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| <main class="article default-main full-800" data-ceiling="topbar"> |
| <div class="article-banner"> |
| <p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="article-header"> |
| <nav class="crumbs" aria-label="breadcrumbs"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="crumb">Cassandra</li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Data Modeling</a></li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="data-modeling_rdbms.html">RDBMS design</a></li> |
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| <li class="tool edit"><a href="https://github.com/apache/cassandra/edit/cassandra-5.0/doc/modules/cassandra/pages/developing/data-modeling/data-modeling_rdbms.adoc" title="Edit Page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edit</a></li> |
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| </div> |
| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">RDBMS design</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When you set out to build a new data-driven application that will use a |
| relational database, you might start by modeling the domain as a set of |
| properly normalized tables and use foreign keys to reference related |
| data in other tables.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The figure below shows how you might represent the data storage for your |
| application using a relational database model. The relational model |
| includes a couple of “join” tables in order to realize the many-to-many |
| relationships from the conceptual model of hotels-to-points of interest, |
| rooms-to-amenities, rooms-to-availability, and guests-to-rooms (via a |
| reservation).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="imageblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <img src="../../_images/data-modeling_hotel_relational.png" alt="image"> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="design-differences-between-rdbms-and-cassandra"><a class="anchor" href="#design-differences-between-rdbms-and-cassandra"></a>Design Differences Between RDBMS and Cassandra</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Let’s take a minute to highlight some of the key differences in doing |
| data modeling for Cassandra versus a relational database.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="no-joins"><a class="anchor" href="#no-joins"></a>No joins</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You cannot perform joins in Cassandra. If you have designed a data model |
| and find that you need something like a join, you’ll have to either do |
| the work on the client side, or create a denormalized second table that |
| represents the join results for you. This latter option is preferred in |
| Cassandra data modeling. Performing joins on the client should be a very |
| rare case; you really want to duplicate (denormalize) the data instead.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="no-referential-integrity"><a class="anchor" href="#no-referential-integrity"></a>No referential integrity</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Although Cassandra supports features such as lightweight transactions |
| and batches, Cassandra itself has no concept of referential integrity |
| across tables. In a relational database, you could specify foreign keys |
| in a table to reference the primary key of a record in another table. |
| But Cassandra does not enforce this. It is still a common design |
| requirement to store IDs related to other entities in your tables, but |
| operations such as cascading deletes are not available.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="denormalization"><a class="anchor" href="#denormalization"></a>Denormalization</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In relational database design, you are often taught the importance of |
| normalization. This is not an advantage when working with Cassandra |
| because it performs best when the data model is denormalized. It is |
| often the case that companies end up denormalizing data in relational |
| databases as well. There are two common reasons for this. One is |
| performance. Companies simply can’t get the performance they need when |
| they have to do so many joins on years' worth of data, so they |
| denormalize along the lines of known queries. This ends up working, but |
| goes against the grain of how relational databases are intended to be |
| designed, and ultimately makes one question whether using a relational |
| database is the best approach in these circumstances.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A second reason that relational databases get denormalized on purpose is |
| a business document structure that requires retention. That is, you have |
| an enclosing table that refers to a lot of external tables whose data |
| could change over time, but you need to preserve the enclosing document |
| as a snapshot in history. The common example here is with invoices. You |
| already have customer and product tables, and you’d think that you could |
| just make an invoice that refers to those tables. But this should never |
| be done in practice. Customer or price information could change, and |
| then you would lose the integrity of the invoice document as it was on |
| the invoice date, which could violate audits, reports, or laws, and |
| cause other problems.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In the relational world, denormalization violates Codd’s normal forms, |
| and you try to avoid it. But in Cassandra, denormalization is, well, |
| perfectly normal. It’s not required if your data model is simple. But |
| don’t be afraid of it.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Historically, denormalization in Cassandra has required designing and |
| managing multiple tables using techniques described in this |
| documentation. Beginning with the 3.0 release, Cassandra provides a |
| feature known as <code>materialized views <materialized-views></code> which allows |
| you to create multiple denormalized views of data based on a base table |
| design. Cassandra manages materialized views on the server, including |
| the work of keeping the views in sync with the table.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="query-first-design"><a class="anchor" href="#query-first-design"></a>Query-first design</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Relational modeling, in simple terms, means that you start from the |
| conceptual domain and then represent the nouns in the domain in tables. |
| You then assign primary keys and foreign keys to model relationships. |
| When you have a many-to-many relationship, you create the join tables |
| that represent just those keys. The join tables don’t exist in the real |
| world, and are a necessary side effect of the way relational models |
| work. After you have all your tables laid out, you can start writing |
| queries that pull together disparate data using the relationships |
| defined by the keys. The queries in the relational world are very much |
| secondary. It is assumed that you can always get the data you want as |
| long as you have your tables modeled properly. Even if you have to use |
| several complex subqueries or join statements, this is usually true.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>By contrast, in Cassandra you don’t start with the data model; you start |
| with the query model. Instead of modeling the data first and then |
| writing queries, with Cassandra you model the queries and let the data |
| be organized around them. Think of the most common query paths your |
| application will use, and then create the tables that you need to |
| support them.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Detractors have suggested that designing the queries first is overly |
| constraining on application design, not to mention database modeling. |
| But it is perfectly reasonable to expect that you should think hard |
| about the queries in your application, just as you would, presumably, |
| think hard about your relational domain. You may get it wrong, and then |
| you’ll have problems in either world. Or your query needs might change |
| over time, and then you’ll have to work to update your data set. But |
| this is no different from defining the wrong tables, or needing |
| additional tables, in an RDBMS.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="designing-for-optimal-storage"><a class="anchor" href="#designing-for-optimal-storage"></a>Designing for optimal storage</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In a relational database, it is frequently transparent to the user how |
| tables are stored on disk, and it is rare to hear of recommendations |
| about data modeling based on how the RDBMS might store tables on disk. |
| However, that is an important consideration in Cassandra. Because |
| Cassandra tables are each stored in separate files on disk, it’s |
| important to keep related columns defined together in the same table.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A key goal that you will see as you begin creating data models in |
| Cassandra is to minimize the number of partitions that must be searched |
| in order to satisfy a given query. Because the partition is a unit of |
| storage that does not get divided across nodes, a query that searches a |
| single partition will typically yield the best performance.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="sorting-is-a-design-decision"><a class="anchor" href="#sorting-is-a-design-decision"></a>Sorting is a design decision</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In an RDBMS, you can easily change the order in which records are |
| returned to you by using <code>ORDER BY</code> in your query. The default sort |
| order is not configurable; by default, records are returned in the order |
| in which they are written. If you want to change the order, you just |
| modify your query, and you can sort by any list of columns.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In Cassandra, however, sorting is treated differently; it is a design |
| decision. The sort order available on queries is fixed, and is |
| determined entirely by the selection of clustering columns you supply in |
| the <code>CREATE TABLE</code> command. The CQL <code>SELECT</code> statement does support |
| <code>ORDER BY</code> semantics, but only in the order specified by the clustering |
| columns.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em>Material adapted from Cassandra, The Definitive Guide. Published by |
| O’Reilly Media, Inc. Copyright © 2020 Jeff Carpenter, Eben Hewitt. All |
| rights reserved. Used with permission.</em></p> |
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