| <!DOCTYPE html> |
| <html lang="en"> |
| <head> |
| <meta charset="utf-8"> |
| <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0"> |
| <title>Storage Engine | Apache Cassandra Documentation</title> |
| <link rel="stylesheet" href="../../../../assets/css/site.css"> |
| <link rel="schema.dcterms" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/"> |
| <meta name="dcterms.subject" content="Cassandra"> |
| <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="4.1"> |
| <meta name="generator" content="Antora 2.3.4"> |
| <link rel="icon" href="../../../../assets/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> |
| <script> |
| const script = document.createElement("script"); |
| const domain = window.location.hostname; |
| script.type = "text/javascript"; |
| script.src = "https://plausible.cassandra.apache.org/js/plausible.js"; |
| script.setAttribute("data-domain",domain); |
| script.setAttribute("defer",'true'); |
| script.setAttribute("async",'true'); |
| document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script); |
| </script> </head> |
| <body class="docs-wrapper article"> |
| <div class="container mx-auto relative"> |
| <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.6.0/jquery.min.js"></script> |
| <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> |
| <meta property="og:url" content="/" /> |
| <meta property="og:site_name" content="Apache Cassandra" /> |
| |
| <header id="top-nav"> |
| <div class="inner relative"> |
| <div class="header-social-icons text-right"> |
| <a href="https://twitter.com/cassandra?lang=en" target="_blank" styles="margin-left: 20px;"><img src="../../../../assets/img/twitter-icon-circle-white.svg" alt="twitter icon" width="24"></a> |
| <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/apache-cassandra/" target="_blank" styles="margin-left: 20px;"><img src="../../../../assets/img/LI-In-Bug.png" alt="linked-in icon" width="24"></a> |
| <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/PlanetCassandra" target="_blank" styles="margin-left: 20px;"><img src="../../../../assets/img/youtube-icon.png" alt="youtube icon" width="24"></a> |
| </div> |
| <div class="cf"> |
| <div class="logo left"><a href="/"><img src="../../../../assets/img/logo-white-r.png" alt="Cassandra Logo"></a></div> |
| <div class="mobile-nav-icon right"> |
| <img class="toggle-icon" src="../../../../assets/img/hamburger-nav.svg"> |
| </div> |
| <ul class="main-nav nav-links right flex flex-vert-center flex-space-between"> |
| <li> |
| <a class="nav-link hide-mobile">Get Started</a> |
| <ul class="sub-menu bg-white"> |
| <li class="pa-micro"> |
| <a href="/_/cassandra-basics.html"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-basics.png" alt="cassandra basics icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Cassandra Basics |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro"> |
| <a href="/_/quickstart.html"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-rocket.png" alt="cassandra basics icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Quickstart |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro"> |
| <a href="/_/ecosystem.html"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-ecosystem.png" alt="cassandra basics icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Ecosystem |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a class="nav-link" href="/doc/latest/">Documentation</a></li> |
| <li> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="/_/community.html">Community</a> |
| <ul class="sub-menu bg-white"> |
| <li class="pa-micro"> |
| <a href="/_/community.html#code-of-conduct"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-welcome.png" alt="welcome icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Welcome |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro hide-mobile"> |
| <a href="/_/community.html#discussions"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-discussions.png" alt="discussions icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Discussions |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro hide-mobile"> |
| <a href="/_/community.html#project-governance"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-governance.png" alt="Governance icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Governance |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro hide-mobile"> |
| <a href="/_/community.html#how-to-contribute"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-contribute.png" alt="Contribute icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Contribute |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro hide-mobile"> |
| <a href="/_/community.html#meet-the-community"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-community.png" alt="Meet the Community icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Meet the Community |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro hide-mobile"> |
| <a href="/_/cassandra-catalyst-program.html"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-catalyst.png" alt="Catalyst icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Catalyst Program |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro hide-mobile"> |
| <a href="/_/events.html"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-events.png" alt="Events icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Events |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <a class="nav-link hide-mobile">Learn</a> |
| <ul class="sub-menu bg-white"> |
| <li class="pa-micro"> |
| <a href="/_/Apache-Cassandra-5.0-Moving-Toward-an-AI-Driven-Future.html"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-basics.png" alt="Basics icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Cassandra 5.0 |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro"> |
