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| <p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p> |
| <a class="btn" href="../../../4.1/cassandra/troubleshooting/finding_nodes.html">View Latest</a> |
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| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Find The Misbehaving Nodes</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The first step to troubleshooting a Cassandra issue is to use error |
| messages, metrics and monitoring information to identify if the issue |
| lies with the clients or the server and if it does lie with the server |
| find the problematic nodes in the Cassandra cluster. The goal is to |
| determine if this is a systemic issue (e.g. a query pattern that affects |
| the entire cluster) or isolated to a subset of nodes (e.g. neighbors |
| holding a shared token range or even a single node with bad hardware).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There are many sources of information that help determine where the |
| problem lies. Some of the most common are mentioned below.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="client-logs-and-errors"><a class="anchor" href="#client-logs-and-errors"></a>Client Logs and Errors</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Clients of the cluster often leave the best breadcrumbs to follow. |
| Perhaps client latencies or error rates have increased in a particular |
| datacenter (likely eliminating other datacenter’s nodes), or clients are |
| receiving a particular kind of error code indicating a particular kind |
| of problem. Troubleshooters can often rule out many failure modes just |
| by reading the error messages. In fact, many Cassandra error messages |
| include the last coordinator contacted to help operators find nodes to |
| start with.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Some common errors (likely culprit in parenthesis) assuming the client |
| has similar error names as the Datastax <code>drivers <client-drivers></code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>SyntaxError</code> (<strong>client</strong>). This and other <code>QueryValidationException</code> |
| indicate that the client sent a malformed request. These are rarely |
| server issues and usually indicate bad queries.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>UnavailableException</code> (<strong>server</strong>): This means that the Cassandra |
| coordinator node has rejected the query as it believes that insufficent |
| replica nodes are available. If many coordinators are throwing this |
| error it likely means that there really are (typically) multiple nodes |
| down in the cluster and you can identify them using <code>nodetool status |
| <nodetool-status></code> If only a single coordinator is throwing this error |
| it may mean that node has been partitioned from the rest.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>OperationTimedOutException</code> (<strong>server</strong>): This is the most frequent |
| timeout message raised when clients set timeouts and means that the |
| query took longer than the supplied timeout. This is a <em>client side</em> |
| timeout meaning that it took longer than the client specified timeout. |
| The error message will include the coordinator node that was last tried |
| which is usually a good starting point. This error usually indicates |
| either aggressive client timeout values or latent server |
| coordinators/replicas.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>ReadTimeoutException</code> or <code>WriteTimeoutException</code> (<strong>server</strong>): These |
| are raised when clients do not specify lower timeouts and there is a |
| <em>coordinator</em> timeouts based on the values supplied in the |
| <code>cassandra.yaml</code> configuration file. They usually indicate a serious |
| server side problem as the default values are usually multiple seconds.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="metrics"><a class="anchor" href="#metrics"></a>Metrics</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you have Cassandra <a href="../managing/operating/metrics.html" class="page"><code>metrics</code></a> reporting to a |
| centralized location such as <a href="https://graphiteapp.org/">Graphite</a> or |
| <a href="https://grafana.com/">Grafana</a> you can typically use those to narrow down |
| the problem. At this stage narrowing down the issue to a particular |
| datacenter, rack, or even group of nodes is the main goal. Some helpful |
| metrics to look at are:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="errors"><a class="anchor" href="#errors"></a>Errors</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra refers to internode messaging errors as "drops", and provided |
| a number of <a href="../managing/operating/metrics.html#droppedmessage-metrics" class="page"><code>Dropped Message Metrics</code></a> to help narrow |
| down errors. If particular nodes are dropping messages actively, they |
| are likely related to the issue.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="latency"><a class="anchor" href="#latency"></a>Latency</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For timeouts or latency related issues you can start with operating/metrics.adoc#table-metrics[<code>table metrics</code>] |
| by comparing Coordinator level metrics e.g. |
| <code>CoordinatorReadLatency</code> or <code>CoordinatorWriteLatency</code> with their |
| associated replica metrics e.g. <code>ReadLatency</code> or <code>WriteLatency</code>. Issues |
| usually show up on the <code>99th</code> percentile before they show up on the |
| <code>50th</code> percentile or the <code>mean</code>. While <code>maximum</code> coordinator latencies |
| are not typically very helpful due to the exponentially decaying |
| reservoir used internally to produce metrics, <code>maximum</code> replica |
| latencies that correlate with increased <code>99th</code> percentiles on |
| coordinators can help narrow down the problem.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There are usually three main possibilities:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>Coordinator latencies are high on all nodes, but only a few node’s |
| local read latencies are high. This points to slow replica nodes and the |
| coordinator’s are just side-effects. This usually happens when clients |
| are not token aware.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Coordinator latencies and replica latencies increase at the same time |
| on the a few nodes. If clients are token aware this is almost always |
| what happens and points to slow replicas of a subset of token ranges |
| (only part of the ring).</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Coordinator and local latencies are high on many nodes. This usually |
| indicates either a tipping point in the cluster capacity (too many |
| writes or reads per second), or a new query pattern.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>It’s important to remember that depending on the client’s load balancing |
| behavior and consistency levels coordinator and replica metrics may or |
| may not correlate. In particular if you use <code>TokenAware</code> policies the |
| same node’s coordinator and replica latencies will often increase |
| together, but if you just use normal <code>DCAwareRoundRobin</code> coordinator |
| latencies can increase with unrelated replica node’s latencies. For |
| example:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>TokenAware</code> + <code>LOCAL_ONE</code>: should always have coordinator and replica |
| latencies on the same node rise together</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>TokenAware</code> + <code>LOCAL_QUORUM</code>: should always have coordinator and |
| multiple replica latencies rise together in the same datacenter.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>TokenAware</code> + <code>QUORUM</code>: replica latencies in other datacenters can |
| affect coordinator latencies.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>DCAwareRoundRobin</code> + <code>LOCAL_ONE</code>: coordinator latencies and unrelated |
| replica node’s latencies will rise together.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>DCAwareRoundRobin</code> + <code>LOCAL_QUORUM</code>: different coordinator and |
| replica latencies will rise together with little correlation.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="query-rates"><a class="anchor" href="#query-rates"></a>Query Rates</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Sometimes the <a href="../managing/operating/metrics.html#table-metrics" class="page"><code>table metric</code></a> query rate metrics can help narrow |
| down load issues as "small" increase in coordinator queries per second |
| (QPS) may correlate with a very large increase in replica level QPS. |
| This most often happens with <code>BATCH</code> writes, where a client may send a |
| single <code>BATCH</code> query that might contain 50 statements in it, which if |
| you have 9 copies (RF=3, three datacenters) means that every coordinator |
| <code>BATCH</code> write turns into 450 replica writes! This is why keeping |
| `BATCH’s to the same partition is so critical, otherwise you can |
| exhaust significant CPU capacitity with a "single" query.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="next-step-investigate-the-nodes"><a class="anchor" href="#next-step-investigate-the-nodes"></a>Next Step: Investigate the Node(s)</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Once you have narrowed down the problem as much as possible (datacenter, |
| rack , node), login to one of the nodes using SSH and proceed to debug |
| using <a href="#reading_logs.adoc" class="page unresolved"><code>logs</code></a>, <a href="#use_nodetooladoc"><code>nodetool</code></a>, and |
| <a href="#use_tools.adoc" class="page unresolved"><code>os tools</code></a>. |
| If you are not able to login you may still have access to <code>logs</code> and <code>nodetool</code> remotely.</p> |
| </div> |
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