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| <li class="crumb">Cassandra</li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Operating</a></li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="compression.html">Compression</a></li> |
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| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Compression</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra offers operators the ability to configure compression on a |
| per-table basis. Compression reduces the size of data on disk by |
| compressing the SSTable in user-configurable compression |
| <code>chunk_length_in_kb</code>. As Cassandra SSTables are immutable, the CPU cost |
| of compressing is only necessary when the SSTable is written - |
| subsequent updates to data will land in different SSTables, so Cassandra |
| will not need to decompress, overwrite, and recompress data when UPDATE |
| commands are issued. On reads, Cassandra will locate the relevant |
| compressed chunks on disk, decompress the full chunk, and then proceed |
| with the remainder of the read path (merging data from disks and |
| memtables, read repair, and so on).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Compression algorithms typically trade off between the following three |
| areas:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><strong>Compression speed</strong>: How fast does the compression algorithm compress |
| data. This is critical in the flush and compaction paths because data |
| must be compressed before it is written to disk.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><strong>Decompression speed</strong>: How fast does the compression algorithm |
| de-compress data. This is critical in the read and compaction paths as |
| data must be read off disk in a full chunk and decompressed before it |
| can be returned.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><strong>Ratio</strong>: By what ratio is the uncompressed data reduced by. Cassandra |
| typically measures this as the size of data on disk relative to the |
| uncompressed size. For example a ratio of <code>0.5</code> means that the data on |
| disk is 50% the size of the uncompressed data. Cassandra exposes this |
| ratio per table as the <code>SSTable Compression Ratio</code> field of |
| <code>nodetool tablestats</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra offers five compression algorithms by default that make |
| different tradeoffs in these areas. While benchmarking compression |
| algorithms depends on many factors (algorithm parameters such as |
| compression level, the compressibility of the input data, underlying |
| processor class, etc …​), the following table should help you pick a |
| starting point based on your application’s requirements with an |
| extremely rough grading of the different choices by their performance in |
| these areas (A is relatively good, F is relatively bad):</p> |
| </div> |
| <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col style="width: 40%;"> |
| <col style="width: 19%;"> |
| <col style="width: 11%;"> |
| <col style="width: 13%;"> |
| <col style="width: 6%;"> |
| <col style="width: 11%;"> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Compression Algorithm</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Cassandra Class</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Compression</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Decompression</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Ratio</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">C* Version</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://lz4.github.io/lz4/">LZ4</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>LZ4Compressor</code></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A+</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A+</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">C+</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>>=1.2.2</code></p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://lz4.github.io/lz4/">LZ4HC</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>LZ4Compressor</code></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">C+</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A+</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">B+</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>>= 3.6</code></p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://facebook.github.io/zstd/">Zstd</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ZstdCompressor</code></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A-</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A-</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A+</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>>= 4.0</code></p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="http://google.github.io/snappy/">Snappy</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>SnappyCompressor</code></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A-</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">C</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>>= 1.0</code></p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><a href="https://zlib.net">Deflate (zlib)</a></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>DeflateCompressor</code></p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">C</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">C</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>>= 1.0</code></p></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Generally speaking for a performance critical (latency or throughput) |
| application <code>LZ4</code> is the right choice as it gets excellent ratio per CPU |
| cycle spent. This is why it is the default choice in Cassandra.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For storage critical applications (disk footprint), however, <code>Zstd</code> may |
| be a better choice as it can get significant additional ratio to <code>LZ4</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><code>Snappy</code> is kept for backwards compatibility and <code>LZ4</code> will typically be |
| preferable.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><code>Deflate</code> is kept for backwards compatibility and <code>Zstd</code> will typically |
| be preferable.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="configuring-compression"><a class="anchor" href="#configuring-compression"></a>Configuring Compression</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Compression is configured on a per-table basis as an optional argument |
| to <code>CREATE TABLE</code> or <code>ALTER TABLE</code>. Three options are available for all |
| compressors:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>class</code> (default: <code>LZ4Compressor</code>): specifies the compression class to |
| use. The two "fast" compressors are <code>LZ4Compressor</code> and |
| <code>SnappyCompressor</code> and the two "good" ratio compressors are |