| <a href="/_/case-studies.html"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-case-study.png" alt="Case Studies icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Case Studies |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro"> |
| <a href="/_/resources.html"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-resources.png" alt="Resources icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Resources |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="pa-micro"> |
| <a href="/_/blog.html"> |
| <div class="sub-nav-icon"> |
| <img src="../../../../assets/img/sub-menu-blog.png" alt="Blog icon"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sub-nav-text teal py-small"> |
| Blog |
| </div> |
| </a> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a class="nav-link btn btn--filled" href="/_/download.html">Download Now</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </header> |
| |
| <div class="hero hero--home grad"> |
| <div class="eye"></div> |
| <div id="docs-content" class="text-center flex flex-center flex-column relative z2 ma-xlarge"> |
| <h2>Cassandra Documentation</h2> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="body px-medium py-medium container"> |
| <div class="docs-nav-bar flex flex-space-between mb-medium"> |
| <div id="mobile-docs-nav-burger" class="hidden"> |
| <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="36" height="36" stroke="#1c81a0" stroke-width="2.5" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="css-i6dzq1"><line x1="3" y1="12" x2="21" y2="12"></line><line x1="3" y1="6" x2="21" y2="6"></line><line x1="3" y1="18" x2="21" y2="18"></line></svg> |
| </div> |
| <div class="docs-nav-item relative"> |
| <input id="search-input" type="text" placeholder="Search docs"> |
| </div> |
| <div class="versions-wrapper"> |
| <h4>Version:</h4> |
| <div class="nav-panel-explore" data-panel="explore"> |
| |
| <div id="version-toggle" class="context"> |
| <span class="version">4.1</span> |
| </div> |
| <ul id="versions-list" class="components"> |
| <li class="component"> |
| <ul class="versions"> |
| <li class="version is-latest"> |
| <a href="../../../../_/index.html">master</a> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="component is-current"> |
| <ul class="versions"> |
| <li class="version"> |
| <a href="../../../trunk/index.html">trunk</a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="version"> |
| <a href="../../../5.0/index.html">5.0</a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="version is-current is-latest"> |
| <a href="../../index.html">4.1</a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="version"> |
| <a href="../../../4.0/index.html">4.0</a> |
| </li> |
| <li class="version"> |
| <a href="../../../3.11/index.html">3.11</a> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> </div> |
| <div class="cf relative"> |
| <nav class="nav docs-nav full-800"> |
| <div class="nav-menu"> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item is-active" data-depth="0"> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="1"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../index.html">Main</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/glossary.html">Glossary</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/bugs.html">How to report bugs</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/contactus.html">Contact us</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item is-active" data-depth="0"> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item is-current-path is-active" data-depth="1"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <span class="nav-text">Cassandra</span> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../getting_started/index.html">Getting Started</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../getting_started/installing.html">Installing Cassandra</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../getting_started/configuring.html">Configuring Cassandra</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../getting_started/querying.html">Inserting and querying</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../getting_started/drivers.html">Client drivers</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../getting_started/java11.html">Support for Java 11</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../getting_started/production.html">Production recommendations</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../new/index.html">What’s new</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item is-current-path is-active" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="index.html">Architecture</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="overview.html">Overview</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="dynamo.html">Dynamo</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item is-current-page is-active" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="storage_engine.html">Storage engine</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="guarantees.html">Guarantees</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="messaging.html">Improved internode messaging</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="streaming.html">Improved streaming</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/index.html">Data modeling</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/intro.html">Introduction</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/data_modeling_conceptual.html">Conceptual data modeling</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/data_modeling_rdbms.html">RDBMS