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<p>A newer version of this documentation is available.</p>
<a class="btn" href="../../../4.1/cassandra/operating/bulk_loading.html">View Latest</a>
</div>
<div class="article-header">
<nav class="crumbs" aria-label="breadcrumbs">
<ul>
<li class="crumb">Cassandra</li>
<li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">Operating</a></li>
<li class="crumb"><a href="bulk_loading.html">Bulk loading</a></li>
</ul>
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<div class="tools" role="navigation">
<ul>
<li class="tool edit"><a href="https://github.com/apache/cassandra/edit/cassandra-4.0/doc/modules/cassandra/pages/operating/bulk_loading.adoc" title="Edit Page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Edit</a></li>
</ul>
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</div>
<article class="doc">
<h1 class="page">Bulk Loading</h1>
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Bulk loading Apache Cassandra data is supported by different tools.
The data to bulk load must be in the form of SSTables.
Cassandra does not support loading data in any other format such as CSV,
JSON, and XML directly.
Although the cqlsh <code>COPY</code> command can load CSV data, it is not a good option
for amounts of data.
Bulk loading is used to:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Restore incremental backups and snapshots. Backups and snapshots are
already in the form of SSTables.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Load existing SSTables into another cluster. The data can have a
different number of nodes or replication strategy.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Load external data to a cluster.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="tools-for-bulk-loading"><a class="anchor" href="#tools-for-bulk-loading"></a>Tools for Bulk Loading</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Cassandra provides two commands or tools for bulk loading data:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Cassandra Bulk loader, also called <code>sstableloader</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <code>nodetool import</code> command</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>sstableloader</code> and <code>nodetool import</code> are accessible if the
Cassandra installation <code>bin</code> directory is in the <code>PATH</code> environment
variable.
Or these may be accessed directly from the <code>bin</code> directory.
The examples use the keyspaces and tables created in <a href="#cql/operating/backups.adoc" class="page unresolved">Backups</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="using-sstableloader"><a class="anchor" href="#using-sstableloader"></a>Using sstableloader</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>sstableloader</code> is the main tool for bulk uploading data.
<code>sstableloader</code> streams SSTable data files to a running cluster,
conforming to the replication strategy and replication factor.
The table to upload data to does need not to be empty.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The only requirements to run <code>sstableloader</code> are:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>One or more comma separated initial hosts to connect to and get ring
information</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A directory path for the SSTables to load</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">sstableloader [options] &lt;dir_path&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Sstableloader bulk loads the SSTables found in the directory
<code>&lt;dir_path&gt;</code> to the configured cluster.
The <code>&lt;dir_path&gt;</code> is used as the target <em>keyspace/table</em> name.
For example, to load an SSTable named <code>Standard1-g-1-Data.db</code> into <code>Keyspace1/Standard1</code>,
you will need to have the files <code>Standard1-g-1-Data.db</code> and <code>Standard1-g-1-Index.db</code> in a
directory <code>/path/to/Keyspace1/Standard1/</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="sstableloader-option-to-accept-target-keyspace-name"><a class="anchor" href="#sstableloader-option-to-accept-target-keyspace-name"></a>Sstableloader Option to accept Target keyspace name</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Often as part of a backup strategy, some Cassandra DBAs store an entire data directory.
When corruption in the data is found, restoring data in the same cluster (for large clusters 200 nodes)
is common, but with a different keyspace name.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Currently <code>sstableloader</code> derives keyspace name from the folder structure.
As an option, to specify target keyspace name as part of <code>sstableloader</code>,
version 4.0 adds support for the <code>--target-keyspace</code> option
(<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-13884">CASSANDRA-13884</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following options are supported, with <code>-d,--nodes &lt;initial hosts&gt;</code> required:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">-alg,--ssl-alg &lt;ALGORITHM&gt; Client SSL: algorithm
-ap,--auth-provider &lt;auth provider&gt; Custom
AuthProvider class name for
cassandra authentication
-ciphers,--ssl-ciphers &lt;CIPHER-SUITES&gt; Client SSL:
comma-separated list of
encryption suites to use
-cph,--connections-per-host &lt;connectionsPerHost&gt; Number of
concurrent connections-per-host.
-d,--nodes &lt;initial hosts&gt; Required.
Try to connect to these hosts (comma separated) initially for ring information
-f,--conf-path &lt;path to config file&gt; cassandra.yaml file path for streaming throughput and client/server SSL.
