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| <main class="article default-main full-800" data-ceiling="topbar"> |
| <div class="article-banner"> |
| <p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="article-header"> |
| <nav class="crumbs" aria-label="breadcrumbs"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="crumb">Cassandra</li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="../index.html">Managing</a></li> |
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| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Snitch</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In Cassandra, the snitch has two functions:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>it teaches Cassandra enough about your network topology to route |
| requests efficiently.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>it allows Cassandra to spread replicas around your cluster to avoid |
| correlated failures. It does this by grouping machines into |
| "datacenters" and "racks." Cassandra will do its best not to have more |
| than one replica on the same "rack" (which may not actually be a |
| physical location).</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="dynamic-snitching"><a class="anchor" href="#dynamic-snitching"></a>Dynamic snitching</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The dynamic snitch monitors read latencies to avoid reading from hosts |
| that have slowed down. The dynamic snitch is configured with the |
| following properties on <code>cassandra.yaml</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>dynamic_snitch</code>: whether the dynamic snitch should be enabled or |
| disabled.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>dynamic_snitch_update_interval</code>: 100ms, controls how often to perform |
| the more expensive part of host score calculation.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>dynamic_snitch_reset_interval</code>: 10m, if set greater than zero, this |
| will allow 'pinning' of replicas to hosts in order to increase cache |
| capacity.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>dynamic_snitch_badness_threshold:</code>: The badness threshold will |
| control how much worse the pinned host has to be before the dynamic |
| snitch will prefer other replicas over it. This is expressed as a double |
| which represents a percentage. Thus, a value of 0.2 means Cassandra |
| would continue to prefer the static snitch values until the pinned host |
| was 20% worse than the fastest.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="snitch-classes"><a class="anchor" href="#snitch-classes"></a>Snitch classes</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>endpoint_snitch</code> parameter in <code>cassandra.yaml</code> should be set to the |
| class that implements <code>IEndpointSnitch</code> which will be wrapped by the |
| dynamic snitch and decide if two endpoints are in the same data center |
| or on the same rack. Out of the box, Cassandra provides the snitch |
| implementations:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">GossipingPropertyFileSnitch</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>This should be your go-to snitch for production use. The rack and |
| datacenter for the local node are defined in |
| cassandra-rackdc.properties and propagated to other nodes via gossip. |
| If <code>cassandra-topology.properties</code> exists, it is used as a fallback, |
| allowing migration from the PropertyFileSnitch.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">SimpleSnitch</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Treats Strategy order as proximity. This can improve cache locality |
| when disabling read repair. Only appropriate for single-datacenter |
| deployments.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">PropertyFileSnitch</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Proximity is determined by rack and data center, which are explicitly |
| configured in <code>cassandra-topology.properties</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">RackInferringSnitch</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Proximity is determined by rack and data center, which are assumed to |
| correspond to the 3rd and 2nd octet of each node’s IP address, |
| respectively. Unless this happens to match your deployment |
| conventions, this is best used as an example of writing a custom |
| Snitch class and is provided in that spirit.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="cloud-based-snitches"><a class="anchor" href="#cloud-based-snitches"></a>Cloud-based snitches</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>These snitches are used in cloud environment for various cloud vendors. All cloud-based |
| snitch implementations are currently extending <code>AbstractCloudMetadataServiceSnitch</code> (which |
| in turn extends <code>AbstractNetworkTopologySnitch</code>).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Each cloud-based snitch has its own way how to resolve what rack and |
| datacenter a respective node belongs to. <code>AbstractCloudMetadataServiceSnitch</code> encapsulates |
| the most common apparatus for achieving it. All cloud-based snitches are calling an HTTP service, |
| specific to a respective cloud. The constructor of <code>AbstractCloudMetadataServiceSnitch</code> accepts |
| implementations of <code>AbstractCloudMetadataServiceConnector</code> which implement a method <code>apiCall</code> |
| which, by default, executes an HTTP <code>GET</code> request against a predefined HTTP URL, sending no HTTP headers, |
| and it expects a response with HTTP code <code>200</code>. It is possible to send various HTTP headers as part of the |
| request if an implementator wants that.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Currently, the only implementation of |