design</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/data_modeling_queries.html">Defining application queries</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/data_modeling_logical.html">Logical data modeling</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/data_modeling_physical.html">Physical data modeling</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/data_modeling_refining.html">Evaluating and refining data models</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/data_modeling_schema.html">Defining database schema</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../data_modeling/data_modeling_tools.html">Cassandra data modeling tools</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/index.html">Cassandra Query Language (CQL)</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/definitions.html">Definitions</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/types.html">Data types</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/ddl.html">Data definition (DDL)</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/dml.html">Data manipulation (DML)</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/operators.html">Operators</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/indexes.html">Secondary indexes</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/mvs.html">Materialized views</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/functions.html">Functions</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/json.html">JSON</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/security.html">Security</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/triggers.html">Triggers</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/appendices.html">Appendices</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/changes.html">Changes</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/SASI.html">SASI</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../cql/cql_singlefile.html">Single file of CQL information</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../configuration/index.html">Configuration</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../configuration/cass_yaml_file.html">cassandra.yaml</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../configuration/cass_rackdc_file.html">cassandra-rackdc.properties</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../configuration/cass_env_sh_file.html">cassandra-env.sh</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../configuration/cass_topo_file.html">cassandra-topologies.properties</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../configuration/cass_cl_archive_file.html">commitlog-archiving.properties</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../configuration/cass_logback_xml_file.html">logback.xml</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../configuration/cass_jvm_options_file.html">jvm-* files</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../configuration/configuration.html">Liberating cassandra.yaml Parameters' Names from Their Units</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/index.html">Operating</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="#operating/snitch.adoc">Snitches</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/topo_changes.html">Topology changes</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/repair.html">Repair</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/read_repair.html">Read repair</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/hints.html">Hints</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/bloom_filters.html">Bloom filters</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/compression.html">Compression</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/cdc.html">Change Data Capture (CDC)</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/backups.html">Backups</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/bulk_loading.html">Bulk loading</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/metrics.html">Metrics</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/security.html">Security</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/hardware.html">Hardware</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/compaction/index.html">Compaction</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/virtualtables.html">Virtual tables</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/auditlogging.html">Audit logging</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/audit_logging.html">Audit logging 2</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/fqllogging.html">Full query logging</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../operating/transientreplication.html">Transient replication</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../tools/index.html">Tools</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../tools/cqlsh.html">cqlsh: the CQL shell</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../tools/nodetool/nodetool.html">nodetool</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../tools/sstable/index.html">SSTable tools</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../tools/cassandra_stress.html">cassandra-stress</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../troubleshooting/index.html">Troubleshooting</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../troubleshooting/finding_nodes.html">Finding misbehaving nodes</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../troubleshooting/reading_logs.html">Reading Cassandra logs</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../troubleshooting/use_nodetool.html">Using nodetool</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../troubleshooting/use_tools.html">Using external tools to deep-dive</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <button class="nav-toggle"></button> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/index.html">Development</a> |
