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<p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p>
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<li class="crumb">Cassandra</li>
<li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Cassandra Query Language (CQL)</a></li>
<li class="crumb"><a href="types.html">Data types</a></li>
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<article class="doc">
<h1 class="page">Data Types</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>CQL is a typed language and supports a rich set of data types, including
<a href="#native-types">native types</a>, <a href="#collections">collection types</a>,
<a href="#udts">user-defined types</a>, <a href="#tuples">tuple types</a>, and <a href="#custom-types">custom
types</a>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">cql_type::= native_type| collection_type| user_defined_type | tuple_type | custom_type</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="native-types"><a class="anchor" href="#native-types"></a>Native types</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The native types supported by CQL are:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">native_type::= ASCII | BIGINT | BLOB | BOOLEAN | COUNTER | DATE
| DECIMAL | DOUBLE | DURATION | FLOAT | INET | INT |
SMALLINT | TEXT | TIME | TIMESTAMP | TIMEUUID | TINYINT |
UUID | VARCHAR | VARINT | VECTOR</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following table gives additional information on the native data
types, and on which kind of <a href="definitions.html#constants" class="page">constants</a> each type supports:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3333%;">
<col style="width: 33.3334%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Type</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Constants supported</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ascii</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>string</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ASCII character string</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>bigint</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">64-bit signed long</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>blob</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>blob</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Arbitrary bytes (no validation)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>boolean</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>boolean</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Either <code>true</code> or <code>false</code></p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>counter</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Counter column (64-bit signed value). See <code>counters</code> for details.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>date</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code>, <code>string</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A date (with no corresponding time value). See <code>dates</code> below for details.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>decimal</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code>, <code>float</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Variable-precision decimal</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>double</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code> <code>float</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">64-bit IEEE-754 floating point</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>duration</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>duration</code>,</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A duration with nanosecond precision. See <code>durations</code> below for details.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>float</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code>, <code>float</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">32-bit IEEE-754 floating point</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>inet</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>string</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">An IP address, either IPv4 (4 bytes long) or IPv6 (16 bytes long). Note
that there is no <code>inet</code> constant, IP address should be input as strings.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>int</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">32-bit signed int</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>smallint</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">16-bit signed int</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>text</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>string</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTF8 encoded string</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>time</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code>, <code>string</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A time (with no corresponding date value) with nanosecond precision. See
<code>times</code> below for details.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>timestamp</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code>, <code>string</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A timestamp (date and time) with millisecond precision. See <code>timestamps</code>
below for details.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>timeuuid</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>uuid</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Version 1 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier">UUID</a>,
generally used as a “conflict-free” timestamp. Also see <code>timeuuid-functions</code>.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tinyint</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">8-bit signed int</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>uuid</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>uuid</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier">UUID</a> (of any version)</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>varchar</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>string</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">UTF8 encoded string</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>varint</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>integer</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Arbitrary-precision integer</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>vector</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>float</code></p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A fixed length non-null, flattened array of float values <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-18504">CASSANDRA-18504</a> added this data type to Cassandra 5.0.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="counters"><a class="anchor" href="#counters"></a>Counters</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>counter</code> type is used to define <em>counter columns</em>. A counter column
is a column whose value is a 64-bit signed integer and on which 2
operations are supported: incrementing and decrementing (see the
<a href="dml.html#update-statement" class="page">UPDATE</a> statement for syntax).
