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<p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p>
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<ul>
<li class="crumb">Cassandra</li>
<li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Cassandra Query Language (CQL)</a></li>
<li class="crumb"><a href="mvs.html">Materialized views</a></li>
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<article class="doc">
<h1 class="page">Materialized Views</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Materialized views names are defined by:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">view_name::= re('[a-zA-Z_0-9]+')</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="create-materialized-view-statement"><a class="anchor" href="#create-materialized-view-statement"></a>CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You can create a materialized view on a table using a
<code>CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW</code> statement:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">create_materialized_view_statement::= CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW [ IF NOT EXISTS ] view_name
AS select_statement
PRIMARY KEY '(' primary_key')'
WITH table_options</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For instance:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW monkeySpecies_by_population AS
SELECT * FROM monkeySpecies
WHERE population IS NOT NULL AND species IS NOT NULL
PRIMARY KEY (population, species)
WITH comment='Allow query by population instead of species';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW</code> statement creates a new materialized
view. Each such view is a set of <em>rows</em> which corresponds to rows which
are present in the underlying, or base, table specified in the <code>SELECT</code>
statement. A materialized view cannot be directly updated, but updates
to the base table will cause corresponding updates in the view.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Creating a materialized view has 3 main parts:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <a href="#mv-select">select statement</a> that restrict the data included in
the view.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="#mv-primary-key">primary key</a> definition for the view.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="#mv-options">options</a> for the view.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Attempting to create an already existing materialized view will return
an error unless the <code>IF NOT EXISTS</code> option is used. If it is used, the
statement will be a no-op if the materialized view already exists.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By default, materialized views are built in a single thread. The initial
build can be parallelized by increasing the number of threads specified
by the property <code>concurrent_materialized_view_builders</code> in
<code>cassandra.yaml</code>. This property can also be manipulated at runtime
through both JMX and the <code>setconcurrentviewbuilders</code> and
<code>getconcurrentviewbuilders</code> nodetool commands.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="mv-select"><a class="anchor" href="#mv-select"></a>MV select statement</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The select statement of a materialized view creation defines which of
the base table is included in the view. That statement is limited in a
number of ways:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>the <a href="#selection-clause">selection</a> is limited to those that only
select columns of the base table. In other words, you can&#8217;t use any
function (aggregate or not), casting, term, etc. Aliases are also not
supported.
You can however use * as a shortcut of selecting all columns.
Further, <a href="types.html#static-columns" class="page">static columns</a> cannot be included in a materialized view.
Thus, a <code>SELECT *</code> command isn&#8217;t allowed if the base table has static columns.
The <code>WHERE</code> clause has the following restrictions:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>cannot include any <code>bind_marker</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>cannot have columns that are not part of the <em>base table</em> primary key that are not restricted by an <code>IS NOT NULL</code> restriction</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>no other restriction is allowed</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>cannot have columns that are part of the <em>view</em> primary key be null, they must always be at least restricted by a <code>IS NOT NULL</code>
restriction (or any other restriction, but they must have one).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>cannot have an <a href="dml.html#ordering-clause" class="page">ordering clause</a>, a <a href="dml.html#limit-clause" class="page">limit</a>, or xref:cassandra:developing/cql/dml.adoc#allow-filtering[ALLOW FILTERING</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="mv-primary-key"><a class="anchor" href="#mv-primary-key"></a>MV primary key</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A view must have a primary key and that primary key must conform to the
following restrictions:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>it must contain all the primary key columns of the base table. This
ensures that every row of the view correspond to exactly one row of the
base table.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>it can only contain a single column that is not a primary key column
in the base table.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>So for instance, give the following base table definition:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TABLE t (
k int,
c1 int,
c2 int,
v1 int,
v2 int,
PRIMARY KEY (k, c1, c2)
);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>then the following view definitions are allowed:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv1 AS
SELECT * FROM t
WHERE k IS NOT NULL AND c1 IS NOT NULL AND c2 IS NOT NULL
PRIMARY KEY (c1, k, c2);
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv1 AS
SELECT * FROM t
WHERE k IS NOT NULL AND c1 IS NOT NULL AND c2 IS NOT NULL
PRIMARY KEY (v1, k, c1, c2);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>but the following ones are <strong>not</strong> allowed:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">// Error: cannot include both v1 and v2 in the primary key as both are not in the base table primary key
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv1 AS
SELECT * FROM t
WHERE k IS NOT NULL AND c1 IS NOT NULL AND c2 IS NOT NULL AND v1 IS NOT NULL
PRIMARY KEY (v1, v2, k, c1, c2);
// Error: must include k in the primary as it's a base table primary key column
CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv1 AS
SELECT * FROM t
WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL AND c2 IS NOT NULL
PRIMARY KEY (c1, c2);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="mv-options"><a class="anchor" href="#mv-options"></a>MV options</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A materialized view is internally implemented by a table and as such,
creating a MV allows the <code>same options than
creating a table &lt;create-table-options&gt;</code>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="alter-materialized-view-statement"><a class="anchor" href="#alter-materialized-view-statement"></a>ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After creation, you can alter the options of a materialized view using
the <code>ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW</code> statement:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">alter_materialized_view_statement::= ALTER MATERIALIZED VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] view_name WITH table_options</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The options that can be updated are the same than at creation time and
thus the <code>same than for tables
&lt;create-table-options&gt;</code>. If the view does not exist, the statement will return an error, unless <code>IF EXISTS</code> is used in which case the operation is a no-op.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="drop-materialized-view-statement"><a class="anchor" href="#drop-materialized-view-statement"></a>DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Dropping a materialized view using the <code>DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW</code>
statement:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">drop_materialized_view_statement::= DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] view_name;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the materialized view does not exists, the statement will return an
error, unless <code>IF EXISTS</code> is used in which case the operation is a
no-op.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="mv-limitations"><a class="anchor" href="#mv-limitations"></a>MV Limitations</h3>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Removal of columns not selected in the Materialized View (via
<code>UPDATE base SET unselected_column = null</code> or
<code>DELETE unselected_column FROM base</code>) may shadow missed updates to other
columns received by hints or repair. For this reason, we advise against
doing deletions on base columns not selected in views until this is
fixed on CASSANDRA-13826.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
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