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| <ul> |
| <li class="crumb">Cassandra</li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="index.html">What’s new</a></li> |
| <li class="crumb"><a href="streaming.html">Improved streaming</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </nav> |
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| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Improved Streaming</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Apache Cassandra 4.0 has made several improvements to streaming. |
| Streaming is the process used by nodes of a cluster to exchange data in |
| the form of SSTables. Streaming of SSTables is performed for several |
| operations, such as:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>SSTable Repair</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Host Replacement</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Range movements</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Bootstrapping</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Rebuild</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Cluster expansion</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="streaming-based-on-netty"><a class="anchor" href="#streaming-based-on-netty"></a>Streaming based on Netty</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Streaming in Cassandra 4.0 is based on Non-blocking Input/Output (NIO) |
| with Netty |
| (<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-12229">CASSANDRA-12229</a>). |
| It replaces the single-threaded (or sequential), synchronous, blocking |
| model of streaming messages and transfer of files. Netty supports |
| non-blocking, asynchronous, multi-threaded streaming with which multiple |
| connections are opened simultaneously. Non-blocking implies that threads |
| are not blocked as they don’t wait for a response for a sent request. A |
| response could be returned in a different thread. With asynchronous, |
| connections and threads are decoupled and do not have a 1:1 relation. |
| Several more connections than threads may be opened.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="zero-copy-streaming"><a class="anchor" href="#zero-copy-streaming"></a>Zero Copy Streaming</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Pre-4.0, during streaming Cassandra reifies the SSTables into objects. |
| This creates unnecessary garbage and slows down the whole streaming |
| process as some SSTables can be transferred as a whole file rather than |
| individual partitions. Cassandra 4.0 has added support for streaming |
| entire SSTables when possible |
| (<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-14556">CASSANDRA-14556</a>) |
| for faster Streaming using ZeroCopy APIs. If enabled, Cassandra will use |
| ZeroCopy for eligible SSTables significantly speeding up transfers and |
| increasing throughput. A zero-copy path avoids bringing data into |
| user-space on both sending and receiving side. Any streaming related |
| operations will notice corresponding improvement. Zero copy streaming is |
| hardware bound; only limited by the hardware limitations (Network and |
| Disk IO ).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="high-availability"><a class="anchor" href="#high-availability"></a>High Availability</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In benchmark tests Zero Copy Streaming is 5x faster than partitions |
| based streaming. Faster streaming provides the benefit of improved |
| availability. A cluster’s recovery mainly depends on the streaming |
| speed, Cassandra clusters with failed nodes will be able to recover much |
| more quickly (5x faster). If a node fails, SSTables need to be streamed |
| to a replacement node. During the replacement operation, the new |
| Cassandra node streams SSTables from the neighboring nodes that hold |
| copies of the data belonging to this new node’s token range. Depending |
| on the amount of data stored, this process can require substantial |
| network bandwidth, taking some time to complete. The longer these range |
| movement operations take, the more the cluster availability is lost. |
| Failure of multiple nodes would reduce high availability greatly. The |
| faster the new node completes streaming its data, the faster it can |
| serve traffic, increasing the availability of the cluster.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="enabling-zero-copy-streaming"><a class="anchor" href="#enabling-zero-copy-streaming"></a>Enabling Zero Copy Streaming</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Zero copy streaming is enabled by setting the following setting in |
| <code>cassandra.yaml</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>stream_entire_sstables: true</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>By default zero copy streaming is enabled.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="sstables-eligible-for-zero-copy-streaming"><a class="anchor" href="#sstables-eligible-for-zero-copy-streaming"></a>SSTables Eligible for Zero Copy Streaming</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Zero copy streaming is used if all partitions within the SSTable need to |
| be transmitted. This is common when using <code>LeveledCompactionStrategy</code> or |
| when partitioning SSTables by token range has been enabled. All |
| partition keys in the SSTables are iterated over to determine the |
| eligibility for Zero Copy streaming.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="benefits-of-zero-copy-streaming"><a class="anchor" href="#benefits-of-zero-copy-streaming"></a>Benefits of Zero Copy Streaming</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When enabled, it permits Cassandra to zero-copy stream entire eligible |
| SSTables between nodes, including every component. This speeds up the |
| network transfer significantly subject to throttling specified by |
| <code>stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Enabling this will reduce the GC pressure on sending and receiving node. |
| While this feature tries to keep the disks balanced, it cannot guarantee |
| it. This feature will be automatically disabled if internode encryption |
| is enabled. Currently this can be used with Leveled Compaction.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="configuring-for-zero-copy-streaming"><a class="anchor" href="#configuring-for-zero-copy-streaming"></a>Configuring for Zero Copy Streaming</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Throttling would reduce the streaming speed. The |