-h,--help Display this help message
-i,--ignore &lt;NODES&gt; Don't stream to this (comma separated) list of nodes
-idct,--inter-dc-throttle &lt;inter-dc-throttle&gt; Inter-datacenter throttle speed in Mbits (default unlimited)
-k,--target-keyspace &lt;target keyspace name&gt; Target
keyspace name
-ks,--keystore &lt;KEYSTORE&gt; Client SSL:
full path to keystore
-kspw,--keystore-password &lt;KEYSTORE-PASSWORD&gt; Client SSL:
password of the keystore
--no-progress Don't
display progress
-p,--port &lt;native transport port&gt; Port used
for native connection (default 9042)
-prtcl,--ssl-protocol &lt;PROTOCOL&gt; Client SSL:
connections protocol to use (default: TLS)
-pw,--password &lt;password&gt; Password for
cassandra authentication
-sp,--storage-port &lt;storage port&gt; Port used
for internode communication (default 7000)
-spd,--server-port-discovery &lt;allow server port discovery&gt; Use ports
published by server to decide how to connect. With SSL requires StartTLS
to be used.
-ssp,--ssl-storage-port &lt;ssl storage port&gt; Port used
for TLS internode communication (default 7001)
-st,--store-type &lt;STORE-TYPE&gt; Client SSL:
type of store
-t,--throttle &lt;throttle&gt; Throttle
speed in Mbits (default unlimited)
-ts,--truststore &lt;TRUSTSTORE&gt; Client SSL:
full path to truststore
-tspw,--truststore-password &lt;TRUSTSTORE-PASSWORD&gt; Client SSL:
Password of the truststore
-u,--username &lt;username&gt; Username for
cassandra authentication
-v,--verbose verbose
output</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The <code>cassandra.yaml</code> file can be provided on the command-line with <code>-f</code> option to set up streaming throughput, client and server encryption
options.
Only <code>stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</code>, <code>server_encryption_options</code> and <code>client_encryption_options</code> are read
from the <code>cassandra.yaml</code> file.
You can override options read from <code>cassandra.yaml</code> with corresponding command line options.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="a-sstableloader-demo"><a class="anchor" href="#a-sstableloader-demo"></a>A sstableloader Demo</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>An example shows how to use <code>sstableloader</code> to upload incremental backup data for the table <code>catalogkeyspace.magazine</code>.
In addition, a snapshot of the same table is created to bulk upload, also with <code>sstableloader</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The backups and snapshots for the <code>catalogkeyspace.magazine</code> table are listed as follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ cd ./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/magazine-446eae30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c &amp;&amp; ls -l</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>results in</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">total 0
drwxrwxr-x. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 226 Aug 19 02:38 backups
drwxrwxr-x. 4 ec2-user ec2-user 40 Aug 19 02:45 snapshots</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The directory path structure of SSTables to be uploaded using
<code>sstableloader</code> is used as the target keyspace/table.
You can directly upload from the <code>backups</code> and <code>snapshots</code>
directories respectively, if the directory structure is in the format
used by <code>sstableloader</code>.
But the directory path of backups and snapshots for SSTables is
<code>/catalogkeyspace/magazine-446eae30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/backups</code> and
<code>/catalogkeyspace/magazine-446eae30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/snapshots</code>
respectively, and cannot be used to upload SSTables to
<code>catalogkeyspace.magazine</code> table.
The directory path structure must be <code>/catalogkeyspace/magazine/</code> to use <code>sstableloader</code>.
Create a new directory structure to upload SSTables with <code>sstableloader</code>
located at <code>/catalogkeyspace/magazine</code> and set appropriate permissions.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ sudo mkdir -p /catalogkeyspace/magazine
$ sudo chmod -R 777 /catalogkeyspace/magazine</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="bulk-loading-from-an-incremental-backup"><a class="anchor" href="#bulk-loading-from-an-incremental-backup"></a>Bulk Loading from an Incremental Backup</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>An incremental backup does not include the DDL for a table; the table must already exist.
If the table was dropped, it can be created using the <code>schema.cql</code> file generated with every snapshot of a table.
Prior to using <code>sstableloader</code> to load SSTables to the <code>magazine</code> table, the table must exist.