| <code>AbstractCloudMetadataServiceConnector</code> is <code>DefaultCloudMetadataServiceConnector</code>. If a user has a need |
| to override the behavior of <code>AbstractCloudMetadataServiceConnector</code>, a user is welcome to do so by implementing |
| its own connector and propagating it to the constructor of <code>AbstractCloudMetadataServiceSnitch</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>All cloud-based snitches are accepting these properties in <code>cassandra-rackdc.properties</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">metadata_url</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>URL of cloud service to retrieve topology information from, this is cloud-specific.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">metadata_request_timeout</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Default value of <code>30s</code> (30 seconds) sets connect timeout upon calls by <code>apiCall</code>. In other words, |
| request against <code>metadata_url</code> will time out if no response arrives in that period.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">dc_suffix</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A string, by default empty, which will be appended to resolved datacenter.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In-built cloud-based snitches are:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">Ec2Snitch</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Appropriate for EC2 deployments in a single Region, or in multiple |
| regions with inter-region VPC enabled (available since the end of |
| 2017, see |
| <a href="https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2017/11/announcing-support-for-inter-region-vpc-peering/">AWS |
| announcement</a>). Loads Region and Availability Zone information from |
| the EC2 API. The Region is treated as the datacenter, and the |
| Availability Zone as the rack. Only private IPs are used, so this will |
| work across multiple regions only if inter-region VPC is enabled.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">Ec2MultiRegionSnitch</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Uses public IPs as broadcast_address to allow cross-region |
| connectivity (thus, you should set seed addresses to the public IP as |
| well). You will need to open the <code>storage_port</code> or <code>ssl_storage_port</code> |
| on the public IP firewall (For intra-Region traffic, Cassandra will |
| switch to the private IP after establishing a connection).</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For Ec2 snitches, since <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-16555">CASSANDRA-16555</a>, it is possible to |
| choose version of AWS IMDS. By default, IMDSv2 is used. The version of IMDS is driven by property <code>ec2_metadata_type</code> |
| and can be of value either <code>v1</code> or <code>v2</code>. It is possible to specify custom URL of IMDS by |
| <code>ec2_metadata_url</code> (or by <code>metadata_url</code>) which is by default <code><a href="http://169.254.169.254" class="bare">169.254.169.254</a></code> and then a query against |
| <code>/latest/meta-data/placement/availability-zone</code> endpoint is executed.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>IMDSv2 is secured by a token which needs to be fetched from IDMSv2 first, and it has to be passed in a header |
| for the actual queries to IDMSv2. <code>Ec2Snitch</code> and <code>Ec2MultiRegionSnitch</code> are doing this automatically. |
| The only configuration parameter exposed to a user is <code>ec2_metadata_token_ttl_seconds</code> |
| which is by default set to <code>21600</code>. TTL has to be an integer from the range <code>[30, 21600]</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">AlibabaCloudSnitch</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A snitch that assumes an ECS region is a DC and an ECS availability_zone |
| is a rack. This information is available in the config for the node. the |
| format of the zone-id is like <code>cn-hangzhou-a</code> where <code>cn</code> means China, <code>hangzhou</code> |
| means the Hangzhou region, <code>a</code> means the az id. We use <code>cn-hangzhou</code> as the dc, |
| and <code>a</code> as the zone-id. <code>metadata_url</code> for this snitch is, by default, |
| <code><a href="http://100.100.100.200/" class="bare">100.100.100.200/</a></code> and it will execute an HTTP request against endpoint |
| <code>/latest/meta-data/zone-id</code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">AzureSnitch</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Azure Snitch will resolve datacenter and rack by calling <code>/metadata/instance/compute?api-version=%s&format=json</code> |
| endpoint against <code>metadata_url</code> of <code><a href="http://169.254.169.254" class="bare">169.254.169.254</a></code> returning |
| the response in JSON format for, by default, API version <code>2021-12-13</code>. The version of API is configurable |
| via property <code>azure_api_version</code> in <code>cassandra-rackdc.properties</code>. |
| A datacenter is resolved from <code>location</code> field of the response and a rack is resolved by looking |
| into <code>zone</code> field first. When <code>zone</code> is not set, or it is an empty string, it will look into |
| <code>platformFaultDomain</code> field. Such resolved value is prepended by <code>rack-</code> string.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1">GoogleCloudSnitch</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Google snitch will resolve datacenter and rack by calling <code>/computeMetadata/v1/instance/zone</code> |
| endpoint against <code>metadata_url</code> of <code><a href="http://metadata.google.internal" class="bare">metadata.google.internal</a></code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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