Note that the value of a counter cannot
be set: a counter does not exist until first incremented/decremented,
and that first increment/decrement is made as if the prior value was 0.</p>
</div>
<div id="counter-limitations" class="paragraph">
<p>Counters have a number of important limitations:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>They cannot be used for columns part of the <code>PRIMARY KEY</code> of a table.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A table that contains a counter can only contain counters. In other
words, either all the columns of a table outside the <code>PRIMARY KEY</code> have
the <code>counter</code> type, or none of them have it.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Counters do not support <a href="dml.html#writetime-and-ttl-function" class="page">expiration</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The deletion of counters is supported, but is only guaranteed to work
the first time you delete a counter. In other words, you should not
re-update a counter that you have deleted (if you do, proper behavior is
not guaranteed).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Counter updates are, by nature, not
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idempotence">idemptotent</a>. An important
consequence is that if a counter update fails unexpectedly (timeout or
loss of connection to the coordinator node), the client has no way to
know if the update has been applied or not. In particular, replaying the
update may or may not lead to an over count.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="timestamps"><a class="anchor" href="#timestamps"></a>Working with timestamps</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Values of the <code>timestamp</code> type are encoded as 64-bit signed integers
representing a number of milliseconds since the standard base time known
as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_time">the epoch</a>: January 1 1970 at
00:00:00 GMT.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Timestamps can be input in CQL either using their value as an <code>integer</code>,
or using a <code>string</code> that represents an
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601">ISO 8601</a> date. For instance, all
of the values below are valid <code>timestamp</code> values for Mar 2, 2011, at
04:05:00 AM, GMT:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>1299038700000</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'2011-02-03 04:05+0000'</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'2011-02-03 04:05:00+0000'</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'2011-02-03 04:05:00.000+0000'</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'2011-02-03T04:05+0000'</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'2011-02-03T04:05:00+0000'</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'2011-02-03T04:05:00.000+0000'</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>+0000</code> above is an RFC 822 4-digit time zone specification; <code>+0000</code>
refers to GMT. US Pacific Standard Time is <code>-0800</code>. The time zone may be
omitted if desired (<code>'2011-02-03 04:05:00'</code>), and if so, the date will
be interpreted as being in the time zone under which the coordinating
Cassandra node is configured. There are however difficulties inherent in
relying on the time zone configuration being as expected, so it is
recommended that the time zone always be specified for timestamps when
feasible.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The time of day may also be omitted (<code>'2011-02-03'</code> or
<code>'2011-02-03+0000'</code>), in which case the time of day will default to
00:00:00 in the specified or default time zone. However, if only the
date part is relevant, consider using the <a href="#dates">date</a> type.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="dates"><a class="anchor" href="#dates"></a>Date type</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Values of the <code>date</code> type are encoded as 32-bit unsigned integers
representing a number of days with “the epoch” at the center of the
range (2^31). Epoch is January 1st, 1970</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For <a href="#timestamps">timestamps</a>, a date can be input either as an
<code>integer</code> or using a date <code>string</code>. In the later case, the format should
be <code>yyyy-mm-dd</code> (so <code>'2011-02-03'</code> for instance).</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="times"><a class="anchor" href="#times"></a>Time type</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Values of the <code>time</code> type are encoded as 64-bit signed integers
representing the number of nanoseconds since midnight.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For <a href="#timestamps">timestamps</a>, a time can be input either as an
<code>integer</code> or using a <code>string</code> representing the time. In the later case,
the format should be <code>hh:mm:ss[.fffffffff]</code> (where the sub-second
precision is optional and if provided, can be less than the nanosecond).
So for instance, the following are valid inputs for a time:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>'08:12:54'</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'08:12:54.123'</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'08:12:54.123456'</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>'08:12:54.123456789'</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="durations"><a class="anchor" href="#durations"></a>Duration type</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Values of the <code>duration</code> type are encoded as 3 signed integer of
variable lengths. The first integer represents the number of months, the
second the number of days and the third the number of nanoseconds. This
is due to the fact that the number of days in a month can change, and a
day can have 23 or 25 hours depending on the daylight saving.
Internally, the number of months and days are decoded as 32 bits
integers whereas the number of nanoseconds is decoded as a 64 bits
integer.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A duration can be input as:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>(quantity unit)+</code> like <code>12h30m</code> where the unit can be:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>y</code>: years (12 months)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>mo</code>: months (1 month)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>w</code>: weeks (7 days)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>d</code>: days (1 day)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>h</code>: hours (3,600,000,000,000 nanoseconds)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>m</code>: minutes (60,000,000,000 nanoseconds)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>s</code>: seconds (1,000,000,000 nanoseconds)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>ms</code>: milliseconds (1,000,000 nanoseconds)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>us</code> or <code>µs</code> : microseconds (1000 nanoseconds)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>ns</code>: nanoseconds (1 nanosecond)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>ISO 8601 format: <code>P[n]Y[n]M[n]DT[n]H[n]M[n]S or P[n]W</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ISO 8601 alternative format: <code>P[YYYY]-[MM]-[DD]T[hh]:[mm]:[ss]</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For example:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">INSERT INTO RiderResults (rider, race, result)