The table does not need to be empty but we have used an empty table as indicated by a CQL query:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">SELECT * FROM magazine;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>results in</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">id | name | publisher
----+------+-----------
(0 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After creating the table to upload to, copy the SSTable files from the <code>backups</code> directory to the <code>/catalogkeyspace/magazine/</code> directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ sudo cp ./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/magazine-446eae30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/backups/* \
/catalogkeyspace/magazine/</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Run the <code>sstableloader</code> to upload SSTables from the
<code>/catalogkeyspace/magazine/</code> directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ sstableloader --nodes 10.0.2.238 /catalogkeyspace/magazine/</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The output from the <code>sstableloader</code> command should be similar to this listing:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ sstableloader --nodes 10.0.2.238 /catalogkeyspace/magazine/</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>results in</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">Opening SSTables and calculating sections to stream
Streaming relevant part of /catalogkeyspace/magazine/na-1-big-Data.db
/catalogkeyspace/magazine/na-2-big-Data.db to [35.173.233.153:7000, 10.0.2.238:7000,
54.158.45.75:7000]
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:1/2 88 % total: 88% 0.018KiB/s (avg: 0.018KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:2/2 176% total: 176% 33.807KiB/s (avg: 0.036KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:2/2 176% total: 176% 0.000KiB/s (avg: 0.029KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:2/2 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:1/2 39 % total: 81% 0.115KiB/s
(avg: 0.024KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:2/2 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:2/2 78 % total: 108%
97.683KiB/s (avg: 0.033KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:2/2 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:2/2 78 %
[54.158.45.75:7000]0:1/2 39 % total: 80% 0.233KiB/s (avg: 0.040KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:2/2 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:2/2 78 %
[54.158.45.75:7000]0:2/2 78 % total: 96% 88.522KiB/s (avg: 0.049KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:2/2 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:2/2 78 %
[54.158.45.75:7000]0:2/2 78 % total: 96% 0.000KiB/s (avg: 0.045KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:2/2 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:2/2 78 %
[54.158.45.75:7000]0:2/2 78 % total: 96% 0.000KiB/s (avg: 0.044KiB/s)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After the <code>sstableloader</code> has finished loading the data, run a query the <code>magazine</code> table to check:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">SELECT * FROM magazine;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>results in</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">id | name | publisher
----+---------------------------+------------------
1 | Couchbase Magazine | Couchbase
0 | Apache Cassandra Magazine | Apache Cassandra
(2 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="bulk-loading-from-a-snapshot"><a class="anchor" href="#bulk-loading-from-a-snapshot"></a>Bulk Loading from a Snapshot</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Restoring a snapshot of a table to the same table can be easily accomplished:</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the directory structure needed to load SSTables to <code>catalogkeyspace.magazine</code> does not exist create the
directories and set appropriate permissions:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ sudo mkdir -p /catalogkeyspace/magazine
$ sudo chmod -R 777 /catalogkeyspace/magazine</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Remove any files from the directory, so that the snapshot files can be copied without interference:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ sudo rm /catalogkeyspace/magazine/*
$ cd /catalogkeyspace/magazine/
$ ls -l</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>results in</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">total 0</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Copy the snapshot files to the <code>/catalogkeyspace/magazine</code> directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ sudo cp ./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/magazine-446eae30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/snapshots/magazine/* \
/catalogkeyspace/magazine</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>List the files in the <code>/catalogkeyspace/magazine</code> directory.
The <code>schema.cql</code> will also be listed.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ cd /catalogkeyspace/magazine &amp;&amp; ls -l</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>results in</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">total 44
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 31 Aug 19 04:13 manifest.json
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 47 Aug 19 04:13 na-1-big-CompressionInfo.db
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 97 Aug 19 04:13 na-1-big-Data.db
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10 Aug 19 04:13 na-1-big-Digest.crc32
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 16 Aug 19 04:13 na-1-big-Filter.db
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 16 Aug 19 04:13 na-1-big-Index.db
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4687 Aug 19 04:13 na-1-big-Statistics.db
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 56 Aug 19 04:13 na-1-big-Summary.db
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 92 Aug 19 04:13 na-1-big-TOC.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 815 Aug 19 04:13 schema.cql</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Alternatively create symlinks to the snapshot folder instead of copying
the data:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ mkdir &lt;keyspace_name&gt;
$ ln -s &lt;path_to_snapshot_folder&gt; &lt;keyspace_name&gt;/&lt;table_name&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>If the <code>magazine</code> table was dropped, run the DDL in the <code>schema.cql</code> to
create the table.
