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| <main class="article default-main full-800" data-ceiling="topbar"> |
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| <p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p> |
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| <ul> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="../../../index.html">Cassandra</a></li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="denylisting_partitions.html">Denylisting Partitions</a></li> |
| </ul> |
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| <div class="tools" role="navigation"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="tool edit"><a href="https://github.com/apache/cassandra/edit/cassandra-5.0/doc/modules/cassandra/pages/managing/operating/denylisting_partitions.adoc" title="Edit Page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edit</a></li> |
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| </div> |
| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Denylisting Partitions</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Due to access patterns and data modeling, sometimes there are specific partitions |
| that are "hot" and can cause instability in a Cassandra cluster. This often occurs |
| when your data model includes many update or insert operations on a single partition, |
| causing the partition to grow very large over time and in turn making it very expensive |
| to read and maintain.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra supports "denylisting" these problematic partitions so that when clients |
| issue point reads (<code>SELECT</code> statements with the partition key specified) or range |
| reads (<code>SELECT *</code>, etc that pull a range of data) that intersect with a blocked |
| partition key, the query will be immediately rejected with an <code>InvalidQueryException</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="how-to-denylist-a-partition-key"><a class="anchor" href="#how-to-denylist-a-partition-key"></a>How to denylist a partition key</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>system_distributed.denylisted_partitions</code> table can be used to denylist partitions. |
| There are a couple of ways to interact with and mutate this data. First: directly |
| via CQL by inserting a record with the following details:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Keyspace name (ks_name)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Table name (table_name)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Partition Key (partition_key)</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The partition key format needs to be in the same form required by <code>nodetool getendpoints</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Following are several examples for denylisting partition keys in keyspace <code>ks</code> and |
| table <code>table1</code> for different data types on the primary key <code>Id</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Id is a simple type - <code>INSERT INTO system_distributed.denylisted_partitions (ks_name, table_name, partition_key) VALUES ('ks','table1','1');</code></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Id is a blob - <code>INSERT INTO system_distributed.denylisted_partitions (ks_name, table_name, partition_key) VALUES ('ks','table1','12345f');</code></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Id has a colon - <code>INSERT INTO system_distributed.denylisted_partitions (ks_name, table_name, partition_key) VALUES ('ks','table1','1\:2');</code></p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In the case of composite column partition keys (Key1, Key2):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>INSERT INTO system_distributed.denylisted_partitions (ks_name, table_name, partition_key) VALUES ('ks', 'table1', 'k11:k21')</code></p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="special-considerations"><a class="anchor" href="#special-considerations"></a>Special considerations</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The denylist has the property in that you want to keep your cache (see below) and |
| CQL data on a replica set as close together as possible, so you don’t have different |
| nodes in your cluster denying or allowing different keys. To best achieve this, |
| the workflow for a denylist change (addition or deletion) should always be as follows:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>JMX PATH (preferred for single changes):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>Call the JMX hook for <code>denylistKey()</code> with the desired key</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Double-check the cache reloaded with <code>isKeyDenylisted()</code></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Check for warnings about unrecognized keyspace/table combinations, limits, or |
| consistency level. If you get a message about nodes being down and not hitting CL |
| for denylist, recover the downed nodes and then trigger a re-load of the cache on each |
| node with <code>loadPartitionDenylist()</code></p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>CQL PATH (preferred for bulk changes):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>Mutate the denylisted partition lists via CQL</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Trigger a re-load of the denylist cache on each node via JMX <code>loadPartitionDenylist()</code> (see below)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Check for warnings about lack of availability for a denylist refresh. In the event nodes are down, recover them, then go to 2.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Due to conditions on known unavailable range slices leading to alert storming on |
| startup, the denylist cache will not load on node start unless it can achieve the |
| configured consistency level in <code>cassandra.yaml</code> - <code>denylist_consistency_level</code>. |
| The JMX call to <code>loadPartitionDenylist</code> will, however, load the cache regardless |
| of the number of nodes available. This leaves the control for denylisting or not |
| denylisting during degraded cluster states in the hands of the operator.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="denylisted-partitions-cache"><a class="anchor" href="#denylisted-partitions-cache"></a>Denylisted Partitions Cache</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra internally maintains an on-heap cache of denylisted partitions loaded |
| from <code>system_distributed.denylisted_partitions</code>. The values for a table will be |
| automatically repopulated every <code>denylist_refresh</code> as specified in the |
| <code>conf/cassandra.yaml</code> file, defaulting to <code>600s</code>, or 10 minutes. Invalid records |
| (unknown keyspaces, tables, or keys) will be ignored and not cached on load.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The cache can be refreshed in the following ways:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>During Cassandra node startup</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Via the automatic on-heap cache refresh mechanisms. Note: this will occur asynchronously |
| on query after the <code>denylist_refresh</code> time is hit.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Via the JMX command: <code>loadPartitionDenylist</code> in <code>the org.apache.cassandra.service. |
| StorageProxyMBean</code> invocation point.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The Cache size is bounded by the following two config properties</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>denylist_max_keys_per_table</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>denylist_max_keys_total</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>On cache load, if a table exceeds the value allowed in <code>denylist_max_keys_per_table</code> (defaults to 1000), |
| a warning will be printed to the logs and the remainder of the keys will not be cached. |
| Similarly, if the total allowed size is exceeded, subsequent ks_name + table_name |
| combinations (in clustering / lexicographical order) will be skipped as well, and a |
| warning logged to the server logs.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonitionblock note"> |
| <table> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="icon"> |
| <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> |
| </td> |
| <td class="content"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Given the required workflow of 1) Mutate, 2) Reload cache, the auto-reload |
| property seems superfluous. It exists to ensure that, should an operator make a |
| mistake and denylist (or undenylist) a key but forget to reload the cache, that |
| intent will be captured on the next cache reload.</p> |
| </div> |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="jmx-interface"><a class="anchor" href="#jmx-interface"></a>JMX Interface</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col style="width: 50%;"> |
| <col style="width: 50%;"> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Command</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Effect</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">loadPartitionDenylist()</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Reloads cached denylist from CQL table</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">getPartitionDenylistLoadAttempts()</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Gets the count of cache reload attempts</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">getPartitionDenylistLoadSuccesses()</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Gets the count of cache reload successes</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">setEnablePartitionDenylist(boolean enabled)</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Enables or disables the partition denylisting functionality</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">setEnableDenylistWrites(boolean enabled)</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Enables or disables write denylisting functionality</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">setEnableDenylistReads(boolean enabled)</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Enables or disables read denylisting functionality</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">setEnableDenylistRangeReads(boolean enabled)</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Enables or disables range read denylisting functionality</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">denylistKey(String keyspace, String table, String partitionKeyAsString)</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Adds a specific keyspace, table, and partition key combo to the denylist</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">removeDenylistKey(String keyspace, String cf, String partitionKeyAsString)</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Removes a specific keyspace, table, and partition key combo from the denylist</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">setDenylistMaxKeysPerTable(int value)</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Limits count of allowed keys per table in the denylist</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">setDenylistMaxKeysTotal(int value)</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Limits the total count of allowable denylisted keys in the system</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">isKeyDenylisted(String keyspace, String table, String partitionKeyAsString)</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Indicates whether the keyspace.table has the input partition key denied</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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