the data between nodes by comparing their respective |
| datasets for their common token ranges, and streaming the differences |
| for any out of sync sections between the nodes. It compares the data |
| with merkle trees, which are a hierarchy of hashes.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="incremental-and-full-repairs"><a class="anchor" href="#incremental-and-full-repairs"></a>Incremental and Full Repairs</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There are 2 types of repairs: full repairs, and incremental repairs. |
| Full repairs operate over all of the data in the token range being |
| repaired. Incremental repairs only repair data that’s been written since |
| the previous incremental repair.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Incremental repairs are the default repair type, and if run regularly, |
| can significantly reduce the time and io cost of performing a repair. |
| However, it’s important to understand that once an incremental repair |
| marks data as repaired, it won’t try to repair it again. This is fine |
| for syncing up missed writes, but it doesn’t protect against things like |
| disk corruption, data loss by operator error, or bugs in Cassandra. For |
| this reason, full repairs should still be run occasionally.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="usage-and-best-practices"><a class="anchor" href="#usage-and-best-practices"></a>Usage and Best Practices</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Since repair can result in a lot of disk and network io, it’s not run |
| automatically by Cassandra. It is run by the operator via nodetool.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Incremental repair is the default and is run with the following command:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">nodetool repair</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A full repair can be run with the following command:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">nodetool repair --full</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Additionally, repair can be run on a single keyspace:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">nodetool repair [options] <keyspace_name></code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Or even on specific tables:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">nodetool repair [options] <keyspace_name> <table1> <table2></code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The repair command repairs token ranges only on the node being repaired; it does not repair the whole cluster. |
| By default, repair operates on all token ranges replicated by the node on which repair is run, causing duplicate work when running it on every node. Avoid duplicate work by using the <code>-pr</code> flag to repair only the "primary" ranges on a node. |
| Do a full cluster repair by running the <code>nodetool repair -pr</code> command on each node in each datacenter in the cluster, until all of the nodes and datacenters are repaired.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The specific frequency of repair that’s right for your cluster, of |
| course, depends on several factors. However, if you’re just starting out |
| and looking for somewhere to start, running an incremental repair every |
| 1-3 days, and a full repair every 1-3 weeks is probably reasonable. If |
| you don’t want to run incremental repairs, a full repair every 5 days is |
| a good place to start.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>At a minimum, repair should be run often enough that the gc grace period |
| never expires on unrepaired data. Otherwise, deleted data could |
| reappear. With a default gc grace period of 10 days, repairing every |
| node in your cluster at least once every 7 days will prevent this, while |
| providing enough slack to allow for delays.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="other-options"><a class="anchor" href="#other-options"></a>Other Options</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-pr, --partitioner-range</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Restricts repair to the 'primary' token ranges of the node being |
| repaired. A primary range is just a token range for which a node is |
| the first replica in the ring.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-prv, --preview</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Estimates the amount of streaming that would occur for the given |
| repair command. This builds the merkle trees, and prints the expected |
| streaming activity, but does not actually do any streaming. By |
| default, incremental repairs are estimated, add the <code>--full</code> flag to |
| estimate a full repair.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>-vd, --validate</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Verifies that the repaired data is the same across all nodes. Similiar |
| to <code>--preview</code>, this builds and compares merkle trees of repaired |
| data, but doesn’t do any streaming. This is useful for |