Run the <code>sstableloader</code> with the following command:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ sstableloader --nodes 10.0.2.238 /catalogkeyspace/magazine/</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As the output from the command indicates, SSTables get streamed to the
cluster:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">Established connection to initial hosts
Opening SSTables and calculating sections to stream
Streaming relevant part of /catalogkeyspace/magazine/na-1-big-Data.db to
[35.173.233.153:7000, 10.0.2.238:7000, 54.158.45.75:7000]
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:1/1 176% total: 176% 0.017KiB/s (avg: 0.017KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:1/1 176% total: 176% 0.000KiB/s (avg: 0.014KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:1/1 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:1/1 78 % total: 108% 0.115KiB/s
(avg: 0.017KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:1/1 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:1/1 78 %
[54.158.45.75:7000]0:1/1 78 % total: 96% 0.232KiB/s (avg: 0.024KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:1/1 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:1/1 78 %
[54.158.45.75:7000]0:1/1 78 % total: 96% 0.000KiB/s (avg: 0.022KiB/s)
progress: [35.173.233.153:7000]0:1/1 176% [10.0.2.238:7000]0:1/1 78 %
[54.158.45.75:7000]0:1/1 78 % total: 96% 0.000KiB/s (avg: 0.021KiB/s)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Some other requirements of <code>sstableloader</code> that should be kept into
consideration are:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The SSTables loaded must be compatible with the Cassandra
version being loaded into.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Repairing tables that have been loaded into a different cluster does
not repair the source tables.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Sstableloader makes use of port 7000 for internode communication.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Before restoring incremental backups, run <code>nodetool flush</code> to backup
any data in memtables.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="using-nodetool-import"><a class="anchor" href="#using-nodetool-import"></a>Using nodetool import</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Importing SSTables into a table using the <code>nodetool import</code> command is recommended instead of the deprecated
<code>nodetool refresh</code> command.
The <code>nodetool import</code> command has an option to load new SSTables from a separate directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The command usage is as follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">nodetool [(-h &lt;host&gt; | --host &lt;host&gt;)] [(-p &lt;port&gt; | --port &lt;port&gt;)]
[(-pp | --print-port)] [(-pw &lt;password&gt; | --password &lt;password&gt;)]
[(-pwf &lt;passwordFilePath&gt; | --password-file &lt;passwordFilePath&gt;)]
[(-u &lt;username&gt; | --username &lt;username&gt;)] import
[(-c | --no-invalidate-caches)] [(-e | --extended-verify)]
[(-l | --keep-level)] [(-q | --quick)] [(-r | --keep-repaired)]
[(-t | --no-tokens)] [(-v | --no-verify)] [--] &lt;keyspace&gt; &lt;table&gt;
&lt;directory&gt; ...</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The arguments <code>keyspace</code>, <code>table</code> name and <code>directory</code> are required.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following options are supported:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">-c, --no-invalidate-caches
Don't invalidate the row cache when importing
-e, --extended-verify
Run an extended verify, verifying all values in the new SSTables
-h &lt;host&gt;, --host &lt;host&gt;
Node hostname or ip address
-l, --keep-level
Keep the level on the new SSTables
-p &lt;port&gt;, --port &lt;port&gt;
Remote jmx agent port number
-pp, --print-port
Operate in 4.0 mode with hosts disambiguated by port number
-pw &lt;password&gt;, --password &lt;password&gt;
Remote jmx agent password
-pwf &lt;passwordFilePath&gt;, --password-file &lt;passwordFilePath&gt;
Path to the JMX password file
-q, --quick
Do a quick import without verifying SSTables, clearing row cache or
checking in which data directory to put the file
-r, --keep-repaired
Keep any repaired information from the SSTables
-t, --no-tokens
Don't verify that all tokens in the new SSTable are owned by the
current node
-u &lt;username&gt;, --username &lt;username&gt;
Remote jmx agent username
-v, --no-verify
Don't verify new SSTables
--
This option can be used to separate command-line options from the
list of argument, (useful when arguments might be mistaken for
command-line options</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Because the keyspace and table are specified on the command line for
<code>nodetool import</code>, there is not the same requirement as with
<code>sstableloader</code>, to have the SSTables in a specific directory path.