| </span> |
| <ul class="nav-list"> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/gettingstarted.html">Getting started</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/ide.html">Building and IDE integration</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/testing.html">Testing</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/patches.html">Contributing code changes</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/code_style.html">Code style</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/how_to_review.html">Review checklist</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/how_to_commit.html">How to commit</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/documentation.html">Working on documentation</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/ci.html">Jenkins CI environment</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/dependencies.html">Dependency management</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="3"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../../../../_/development/release_process.html">Release process</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../faq/index.html">FAQ</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| <li class="nav-item" data-depth="2"> |
| <span class="nav-line"> |
| <a class="nav-link" href="../plugins/index.html">Plug-ins</a> |
| </span> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </nav> |
| <aside class="toc sidebar"> |
| <div class="toc-menu"></div> |
| </aside> |
| <main class="article default-main full-800" data-ceiling="topbar"> |
| <div class="article-header"> |
| <nav class="crumbs" aria-label="breadcrumbs"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="crumb">Cassandra</li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Architecture</a></li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="storage_engine.html">Storage engine</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </nav> |
| <div class="tools" role="navigation"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="tool edit"><a href="https://github.com/apache/cassandra/edit/cassandra-4.1/doc/modules/cassandra/pages/architecture/storage_engine.adoc" title="Edit Page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edit</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Storage Engine</h1> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="commit-log"><a class="anchor" href="#commit-log"></a>CommitLog</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Commitlogs are an append only log of all mutations local to a Cassandra |
| node. Any data written to Cassandra will first be written to a commit |
| log before being written to a memtable. This provides durability in the |
| case of unexpected shutdown. On startup, any mutations in the commit log |
| will be applied to memtables.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>All mutations write optimized by storing in commitlog segments, reducing |
| the number of seeks needed to write to disk. Commitlog Segments are |
| limited by the <code>commitlog_segment_size</code> option, once the size is |
| reached, a new commitlog segment is created. Commitlog segments can be |
| archived, deleted, or recycled once all its data has been flushed to |
| SSTables. Commitlog segments are truncated when Cassandra has written |
| data older than a certain point to the SSTables. Running "nodetool |
| drain" before stopping Cassandra will write everything in the memtables |
| to SSTables and remove the need to sync with the commitlogs on startup.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>commitlog_segment_size</code>: The default size is 32MiB, which is |
| almost always fine, but if you are archiving commitlog segments (see |
| commitlog_archiving.properties), then you probably want a finer |
| granularity of archiving; 8 or 16 MiB is reasonable. <code>commitlog_segment_size</code> |
| also determines the default value of <code>max_mutation_size</code> in cassandra.yaml. |
| By default, max_mutation_size is half the size of <code>commitlog_segment_size</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><strong>NOTE: If <code>max_mutation_size</code> is set explicitly then |
| <code>commitlog_segment_size</code> must be set to at least twice the size of |
| <code>max_mutation_size</code></strong>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Commitlogs are an append only log of all mutations local to a Cassandra |
| node. Any data written to Cassandra will first be written to a commit |
| log before being written to a memtable. This provides durability in the |
| case of unexpected shutdown. On startup, any mutations in the commit log |
| will be applied.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>commitlog_sync</code>: may be either <em>periodic</em> or <em>batch</em>.</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>batch</code>: In batch mode, Cassandra won’t ack writes until the commit |
| log has been fsynced to disk. It will wait |
| "commitlog_sync_batch_window_in_ms" milliseconds between fsyncs. This |
| window should be kept short because the writer threads will be unable to |
| do extra work while waiting. You may need to increase concurrent_writes |
| for the same reason.</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>commitlog_sync_batch_window_in_ms</code>: Time to wait between "batch" |