| troubleshooting. If this shows that the repaired data is out of sync, |
| a full repair should be run.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><code>nodetool repair docs <nodetool_repair></code></p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="full-repair-example"><a class="anchor" href="#full-repair-example"></a>Full Repair Example</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Full repair is typically needed to redistribute data after increasing |
| the replication factor of a keyspace or after adding a node to the |
| cluster. Full repair involves streaming SSTables. To demonstrate full |
| repair start with a three node cluster.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">[ec2-user@ip-10-0-2-238 ~]$ nodetool status |
| Datacenter: us-east-1 |
| ===================== |
| Status=Up/Down |
| |/ State=Normal/Leaving/Joining/Moving |
| -- Address Load Tokens Owns Host ID Rack |
| UN 10.0.1.115 547 KiB 256 ? b64cb32a-b32a-46b4-9eeb-e123fa8fc287 us-east-1b |
| UN 10.0.3.206 617.91 KiB 256 ? 74863177-684b-45f4-99f7-d1006625dc9e us-east-1d |
| UN 10.0.2.238 670.26 KiB 256 ? 4dcdadd2-41f9-4f34-9892-1f20868b27c7 us-east-1c</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Create a keyspace with replication factor 3:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">cqlsh> DROP KEYSPACE cqlkeyspace; |
| cqlsh> CREATE KEYSPACE CQLKeyspace |
| ... WITH replication = {'class': 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 3};</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Add a table to the keyspace:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">cqlsh> use cqlkeyspace; |
| cqlsh:cqlkeyspace> CREATE TABLE t ( |
| ... id int, |
| ... k int, |
| ... v text, |
| ... PRIMARY KEY (id) |
| ... );</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Add table data:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">cqlsh:cqlkeyspace> INSERT INTO t (id, k, v) VALUES (0, 0, 'val0'); |
| cqlsh:cqlkeyspace> INSERT INTO t (id, k, v) VALUES (1, 1, 'val1'); |
| cqlsh:cqlkeyspace> INSERT INTO t (id, k, v) VALUES (2, 2, 'val2');</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A query lists the data added:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">cqlsh:cqlkeyspace> SELECT * FROM t; |
| |
| id | k | v |
| ----+---+------ |
| 1 | 1 | val1 |
| 0 | 0 | val0 |
| 2 | 2 | val2 |
| (3 rows)</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Make the following changes to a three node cluster:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>Increase the replication factor from 3 to 4.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Add a 4th node to the cluster</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When the replication factor is increased the following message gets |
| output indicating that a full repair is needed as per |
| (<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-13079">CASSANDRA-13079</a>):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">cqlsh:cqlkeyspace> ALTER KEYSPACE CQLKeyspace |
| ... WITH replication = {'class': 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 4}; |
| Warnings : |
| When increasing replication factor you need to run a full (-full) repair to distribute the |
| data.</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Perform a full repair on the keyspace <code>cqlkeyspace</code> table <code>t</code> with |
| following command:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">nodetool repair -full cqlkeyspace t</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Full repair completes in about a second as indicated by the output:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">[ec2-user@ip-10-0-2-238 ~]$ nodetool repair -full cqlkeyspace t |
| [2019-08-17 03:06:21,445] Starting repair command #1 (fd576da0-c09b-11e9-b00c-1520e8c38f00), repairing keyspace cqlkeyspace with repair options (parallelism: parallel, primary range: false, incremental: false, job threads: 1, ColumnFamilies: [t], dataCenters: [], hosts: [], previewKind: NONE, # of ranges: 1024, pull repair: false, force repair: false, optimise streams: false) |
| [2019-08-17 03:06:23,059] Repair session fd8e5c20-c09b-11e9-b00c-1520e8c38f00 for range [(-8792657144775336505,-8786320730900698730], (-5454146041421260303,-5439402053041523135], (4288357893651763201,4324309707046452322], ... , (4350676211955643098,4351706629422088296]] finished (progress: 0%) |
| [2019-08-17 03:06:23,077] Repair completed successfully |
| [2019-08-17 03:06:23,077] Repair command #1 finished in 1 second |
| [ec2-user@ip-10-0-2-238 ~]$</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>nodetool tpstats</code> command should list a repair having been |
| completed as <code>Repair-Task</code> > <code>Completed</code> column value of 1:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">[ec2-user@ip-10-0-2-238 ~]$ nodetool tpstats |
| Pool Name Active Pending Completed Blocked All time blocked |
| ReadStage 0 0 99 0 0 |
| … |
| Repair-Task 0 0 1 0 0 |
| RequestResponseStage 0 0 2078 0 0</code></pre> |
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