When importing snapshots or incremental backups with
<code>nodetool import</code>, the SSTables don’t need to be copied to another
directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="importing-data-from-an-incremental-backup"><a class="anchor" href="#importing-data-from-an-incremental-backup"></a>Importing Data from an Incremental Backup</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Using <code>nodetool import</code> to import SSTables from an incremental backup, and restoring
the table is shown below.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">DROP table t;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>An incremental backup for a table does not include the schema definition for the table.
If the schema definition is not kept as a separate
backup, the <code>schema.cql</code> from a backup of the table may be used to
create the table as follows:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS cqlkeyspace.t (
id int PRIMARY KEY,
k int,
v text)
WITH ID = d132e240-c217-11e9-bbee-19821dcea330
AND bloom_filter_fp_chance = 0.01
AND crc_check_chance = 1.0
AND default_time_to_live = 0
AND gc_grace_seconds = 864000
AND min_index_interval = 128
AND max_index_interval = 2048
AND memtable_flush_period_in_ms = 0
AND speculative_retry = '99p'
AND additional_write_policy = '99p'
AND comment = ''
AND caching = { 'keys': 'ALL', 'rows_per_partition': 'NONE' }
AND compaction = { 'max_threshold': '32', 'min_threshold': '4',
'class': 'org.apache.cassandra.db.compaction.SizeTieredCompactionStrategy' }
AND compression = { 'chunk_length_in_kb': '16', 'class':
'org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.LZ4Compressor' }
AND cdc = false
AND extensions = { }
;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Initially the table could be empty, but does not have to be.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">SELECT * FROM t;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">id | k | v
----+---+---
(0 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Run the <code>nodetool import</code> command, providing the keyspace, table and
the backups directory.
Don’t copy the table backups to another directory, as with <code>sstableloader</code>.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool import -- cqlkeyspace t \
./cassandra/data/data/cqlkeyspace/t-d132e240c21711e9bbee19821dcea330/backups</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The SSTables are imported into the table. Run a query in cqlsh to check:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">SELECT * FROM t;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">id | k | v
----+---+------
1 | 1 | val1
0 | 0 | val0
(2 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="importing-data-from-a-snapshot"><a class="anchor" href="#importing-data-from-a-snapshot"></a>Importing Data from a Snapshot</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Importing SSTables from a snapshot with the <code>nodetool import</code> command is
similar to importing SSTables from an incremental backup.
Shown here is an import of a snapshot for table <code>catalogkeyspace.journal</code>, after
dropping the table to demonstrate the restore.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">USE CATALOGKEYSPACE;
DROP TABLE journal;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Use the <code>catalog-ks</code> snapshot for the <code>journal</code> table.
Check the files in the snapshot, and note the existence of the <code>schema.cql</code> file.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ ls -l</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">total 44
-rw-rw-r--. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 31 Aug 19 02:44 manifest.json
-rw-rw-r--. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 47 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-CompressionInfo.db
-rw-rw-r--. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 97 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Data.db
-rw-rw-r--. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 10 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Digest.crc32
-rw-rw-r--. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 16 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Filter.db
-rw-rw-r--. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 16 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Index.db
-rw-rw-r--. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 4687 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Statistics.db
-rw-rw-r--. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 56 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Summary.db
-rw-rw-r--. 3 ec2-user ec2-user 92 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-TOC.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 814 Aug 19 02:44 schema.cql</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Copy the DDL from the <code>schema.cql</code> and run in cqlsh to create the
<code>catalogkeyspace.journal</code> table:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS catalogkeyspace.journal (
id int PRIMARY KEY,
name text,
publisher text)
WITH ID = 296a2d30-c22a-11e9-b135-0d927649052c
AND bloom_filter_fp_chance = 0.01
AND crc_check_chance = 1.0
AND default_time_to_live = 0
AND gc_grace_seconds = 864000
AND min_index_interval = 128
AND max_index_interval = 2048
AND memtable_flush_period_in_ms = 0
AND speculative_retry = '99p'
AND additional_write_policy = '99p'
AND comment = ''
AND caching = { 'keys': 'ALL', 'rows_per_partition': 'NONE' }
AND compaction = { 'min_threshold': '4', 'max_threshold':
'32', 'class': 'org.apache.cassandra.db.compaction.SizeTieredCompactionStrategy' }
AND compression = { 'chunk_length_in_kb': '16', 'class':
'org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.LZ4Compressor' }
AND cdc = false
AND extensions = { }
;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Run the <code>nodetool import</code> command to import the SSTables for the
snapshot:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool import -- catalogkeyspace journal \
./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/journal-
296a2d30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/snapshots/catalog-ks/</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Subsequently run a CQL query on the <code>journal</code> table to check the imported data:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">SELECT * FROM journal;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">id | name | publisher
----+---------------------------+------------------
1 | Couchbase Magazine | Couchbase
0 | Apache Cassandra Magazine | Apache Cassandra
(2 rows)</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="bulk-loading-external-data"><a class="anchor" href="#bulk-loading-external-data"></a>Bulk Loading External Data</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Bulk loading external data directly is not supported by any of the tools
we have discussed which include <code>sstableloader</code> and <code>nodetool import</code>.