| fsyncs <em>Default Value:</em> 2</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>periodic</code>: In periodic mode, writes are immediately ack’ed, and the |
| CommitLog is simply synced every "commitlog_sync_period" |
| milliseconds.</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>commitlog_sync_period</code>: Time to wait between "periodic" fsyncs |
| <em>Default Value:</em> 10000ms</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em>Default Value:</em> batch</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>NOTE: In the event of an unexpected shutdown, Cassandra can lose up |
| to the sync period or more if the sync is delayed. If using "batch" |
| mode, it is recommended to store commitlogs in a separate, dedicated |
| device.*</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>commitlog_directory</code>: This option is commented out by default When |
| running on magnetic HDD, this should be a separate spindle than the data |
| directories. If not set, the default directory is |
| $CASSANDRA_HOME/data/commitlog.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em>Default Value:</em> /var/lib/cassandra/commitlog</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>commitlog_compression</code>: Compression to apply to the commitlog. If |
| omitted, the commit log will be written uncompressed. LZ4, Snappy, |
| Deflate and Zstd compressors are supported.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>(Default Value: (complex option):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-yaml hljs" data-lang="yaml"># - class_name: LZ4Compressor |
| # parameters:</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>commitlog_total_space</code>: Total space to use for commit logs on |
| disk.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If space gets above this value, Cassandra will flush every dirty CF in |
| the oldest segment and remove it. So a small total commitlog space will |
| tend to cause more flush activity on less-active columnfamilies.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The default value is the smaller of 8192, and 1/4 of the total space of |
| the commitlog volume.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><em>Default Value:</em> 8192MiB</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="memtables"><a class="anchor" href="#memtables"></a>Memtables</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Memtables are in-memory structures where Cassandra buffers writes. In |
| general, there is one active memtable per table. Eventually, memtables |
| are flushed onto disk and become immutable <a href="#sstables">SSTables</a>. |
| This can be triggered in several ways:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>The memory usage of the memtables exceeds the configured threshold |
| (see <code>memtable_cleanup_threshold</code>)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The <code>commit-log</code> approaches its maximum size, and forces memtable |
| flushes in order to allow commitlog segments to be freed</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Memtables may be stored entirely on-heap or partially off-heap, |
| depending on <code>memtable_allocation_type</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="sstables"><a class="anchor" href="#sstables"></a>SSTables</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>SSTables are the immutable data files that Cassandra uses for persisting |
| data on disk.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>As SSTables are flushed to disk from <code>memtables</code> or are streamed from |
| other nodes, Cassandra triggers compactions which combine multiple |
| SSTables into one. Once the new SSTable has been written, the old |
| SSTables can be removed.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Each SSTable is comprised of multiple components stored in separate |
| files:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="dlist"> |
| <dl> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>Data.db</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>The actual data, i.e. the contents of rows.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>Index.db</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>An index from partition keys to positions in the <code>Data.db</code> file. For |
| wide partitions, this may also include an index to rows within a |
| partition.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>Summary.db</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A sampling of (by default) every 128th entry in the <code>Index.db</code> file.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>Filter.db</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A Bloom Filter of the partition keys in the SSTable.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>CompressionInfo.db</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Metadata about the offsets and lengths of compression chunks in the |
| <code>Data.db</code> file.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>Statistics.db</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Stores metadata about the SSTable, including information about |
| timestamps, tombstones, clustering keys, compaction, repair, |
| compression, TTLs, and more.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>Digest.crc32</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A CRC-32 digest of the <code>Data.db</code> file.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="hdlist1"><code>TOC.txt</code></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>A plain text list of the component files for the SSTable.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Within the <code>Data.db</code> file, rows are organized by partition. These |