VALUES ('Christopher Froome', 'Tour de France', 89h4m48s);
INSERT INTO RiderResults (rider, race, result)
VALUES ('BARDET Romain', 'Tour de France', PT89H8M53S);
INSERT INTO RiderResults (rider, race, result)
VALUES ('QUINTANA Nairo', 'Tour de France', P0000-00-00T89:09:09);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div id="duration-limitation" class="paragraph">
<p>Duration columns cannot be used in a table&#8217;s <code>PRIMARY KEY</code>. This
limitation is due to the fact that durations cannot be ordered. It is
effectively not possible to know if <code>1mo</code> is greater than <code>29d</code> without
a date context.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A <code>1d</code> duration is not equal to a <code>24h</code> one as the duration type has
been created to be able to support daylight saving.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="collections"><a class="anchor" href="#collections"></a>Collections</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>CQL supports three kinds of collections: <code>maps</code>, <code>sets</code> and <code>lists</code>. The
types of those collections is defined by:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">collection_type::= MAP '&lt;' cql_type',' cql_type'&gt;'
| SET '&lt;' cql_type '&gt;'
| LIST '&lt;' cql_type'&gt;'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>and their values can be inputd using collection literals:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">collection_literal::= map_literal | set_literal | list_literal
map_literal::= '\{' [ term ':' term (',' term : term)* ] '}'
set_literal::= '\{' [ term (',' term)* ] '}'
list_literal::= '[' [ term (',' term)* ] ']'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note however that neither <code>bind_marker</code> nor <code>NULL</code> are supported inside
collection literals.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="noteworthy-characteristics"><a class="anchor" href="#noteworthy-characteristics"></a>Noteworthy characteristics</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Collections are meant for storing/denormalizing relatively small amount
of data. They work well for things like “the phone numbers of a given
user”, “labels applied to an email”, etc. But when items are expected to
grow unbounded (“all messages sent by a user”, “events registered by a
sensor”&#8230;&#8203;), then collections are not appropriate and a specific table
(with clustering columns) should be used. Concretely, (non-frozen)
collections have the following noteworthy characteristics and
limitations:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Individual collections are not indexed internally. Which means that
even to access a single element of a collection, the whole collection
has to be read (and reading one is not paged internally).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>While insertion operations on sets and maps never incur a
read-before-write internally, some operations on lists do. Further, some
lists operations are not idempotent by nature (see the section on
<a href="#lists">lists</a> below for details), making their retry in case of
timeout problematic. It is thus advised to prefer sets over lists when
possible.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Please note that while some of those limitations may or may not be
removed/improved upon in the future, it is a anti-pattern to use a
(single) collection to store large amounts of data.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="maps"><a class="anchor" href="#maps"></a>Maps</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A <code>map</code> is a (sorted) set of key-value pairs, where keys are unique and
the map is sorted by its keys. You can define and insert a map with:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TABLE users (
id text PRIMARY KEY,
name text,
favs map&lt;text, text&gt; // A map of text keys, and text values
);
INSERT INTO users (id, name, favs)
VALUES ('jsmith', 'John Smith', { 'fruit' : 'Apple', 'band' : 'Beatles' });
// Replace the existing map entirely.
UPDATE users SET favs = { 'fruit' : 'Banana' } WHERE id = 'jsmith';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Further, maps support:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Updating or inserting one or more elements:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">UPDATE users SET favs['author'] = 'Ed Poe' WHERE id = 'jsmith';
UPDATE users SET favs = favs + { 'movie' : 'Cassablanca', 'band' : 'ZZ Top' } WHERE id = 'jsmith';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Removing one or more element (if an element doesn&#8217;t exist, removing it
is a no-op but no error is thrown):</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">DELETE favs['author'] FROM users WHERE id = 'jsmith';
UPDATE users SET favs = favs - { 'movie', 'band'} WHERE id = 'jsmith';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that for removing multiple elements in a <code>map</code>, you remove from it
a <code>set</code> of keys.</p>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Lastly, TTLs are allowed for both <code>INSERT</code> and <code>UPDATE</code>, but in both
cases the TTL set only apply to the newly inserted/updated elements. In
other words:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">UPDATE users USING TTL 10 SET favs['color'] = 'green' WHERE id = 'jsmith';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>will only apply the TTL to the <code>{ 'color' : 'green' }</code> record, the rest
of the map remaining unaffected.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="sets"><a class="anchor" href="#sets"></a>Sets</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A <code>set</code> is a (sorted) collection of unique values. You can define and
insert a set with:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TABLE images (
name text PRIMARY KEY,
owner text,
tags set&lt;text&gt; // A set of text values
);
INSERT INTO images (name, owner, tags)
VALUES ('cat.jpg', 'jsmith', { 'pet', 'cute' });
// Replace the existing set entirely
UPDATE images SET tags = { 'kitten', 'cat', 'lol' } WHERE name = 'cat.jpg';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Further, sets support:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Adding one or multiple elements (as this is a set, inserting an
