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<p>You are viewing the documentation for a prerelease version.</p>
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<li class="crumb">Cassandra</li>
<li class="crumb"><a href="../../index.html">Cassandra Query Language (CQL)</a></li>
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<li class="crumb"><a href="2i-overview.html">Secondary indexes (2i) overview</a></li>
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<article class="doc">
<h1 class="page">Working with secondary indexing (2i)</h1>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="prerequisites"><a class="anchor" href="#prerequisites"></a>Prerequisites</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="#developing/keyspace-create.adoc" class="page unresolved">Keyspace created</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="#developing/table-create.adoc" class="page unresolved">Table created</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="create-a-secondary-index-2i"><a class="anchor" href="#create-a-secondary-index-2i"></a>Create a secondary index (2i)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Create indexes on one or more columns after defining a table.
Secondary indexes created with 2i can be used to query a table using a column other than the table&#8217;s partition key.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>In a production environment, certain columns might not be good choices, depending on their <a href="2i-when-to-use.html#when-no-index" class="page">cardinality</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock important">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-important" title="Important"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Do not add an storage-attached index (SAI)
to the same table. See the difference between these index types in the <a href="../indexing-concepts.html" class="page">overview</a>.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="create-simple-2i"><a class="anchor" href="#create-simple-2i"></a>Create simple 2i</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Create simple 2i indexes on a table to see how indexing works.
Start by creating a table, <code>cycling.alt_stats</code>, that yields statistics about cyclists:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.cyclist_alt_stats (
id UUID PRIMARY KEY,
lastname text,
birthday date,
nationality text,
weight float,
w_units text,
height float,
first_race date,
last_race date
);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now create indexes on the columns <code>birthday</code> and <code>nationality</code>:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS birthday_idx
ON cycling.cyclist_alt_stats (birthday);
CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS nationality_idx
ON cycling.cyclist_alt_stats (nationality);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following query attempts to retrieve the cyclists with a specified <code>birthday</code> and <code>nationality</code>.
The query returns an error:</p>
</div>
<div class="tabset is-loading">
<div class="ulist tabs">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a id="tabset1_cql"></a>CQL</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a id="tabset1_result"></a>Result</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="tab-pane" aria-labelledby="tabset1_cql">
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">SELECT *
FROM cycling.cyclist_alt_stats
WHERE birthday = '1982-01-29'
AND nationality = 'Russia';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" aria-labelledby="tabset1_result">
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-results hljs" data-lang="results">InvalidRequest: Error from server: code=2200 [Invalid query]
message="Cannot execute this query as it might involve data
filtering and thus may have unpredictable performance.
If you want to execute this query despite the performance
unpredictability, use ALLOW FILTERING"</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The indexes have been created on appropriate low-cardinality columns, but the previous query still fails.
Why?</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The answer lies with the partition key, which has not been defined.
When you attempt a potentially expensive query, such as searching a range of rows, the database requires the <code>ALLOW FILTERING</code> directive.
The error is not due to multiple indexes, but the lack of a partition key definition in the query.</p>
</div>
<div class="tabset is-loading">
<div class="ulist tabs">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a id="tabset2_cql"></a>CQL</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a id="tabset2_result"></a>Result</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="tab-pane" aria-labelledby="tabset2_cql">
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">SELECT *
FROM cycling.cyclist_alt_stats
WHERE birthday = '1982-01-29'
AND nationality = 'Russia'
ALLOW FILTERING;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" aria-labelledby="tabset2_result">
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-results hljs" data-lang="results"> id | birthday | first_race | height | last_race | lastname | nationality | w_units | weight
--------------------------------------+------------+------------+--------+------------+----------+-------------+---------+--------
e0953617-07eb-4c82-8f91-3b2757981625 | 1982-01-29 | 1998-02-15 | 1.78 | 2017-04-16 | BRUTT | Russia | kg | 68
(1 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Thus, one of the difficulties of using 2is is illustrated.
<a href="../sai/sai-concepts.html" class="page">SAI</a> is almost always a better option.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="create-a-2i-on-a-collection-column"><a class="anchor" href="#create-a-2i-on-a-collection-column"></a>Create a 2i on a collection column</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Collections can be indexed and queried to find a collection containing a particular value.
Sets and lists are indexed a bit differently from maps, given the key-value nature of maps.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Sets and lists can index all values found by indexing the collection column.
Maps can index a map key, map value, or map entry using the methods shown below.
Multiple indexes can be created on the same map column in a table so that map keys, values, or entries can be queried.
In addition, frozen collections can be indexed using <code>FULL</code> to index the full content of a frozen collection.</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All the <a href="2i-when-to-use.html#when-no-index" class="page">cautions</a> about using secondary indexes apply to indexing collections.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>For set and list collections, create an index on the column name.
Create an index on a set to find all the cyclists that have been on a particular team.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS teams_idx
ON cycling.cyclist_career_teams (teams);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">SELECT *
FROM cycling.cyclist_career_teams
WHERE teams CONTAINS 'Rabobank-Liv Giant';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-results hljs" data-lang="results"> id | lastname | teams
--------------------------------------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------
1c9ebc13-1eab-4ad5-be87-dce433216d40 | BRAND | {'AA Drink - Leontien.nl', 'Leontien.nl', 'Rabobank-Liv Giant', 'Rabobank-Li
v Woman Cycling Team'}
(1 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>For map collections, create an index on the map key, map value, or map entry.