| partitions are sorted in token order (i.e. by a hash of the partition |
| key when the default partitioner, <code>Murmur3Partition</code>, is used). Within a |
| partition, rows are stored in the order of their clustering keys.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>SSTables can be optionally compressed using block-based compression.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="sstable-versions"><a class="anchor" href="#sstable-versions"></a>SSTable Versions</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This section was created using the following |
| <a href="https://gist.github.com/shyamsalimkumar/49a61e5bc6f403d20c55">gist</a> which |
| utilized this original |
| <a href="http://www.bajb.net/2013/03/cassandra-sstable-format-version-numbers/">source</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The version numbers, to date are:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="version-0"><a class="anchor" href="#version-0"></a>Version 0</h3> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>b (0.7.0): added version to sstable filenames</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>c (0.7.0): bloom filter component computes hashes over raw key bytes |
| instead of strings</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>d (0.7.0): row size in data component becomes a long instead of int</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>e (0.7.0): stores undecorated keys in data and index components</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>f (0.7.0): switched bloom filter implementations in data component</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>g (0.8): tracks flushed-at context in metadata component</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="version-1"><a class="anchor" href="#version-1"></a>Version 1</h3> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>h (1.0): tracks max client timestamp in metadata component</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>hb (1.0.3): records compression ration in metadata component</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>hc (1.0.4): records partitioner in metadata component</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>hd (1.0.10): includes row tombstones in maxtimestamp</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>he (1.1.3): includes ancestors generation in metadata component</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>hf (1.1.6): marker that replay position corresponds to 1.1.5+ |
| millis-based id (see CASSANDRA-4782)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>ia (1.2.0):</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>column indexes are promoted to the index file</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>records estimated histogram of deletion times in tombstones</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>bloom filter (keys and columns) upgraded to Murmur3</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>ib (1.2.1): tracks min client timestamp in metadata component</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>ic (1.2.5): omits per-row bloom filter of column names</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="version-2"><a class="anchor" href="#version-2"></a>Version 2</h3> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>ja (2.0.0):</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>super columns are serialized as composites (note that there is no |
| real format change, this is mostly a marker to know if we should expect |
| super columns or not. We do need a major version bump however, because |
| we should not allow streaming of super columns into this new format)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>tracks max local deletiontime in sstable metadata</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>records bloom_filter_fp_chance in metadata component</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>remove data size and column count from data file (CASSANDRA-4180)</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>tracks max/min column values (according to comparator)</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>jb (2.0.1):</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>switch from crc32 to adler32 for compression checksums</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>checksum the compressed data</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>ka (2.1.0):</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>new Statistics.db file format</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>index summaries can be downsampled and the sampling level is |
| persisted</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>switch uncompressed checksums to adler32</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>tracks presense of legacy (local and remote) counter shards</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>la (2.2.0): new file name format</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>lb (2.2.7): commit log lower bound included</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="version-3"><a class="anchor" href="#version-3"></a>Version 3</h3> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>ma (3.0.0):</p> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>swap bf hash order</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>store rows natively</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>mb (3.0.7, 3.7): commit log lower bound included</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>mc (3.0.8, 3.9): commit log intervals included</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="example-code"><a class="anchor" href="#example-code"></a>Example Code</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The following example is useful for finding all sstables that do not |