already existing element is a no-op):</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">UPDATE images SET tags = tags + { 'gray', 'cuddly' } WHERE name = 'cat.jpg';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Removing one or multiple elements (if an element doesn&#8217;t exist,
removing it is a no-op but no error is thrown):</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">UPDATE images SET tags = tags - { 'cat' } WHERE name = 'cat.jpg';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Lastly, for <a href="#sets">sets</a>, TTLs are only applied to newly inserted values.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="lists"><a class="anchor" href="#lists"></a>Lists</h3>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As mentioned above and further discussed at the end of this section,
lists have limitations and specific performance considerations that you
should take into account before using them. In general, if you can use a
<a href="#sets">set</a> instead of list, always prefer a set.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A <code>list</code> is a (sorted) collection of non-unique values where
elements are ordered by their position in the list. You can define and
insert a list with:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TABLE plays (
id text PRIMARY KEY,
game text,
players int,
scores list&lt;int&gt; // A list of integers
)
INSERT INTO plays (id, game, players, scores)
VALUES ('123-afde', 'quake', 3, [17, 4, 2]);
// Replace the existing list entirely
UPDATE plays SET scores = [ 3, 9, 4] WHERE id = '123-afde';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Further, lists support:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Appending and prepending values to a list:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">UPDATE plays SET players = 5, scores = scores + [ 14, 21 ] WHERE id = '123-afde';
UPDATE plays SET players = 6, scores = [ 3 ] + scores WHERE id = '123-afde';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock warning">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-warning" title="Warning"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Warning</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The append and prepend operations are not idempotent by nature. So in
particular, if one of these operations times out, then retrying the
operation is not safe and it may (or may not) lead to
appending/prepending the value twice.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Setting the value at a particular position in a list that has a pre-existing element for that position. An error
will be thrown if the list does not have the position:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">UPDATE plays SET scores[1] = 7 WHERE id = '123-afde';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Removing an element by its position in the list that has a pre-existing element for that position. An error
will be thrown if the list does not have the position. Further, as the operation removes an
element from the list, the list size will decrease by one element, shifting
the position of all the following elements one forward:</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">DELETE scores[1] FROM plays WHERE id = '123-afde';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Deleting <em>all</em> the occurrences of particular values in the list (if a
particular element doesn&#8217;t occur at all in the list, it is simply
ignored and no error is thrown):</p>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">UPDATE plays SET scores = scores - [ 12, 21 ] WHERE id = '123-afde';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock warning">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-warning" title="Warning"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="title">Warning</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Setting and removing an element by position and removing occurences of
particular values incur an internal <em>read-before-write</em>. These operations will
run slowly and use more resources than usual updates (with the
exclusion of conditional write that have their own cost).</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Lastly, for <a href="#lists">lists</a>, TTLs only apply to newly inserted values.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="vectors"><a class="anchor" href="#vectors"></a>Working with vectors</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Vectors are fixed-size sequences of non-null values of a certain data type. They use the same literals as lists.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can define, insert and update a vector with:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TABLE plays (
id text PRIMARY KEY,
game text,
players int,
scores vector&lt;int, 3&gt; // A vector of 3 integers
)
INSERT INTO plays (id, game, players, scores)
VALUES ('123-afde', 'quake', 3, [17, 4, 2]);
// Replace the existing vector entirely
UPDATE plays SET scores = [ 3, 9, 4] WHERE id = '123-afde';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Note that it isn&#8217;t possible to change the individual values of a vector, and it isn&#8217;t possible to select individual
elements of a vector.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="udts"><a class="anchor" href="#udts"></a>User-Defined Types (UDTs)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>CQL support the definition of user-defined types (UDTs). Such a
type can be created, modified and removed using the
<code>create_type_statement</code>, <code>alter_type_statement</code> and
<code>drop_type_statement</code> described below. But once created, a UDT is simply
referred to by its name:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">user_defined_type::= udt_name
udt_name::= [ keyspace_name '.' ] identifier</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="creating-a-udt"><a class="anchor" href="#creating-a-udt"></a>Creating a UDT</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Creating a new user-defined type is done using a <code>CREATE TYPE</code> statement
defined by:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">create_type_statement::= CREATE TYPE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] udt_name
'(' field_definition ( ',' field_definition)* ')'
field_definition::= identifier cql_type</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A UDT has a name (used to declared columns of that type) and is a set of
named and typed fields. Fields name can be any type, including
collections or other UDT. For instance:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TYPE phone (
country_code int,
number text,
);
CREATE TYPE address (
street text,
city text,
zip text,
phones map&lt;text, phone&gt;
);
CREATE TABLE user (
name text PRIMARY KEY,
addresses map&lt;text, frozen&lt;address&gt;&gt;