The <code>sstableloader</code> and <code>nodetool import</code> require data to be in the form
of SSTables.
Apache Cassandra supports a Java API for generating SSTables from input data, using the
<code>org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.CQLSSTableWriter</code> Java class.
Subsequently, either <code>sstableloader</code> or <code>nodetool import</code> is used to bulk load the SSTables.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="generating-sstables-with-cqlsstablewriter-java-api"><a class="anchor" href="#generating-sstables-with-cqlsstablewriter-java-api"></a>Generating SSTables with CQLSSTableWriter Java API</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To generate SSTables using the <code>CQLSSTableWriter</code> class the following are required:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>An output directory to generate the SSTable in</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The schema for the SSTable</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A prepared statement for the <code>INSERT</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A partitioner</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The output directory must exist before starting. Create a directory
(<code>/sstables</code> as an example) and set appropriate permissions.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ sudo mkdir /sstables
$ sudo chmod 777 -R /sstables</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To use <code>CQLSSTableWriter</code> in a Java application, create a Java constant for the output directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">public static final String OUTPUT_DIR = "./sstables";</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>CQLSSTableWriter</code> Java API can create a user-defined type. Create a new type to store <code>int</code> data:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">String type = "CREATE TYPE CQLKeyspace.intType (a int, b int)";
// Define a String variable for the SSTable schema.
String schema = "CREATE TABLE CQLKeyspace.t ("
+ " id int PRIMARY KEY,"
+ " k int,"
+ " v1 text,"
+ " v2 intType,"
+ ")";</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Define a <code>String</code> variable for the prepared statement to use:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">String insertStmt = "INSERT INTO CQLKeyspace.t (id, k, v1, v2) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The partitioner to use only needs setting if the default partitioner <code>Murmur3Partitioner</code> is not used.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>All these variables or settings are used by the builder class
<code>CQLSSTableWriter.Builder</code> to create a <code>CQLSSTableWriter</code> object.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Create a File object for the output directory.</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">File outputDir = new File(OUTPUT_DIR + File.separator + "CQLKeyspace" + File.separator + "t");</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Obtain a <code>CQLSSTableWriter.Builder</code> object using <code>static</code> method <code>CQLSSTableWriter.builder()</code>.
Set the following items:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>output directory <code>File</code> object</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>user-defined type</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>SSTable schema</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>buffer size</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>prepared statement</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>optionally any of the other builder options</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>and invoke the <code>build()</code> method to create a <code>CQLSSTableWriter</code> object:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">CQLSSTableWriter writer = CQLSSTableWriter.builder()
.inDirectory(outputDir)
.withType(type)
.forTable(schema)
.withBufferSizeInMB(256)
.using(insertStmt).build();</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Set the SSTable data. If any user-defined types are used, obtain a
<code>UserType</code> object for each type:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">UserType userType = writer.getUDType("intType");</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Add data rows for the resulting SSTable:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">writer.addRow(0, 0, "val0", userType.newValue().setInt("a", 0).setInt("b", 0));
writer.addRow(1, 1, "val1", userType.newValue().setInt("a", 1).setInt("b", 1));
writer.addRow(2, 2, "val2", userType.newValue().setInt("a", 2).setInt("b", 2));</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Close the writer, finalizing the SSTable:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-java hljs" data-lang="java">writer.close();</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other public methods the <code>CQLSSTableWriter</code> class provides are:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%;">
<col style="width: 50%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Method</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">addRow(java.util.List&lt;java.lang.Object&gt; values)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Adds a new row to the
writer. Returns a CQLSSTableWriter object. Each provided value type
should correspond to the types of the CQL column the value is for. The
correspondence between java type and CQL type is the same one than the
one documented at
www.datastax.com/drivers/java/2.0/apidocs/com/datastax/driver/core/DataType.Name.html#asJavaC
lass().</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">addRow(java.util.Map&lt;java.lang.String,java.lang.Object&gt; values)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Adds a
new row to the writer. Returns a CQLSSTableWriter object. This is
equivalent to the other addRow methods, but takes a map whose keys are
the names of the columns to add instead of taking a list of the values
in the order of the insert statement used during construction of this
SSTable writer. The column names in the map keys must be in lowercase
unless the declared column name is a case-sensitive quoted identifier in
which case the map key must use the exact case of the column. The values
parameter is a map of column name to column values representing the new
row to add. If a column is not included in the map, it&#8217;s value will be
null. If the map contains keys that do not correspond to one of the
columns of the insert statement used when creating this SSTable writer,
the corresponding value is ignored.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">addRow(java.lang.Object&#8230;&#8203; values)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Adds a new row to the writer.