| match the "ib" SSTable version</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">include:example$find_sstables.sh[]</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </article> |
| </main> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <footer class="grad grad--two flex-center pb-xlarge"> |
| <div class="inner text-center z2 relative"> |
| <h2 class="white py-small">Get started with Cassandra, fast.</h2> |
| <a id="footer-cta" href="/_/quickstart.html" class="btn btn--filled ma-medium">Quickstart Guide</a> |
| </div> |
| <div class="inner flex flex-distribute-items mt-xlarge z2 relative"> |
| <div class="col-2"> |
| <div id="footer-logo" class="logo logo--footer mb-medium"><img src="../../../../assets/img/logo-white-r.png" alt="Cassandra Logo"></div> |
| <p>Apache Cassandra<img src="../../../../assets/img/registered.svg" alt="®" style="width:18px;"> powers mission-critical deployments with improved performance and unparalleled levels of scale in the cloud.</p> |
| <div class="footer-social-icons"> |
| <a href="https://twitter.com/cassandra?lang=en" target="_blank"><img src="../../../../assets/img/twitter-icon-circle-white.svg" alt="twitter icon" width="24"></a> |
| <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/apache-cassandra/" target="_blank"><img src="../../../../assets/img/LI-In-Bug.png" alt="linked-in icon" width="24"></a> |
| <a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/PlanetCassandra" target="_blank"><img src="../../../../assets/img/youtube-icon.png" alt="youtube icon" width="24"></a> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="col-2 flex flex-center"> |
| <ul class="columns-2"> |
| <li class="mb-small"><a href="/">Home</a></li> |
| <li class="mb-small"><a href="/_/cassandra-basics.html">Cassandra Basics</a></li> |
| <li class="mb-small"><a href="/_/quickstart.html">Quickstart</a></li> |
| <li class="mb-small"><a href="/_/ecosystem.html">Ecosystem</a></li> |
| <li class="mb-small"><a href="/doc/latest/">Documentation</a></li> |
| <li class="mb-small"><a href="/_/community.html">Community</a></li> |
| <li class="mb-small"><a href="/_/case-studies.html">Case Studies</a></li> |
| <li class="mb-small"><a href="/_/resources.html">Resources</a></li> |
| <li class="mb-small"><a href="/_/blog.html">Blog</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </footer> |
| <div class="lower-footer bg-white pa-medium"> |
| <div class="flex flex-row flex-vert-center"> |
| <div class="pr-medium"><img src="../../../../assets/img//feather-small.png" alt="ASF" width="20"></div> |
| <div class="pr-medium"><a href="http://www.apache.org/" target="_blank">Foundation</a></div> |
| <div class="pr-medium"><a href="https://www.apache.org/events/current-event.html" target="_blank">Events</a></div> |
| <div class="pr-medium"><a href="https://www.apache.org/licenses/" target="_blank">License</a></div> |
| <div class="pr-medium"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/thanks" target="_blank">Thanks</a></div> |
| <div class="pr-medium"><a href="https://www.apache.org/security" target="_blank">Security</a></div> |
| <div class="pr-medium"><a href="https://privacy.apache.org/policies/privacy-policy-public.html" target="_blank">Privacy</a></div> |
| <div class="pr-medium"><a href="https://www.apache.org/foundation/sponsorship" target="_blank">Sponsorship</a></div> |
| </div> |
| <p class="my-medium">© 2009-<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear())</script> <a href="https://apache.org" target="_blank">The Apache Software Foundation</a> under the terms of the Apache License 2.0. Apache, the Apache feather logo, Apache Cassandra, Cassandra, and the Cassandra logo, are either registered trademarks or trademarks of The Apache Software Foundation.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div id="fade" class="hidden"></div> |
| <div id="modal" class="hidden"> |
| <div id="close-modal" class="cursor-pointer"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24" height="24" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="css-i6dzq1"><line x1="18" y1="6" x2="6" y2="18"></line><line x1="6" y1="6" x2="18" y2="18"></line></svg></div> |
| <div id="mod-content" class="vid-mod-content resp-container"></div> |
| </div> |
| <script src="../../../../assets/js/site.js"></script> |
| <script async src="../../../../assets/js/vendor/highlight.js"></script> |
| <script src="../../../../assets/js/vendor/lunr.js"></script> |
| <script src="../../../../assets/js/vendor/search.js" id="search-script" data-base-path="../../../.." data-page-path="/Cassandra/4.1/cassandra/architecture/storage_engine.html"></script> |
| <script async src="../../../../assets/../search-index.js"></script> |
| <script> |
| jQuery(function(){ |
| var windowW = $(window).width(); |
| $(document) |
| .on('click','.mobile-nav-icon',function(){ |
| $('.main-nav').fadeIn(); |
| }) |
| .on('click','.main-nav',function(){ |
| if(windowW <= 1000){ |
| $(this).fadeOut(); |
| } |
| }) |
| .on('click','#version-toggle',function(){ |
| $(this).toggleClass('active'); |
| $(this).next().fadeToggle(); |
| }) |
| .on('click','#mobile-docs-nav-burger', function(){ |
| $(this).toggleClass('active'); |
| $('.docs-nav').toggleClass('active'); |
| }); |
| var url = window.location.pathname; |
| var isQuickstart = url.includes('quickstart.html'); |
| if(isQuickstart){ |
| var footerCTA = document.getElementById('footer-cta'); |
| footerCTA.innerHTML = 'Get latest updates'; |
| footerCTA.setAttribute('href', '/_/blog.html'); |
| } |
| }); |
| </script> |
| </div> |
| </body> |
| </html> |