);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Things to keep in mind about UDTs:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Attempting to create an already existing type will result in an error
unless the <code>IF NOT EXISTS</code> option is used. If it is used, the statement
will be a no-op if the type already exists.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A type is intrinsically bound to the keyspace in which it is created,
and can only be used in that keyspace. At creation, if the type name is
prefixed by a keyspace name, it is created in that keyspace. Otherwise,
it is created in the current keyspace.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>As of Cassandra , UDT have to be frozen in most cases, hence the
<code>frozen&lt;address&gt;</code> in the table definition above.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="udt-literals"><a class="anchor" href="#udt-literals"></a>UDT literals</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Once a user-defined type has been created, value can be input using a
UDT literal:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">udt_literal::= '{' identifier ':' term ( ',' identifier ':' term)* '}'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In other words, a UDT literal is like a <a href="#maps">map</a>` literal but its
keys are the names of the fields of the type. For instance, one could
insert into the table define in the previous section using:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">INSERT INTO user (name, addresses)
VALUES ('z3 Pr3z1den7', {
'home' : {
street: '1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW',
city: 'Washington',
zip: '20500',
phones: { 'cell' : { country_code: 1, number: '202 456-1111' },
'landline' : { country_code: 1, number: '...' } }
},
'work' : {
street: '1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW',
city: 'Washington',
zip: '20500',
phones: { 'fax' : { country_code: 1, number: '...' } }
}
}
);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To be valid, a UDT literal can only include fields defined by the
type it is a literal of, but it can omit some fields (these will be set to <code>NULL</code>).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="altering-a-udt"><a class="anchor" href="#altering-a-udt"></a>Altering a UDT</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>An existing user-defined type can be modified using an <code>ALTER TYPE</code>
statement:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">alter_type_statement::= ALTER TYPE [ IF EXISTS ] udt_name alter_type_modification
alter_type_modification::= ADD [ IF NOT EXISTS ] field_definition
| RENAME [ IF EXISTS ] identifier TO identifier (AND identifier TO identifier )*</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the type does not exist, the statement will return an error, unless <code>IF EXISTS</code> is used in which case the operation is a no-op.
You can:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Add a new field to the type (<code>ALTER TYPE address ADD country text</code>).
That new field will be <code>NULL</code> for any values of the type created before
the addition. If the new field exists, the statement will return an error, unless <code>IF NOT EXISTS</code> is used in which case the operation is a no-op.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Rename the fields of the type. If the field(s) does not exist, the statement will return an error, unless <code>IF EXISTS</code> is used in which case the operation is a no-op.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">ALTER TYPE address RENAME zip TO zipcode;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="dropping-a-udt"><a class="anchor" href="#dropping-a-udt"></a>Dropping a UDT</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can drop an existing user-defined type using a <code>DROP TYPE</code>
statement:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">drop_type_statement::= DROP TYPE [ IF EXISTS ] udt_name</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Dropping a type results in the immediate, irreversible removal of that
type. However, attempting to drop a type that is still in use by another
type, table or function will result in an error.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the type dropped does not exist, an error will be returned unless
<code>IF EXISTS</code> is used, in which case the operation is a no-op.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="tuples"><a class="anchor" href="#tuples"></a>Tuples</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>CQL also support tuples and tuple types (where the elements can be of
different types). Functionally, tuples can be though as anonymous UDT
with anonymous fields. Tuple types and tuple literals are defined by:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">tuple_type::= TUPLE '&lt;' cql_type( ',' cql_type)* '&gt;'
tuple_literal::= '(' term( ',' term )* ')'</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>and can be created:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TABLE durations (
event text,
duration tuple&lt;int, text&gt;,
);
INSERT INTO durations (event, duration) VALUES ('ev1', (3, 'hours'));</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Unlike other composed types, like collections and UDTs, a tuple is always
<code>frozen &lt;frozen&gt;</code> (without the need of the <code>frozen</code> keyword)
and it is not possible to update only some elements of a tuple (without
updating the whole tuple). Also, a tuple literal should always have the
same number of value than declared in the type it is a tuple of (some of
those values can be null but they need to be explicitly declared as so).</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="custom-types"><a class="anchor" href="#custom-types"></a>Custom Types</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Custom types exists mostly for backward compatibility purposes and their
usage is discouraged. Their usage is complex, not user friendly and the
other provided types, particularly <a href="#udts">user-defined types</a>, should
almost always be enough.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A custom type is defined by:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">custom_type::= string</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A custom type is a <code>string</code> that contains the name of Java class that
extends the server side <code>AbstractType</code> class and that can be loaded by
Cassandra (it should thus be in the <code>CLASSPATH</code> of every node running
Cassandra). That class will define what values are valid for the type
and how the time sorts when used for a clustering column. For any other
purpose, a value of a custom type is the same than that of a <code>blob</code>, and
can in particular be input using the <code>blob</code> literal syntax.</p>
</div>
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