Create an index on a map key to find all cyclist/team combinations for a particular year.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS team_year_keys_idx
ON cycling.cyclist_teams ( KEYS (teams) );</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">SELECT *
FROM cycling.cyclist_teams
WHERE teams CONTAINS KEY 2015;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-results hljs" data-lang="results"> id | firstname | lastname | teams
--------------------------------------+-----------+------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cb07baad-eac8-4f65-b28a-bddc06a0de23 | Elizabeth | ARMITSTEAD | {2011: 'Team Garmin - Cervelo', 2012: 'AA Drink - Leontien.nl', 2013: 'Boels:Dolmans Cycling Team', 2014: 'Boels:Dolmans Cycling Team', 2015: 'Boels:Dolmans Cycling Team'}
5b6962dd-3f90-4c93-8f61-eabfa4a803e2 | Marianne | VOS | {2015: 'Rabobank-Liv Woman Cycling Team'}
(2 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Create an index on the map entries and find cyclists who are the same age.
An index using <code>ENTRIES</code> is only valid for maps.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.birthday_list (
cyclist_name text PRIMARY KEY,
blist map&lt;text, text&gt;
);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS blist_idx
ON cycling.birthday_list ( ENTRIES(blist) );</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">SELECT *
FROM cycling.birthday_list
WHERE blist[ 'age' ] = '23';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-results hljs" data-lang="results"> cyclist_name | blist
------------------+----------------------------------------------------------
Claudio HEINEN | {'age': '23', 'bday': '27/07/1992', 'nation': 'GERMANY'}
Laurence BOURQUE | {'age': '23', 'bday': '27/07/1992', 'nation': 'CANADA'}
(2 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Using the same index, find cyclists from the same country.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">SELECT *
FROM cycling.birthday_list
WHERE blist[ 'nation' ] = 'NETHERLANDS';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-results hljs" data-lang="results"> cyclist_name | blist
---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------
Luc HAGENAARS | {'age': '28', 'bday': '27/07/1987', 'nation': 'NETHERLANDS'}
Toine POELS | {'age': '52', 'bday': '27/07/1963', 'nation': 'NETHERLANDS'}
(2 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Create an index on the map values and find cyclists who have a particular value found in the specified map.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.birthday_list (
cyclist_name text PRIMARY KEY,
blist map&lt;text, text&gt;
);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS blist_values_idx
ON cycling.birthday_list ( VALUES(blist) );</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">SELECT *
FROM cycling.birthday_list
WHERE blist CONTAINS 'NETHERLANDS';</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>+</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-results hljs" data-lang="results"> cyclist_name | blist
---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------
Luc HAGENAARS | {'age': '28', 'bday': '27/07/1987', 'nation': 'NETHERLANDS'}
Toine POELS | {'age': '52', 'bday': '27/07/1963', 'nation': 'NETHERLANDS'}
(2 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Create an index on the full content of a <code>FROZEN</code> map.
The table in this example stores the number of Pro wins, Grand Tour races, and Classic races that a cyclist has competed in.
The SELECT statement finds any cyclist who has 39 Pro race wins, 7 Grand Tour starts, and 14 Classic starts.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cycling.race_starts (
cyclist_name text PRIMARY KEY,
rnumbers FROZEN&lt;LIST&lt;int&gt;&gt;
);</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS rnumbers_idx
ON cycling.race_starts ( FULL(rnumbers) );</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-cql hljs" data-lang="language-cql">SELECT *
FROM cycling.race_starts
WHERE rnumbers = [39, 7, 14];</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-results hljs" data-lang="results"> cyclist_name | rnumbers
----------------+-------------
John DEGENKOLB | [39, 7, 14]
(1 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="check-secondary-index-2i-existence"><a class="anchor" href="#check-secondary-index-2i-existence"></a>Check secondary index (2i) existence</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Verify that an index exists:</p>
</div>
<div class="tabset is-loading">
<div class="ulist tabs">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a id="tabset3_cql"></a>CQL</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a id="tabset3_result"></a>Result</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="content">
<div class="tab-pane" aria-labelledby="tabset3_cql">
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-bash hljs" data-lang="language-bash">DESCRIBE TABLE cycling.birthday_list;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="tab-pane" aria-labelledby="tabset3_result">
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-console hljs" data-lang="console">TBD</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="alter-a-secondary-index-2i"><a class="anchor" href="#alter-a-secondary-index-2i"></a>Alter a secondary index (2i)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Secondary indexes cannot be altered.
If you wish to change a 2i, you need to <a href="#developing/cql/indexing/2i/2i-drop.adoc" class="page unresolved">drop the index</a> and <a href="#developing/cql/indexing/2i/2i-create.adoc" class="page unresolved">create a new one</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="drop-a-secondary-index-2i"><a class="anchor" href="#drop-a-secondary-index-2i"></a>Drop a secondary index (2i)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Drop a 2i:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-language-bash hljs" data-lang="language-bash">DROP INDEX IF EXISTS cycling.teams_idx;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="querying-using-secondary-indexes-2i"><a class="anchor" href="#querying-using-secondary-indexes-2i"></a>Querying using secondary indexes (2i)</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
</div>
</div>
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