Returns a CQLSSTableWriter object.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">CQLSSTableWriter.builder()</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Returns a new builder for a
CQLSSTableWriter.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">close()</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Closes the writer.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">rawAddRow(java.nio.ByteBuffer&#8230;&#8203; values)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Adds a new row to the writer
given already serialized binary values. Returns a CQLSSTableWriter
object. The row values must correspond to the bind variables of the
insertion statement used when creating by this SSTable writer.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">rawAddRow(java.util.List&lt;java.nio.ByteBuffer&gt; values)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Adds a new row
to the writer given already serialized binary values. Returns a
CQLSSTableWriter object. The row values must correspond to the bind
variables of the insertion statement used when creating by this SSTable
writer.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">rawAddRow(java.util.Map&lt;java.lang.String, java.nio.ByteBuffer&gt; values)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Adds a new row to the writer given already serialized binary values.
Returns a CQLSSTableWriter object. The row values must correspond to the
bind variables of the insertion statement used when creating by this
SSTable writer.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">getUDType(String dataType)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Returns the User Defined type used in this
SSTable Writer that can be used to create UDTValue instances.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Other public methods the <code>CQLSSTableWriter.Builder</code> class provides are:</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%;">
<col style="width: 50%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Method</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">inDirectory(String directory)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The directory where to write the
SSTables. This is a mandatory option. The directory to use should
already exist and be writable.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">inDirectory(File directory)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The directory where to write the SSTables.
This is a mandatory option. The directory to use should already exist
and be writable.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">forTable(String schema)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The schema (CREATE TABLE statement) for the
table for which SSTable is to be created. The provided CREATE TABLE
statement must use a fully-qualified table name, one that includes the
keyspace name. This is a mandatory option.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">withPartitioner(IPartitioner partitioner)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The partitioner to use. By
default, Murmur3Partitioner will be used. If this is not the partitioner
used by the cluster for which the SSTables are created, the correct
partitioner needs to be provided.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">using(String insert)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The INSERT or UPDATE statement defining the order
of the values to add for a given CQL row. The provided INSERT statement
must use a fully-qualified table name, one that includes the keyspace
name. Moreover, said statement must use bind variables since these
variables will be bound to values by the resulting SSTable writer. This
is a mandatory option.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">withBufferSizeInMB(int size)</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The size of the buffer to use. This
defines how much data will be buffered before being written as a new
SSTable. This corresponds roughly to the data size that will have the
created SSTable. The default is 128MB, which should be reasonable for a
1GB heap. If OutOfMemory exception gets generated while using the
SSTable writer, should lower this value.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">sorted()</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Creates a CQLSSTableWriter that expects sorted inputs. If
this option is used, the resulting SSTable writer will expect rows to be
added in SSTable sorted order (and an exception will be thrown if that
is not the case during row insertion). The SSTable sorted order means
that rows are added such that their partition keys respect the
partitioner order. This option should only be used if the rows can be
provided in order, which is rarely the case. If the rows can be provided
in order however, using this sorted might be more efficient. If this
option is used, some option like withBufferSizeInMB will be ignored.</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">build()</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Builds a CQLSSTableWriter object.</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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