| <code>ZstdCompressor</code> and <code>DeflateCompressor</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>chunk_length_in_kb</code> (default: <code>16KiB</code>): specifies the number of |
| kilobytes of data per compression chunk. The main tradeoff here is that |
| larger chunk sizes give compression algorithms more context and improve |
| their ratio, but require reads to deserialize and read more off disk.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>crc_check_chance</code> (default: <code>1.0</code>): determines how likely Cassandra |
| is to verify the checksum on each compression chunk during reads to |
| protect against data corruption. Unless you have profiles indicating |
| this is a performance problem it is highly encouraged not to turn this |
| off as it is Cassandra’s only protection against bitrot.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>LZ4Compressor</code> supports the following additional options:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>lz4_compressor_type</code> (default <code>fast</code>): specifies if we should use the |
| <code>high</code> (a.k.a <code>LZ4HC</code>) ratio version or the <code>fast</code> (a.k.a <code>LZ4</code>) version |
| of <code>LZ4</code>. The <code>high</code> mode supports a configurable level, which can allow |
| operators to tune the performance <→ ratio tradeoff via the |
| <code>lz4_high_compressor_level</code> option. Note that in <code>4.0</code> and above it may |
| be preferable to use the <code>Zstd</code> compressor.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>lz4_high_compressor_level</code> (default <code>9</code>): A number between <code>1</code> and |
| <code>17</code> inclusive that represents how much CPU time to spend trying to get |
| more compression ratio. Generally lower levels are "faster" but they get |
| less ratio and higher levels are slower but get more compression ratio.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>ZstdCompressor</code> supports the following options in addition:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>compression_level</code> (default <code>3</code>): A number between <code>-131072</code> and <code>22</code> |
| inclusive that represents how much CPU time to spend trying to get more |
| compression ratio. The lower the level, the faster the speed (at the |
| cost of ratio). Values from 20 to 22 are called "ultra levels" and |
| should be used with caution, as they require more memory. The default of |
| <code>3</code> is a good choice for competing with <code>Deflate</code> ratios and <code>1</code> is a |
| good choice for competing with <code>LZ4</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Users can set compression using the following syntax:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TABLE keyspace.table (id int PRIMARY KEY) |
| WITH compression = {'class': 'LZ4Compressor'};</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Or</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">ALTER TABLE keyspace.table |
| WITH compression = {'class': 'LZ4Compressor', 'chunk_length_in_kb': 64, 'crc_check_chance': 0.5};</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Once enabled, compression can be disabled with <code>ALTER TABLE</code> setting |
| <code>enabled</code> to <code>false</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">ALTER TABLE keyspace.table |
| WITH compression = {'enabled':'false'};</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Operators should be aware, however, that changing compression is not |
| immediate. The data is compressed when the SSTable is written, and as |
| SSTables are immutable, the compression will not be modified until the |
| table is compacted. Upon issuing a change to the compression options via |
| <code>ALTER TABLE</code>, the existing SSTables will not be modified until they are |
| compacted - if an operator needs compression changes to take effect |
| immediately, the operator can trigger an SSTable rewrite using |
| <code>nodetool scrub</code> or <code>nodetool upgradesstables -a</code>, both of which will |
| rebuild the SSTables on disk, re-compressing the data in the process.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="benefits-and-uses"><a class="anchor" href="#benefits-and-uses"></a>Benefits and Uses</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Compression’s primary benefit is that it reduces the amount of data |
| written to disk. Not only does the reduced size save in storage |
| requirements, it often increases read and write throughput, as the CPU |
| overhead of compressing data is faster than the time it would take to |
| read or write the larger volume of uncompressed data from disk.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Compression is most useful in tables comprised of many rows, where the |
| rows are similar in nature. Tables containing similar text columns (such |
| as repeated JSON blobs) often compress very well. Tables containing data |
| that has already been compressed or random data (e.g. benchmark |
| datasets) do not typically compress well.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="operational-impact"><a class="anchor" href="#operational-impact"></a>Operational Impact</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Compression metadata is stored off-heap and scales with data on disk. |
| This often requires 1-3GB of off-heap RAM per terabyte of data on disk, |
| though the exact usage varies with <code>chunk_length_in_kb</code> and compression |
| ratios.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Streaming operations involve compressing and decompressing data on |
| compressed tables - in some code paths (such as non-vnode bootstrap), |
| the CPU overhead of compression can be a limiting factor.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>To prevent slow compressors (<code>Zstd</code>, <code>Deflate</code>, <code>LZ4HC</code>) from blocking |
| flushes for too long, all three flush with the default fast <code>LZ4</code> |
| compressor and then rely on normal compaction to re-compress the data |
| into the desired compression strategy. See <span class="title-ref">CASSANDRA-15379 |
| <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-15379" class="bare">issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-15379</a></span> for more |
| details.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The compression path checksums data to ensure correctness - while the |
| traditional Cassandra read path does not have a way to ensure |
| correctness of data on disk, compressed tables allow the user to set |
| <code>crc_check_chance</code> (a float from 0.0 to 1.0) to allow Cassandra to |
| probabilistically validate chunks on read to verify bits on disk are not |
| corrupt.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="advanced-use"><a class="anchor" href="#advanced-use"></a>Advanced Use</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Advanced users can provide their own compression class by implementing |
| the interface at <code>org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.ICompressor</code>.</p> |
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