| <code>stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</code> throttles all outbound |
| streaming file transfers on a node to the given total throughput in |
| Mbps. When unset, the default is 200 Mbps or 25 MB/s.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec: 200</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To run any Zero Copy streaming benchmark the |
| <code>stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</code> must be set to a really |
| high value otherwise, throttling will be significant and the benchmark |
| results will not be meaningful.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>inter_dc_stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</code> throttles all |
| streaming file transfer between the datacenters, this setting allows |
| users to throttle inter dc stream throughput in addition to throttling |
| all network stream traffic as configured with |
| <code>stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec</code>. When unset, the default |
| is 200 Mbps or 25 MB/s.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>inter_dc_stream_throughput_outbound_megabits_per_sec: 200</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="sstable-components-streamed-with-zero-copy-streaming"><a class="anchor" href="#sstable-components-streamed-with-zero-copy-streaming"></a>SSTable Components Streamed with Zero Copy Streaming</h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Zero Copy Streaming streams entire SSTables. SSTables are made up of |
| multiple components in separate files. SSTable components streamed are |
| listed in Table 1.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Table 1. SSTable Components</p> |
| </div> |
| <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all" style="width: 98%;"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col style="width: 27%;"> |
| <col style="width: 73%;"> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">SSTable Component</th> |
| <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Description</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Data.db</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The base data for an SSTable: the remaining components can be |
| regenerated based on the data component.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Index.db</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Index of the row keys with pointers to their positions in the |
| data file.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Filter.db</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Serialized bloom filter for the row keys in the SSTable.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">CompressionInfo.db</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">File to hold information about uncompressed data |
| length, chunk offsets etc.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Statistics.db</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Statistical metadata about the content of the SSTable.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Digest.crc32</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Holds CRC32 checksum of the data file size_bytes.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">CRC.db</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Holds the CRC32 for chunks in an uncompressed file.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Summary.db</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Holds SSTable Index Summary (sampling of Index component)</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TOC.txt</p></td> |
| <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Table of contents, stores the list of all components for the |
| SSTable.</p></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Custom component, used by e.g. custom compaction strategy may also be |
| included.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="repair-streaming-preview"><a class="anchor" href="#repair-streaming-preview"></a>Repair Streaming Preview</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Repair with <code>nodetool repair</code> involves streaming of repaired SSTables |
| and a repair preview has been added to provide an estimate of the amount |
| of repair streaming that would need to be performed. Repair preview |
| (<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-13257">CASSANDRA-13257</a>) |
| is invoke with <code>nodetool repair --preview</code> using option:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>-prv, --preview</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>It determines ranges and amount of data to be streamed, but doesn’t |
| actually perform repair.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="parallelizing-of-streaming-of-keyspaces"><a class="anchor" href="#parallelizing-of-streaming-of-keyspaces"></a>Parallelizing of Streaming of Keyspaces</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The streaming of the different keyspaces for bootstrap and rebuild has |
| been parallelized in Cassandra 4.0 |
| (<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-4663">CASSANDRA-4663</a>).</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="unique-nodes-for-streaming-in-multi-dc-deployment"><a class="anchor" href="#unique-nodes-for-streaming-in-multi-dc-deployment"></a>Unique nodes for Streaming in Multi-DC deployment</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Range Streamer picks unique nodes to stream data from when number of |
| replicas in each DC is three or more |
| (<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-4650">CASSANDRA-4650</a>). |
| What the optimization does is to even out the streaming load across the |
| cluster. Without the optimization, some node can be picked up to stream |
| more data than others. This patch allows to select dedicated node to |
| stream only one range.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This will increase the performance of bootstrapping a node and will also |
| put less pressure on nodes serving the data. This does not affect if N < |
| 3 in each DC as then it streams data from only 2 nodes.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Stream Operation Types <sup>^</sup><sup>^</sup><sup>^</sup><sup>^</sup>^</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>It is important to know the type or purpose of a certain stream. Version |
| 4.0 |
| (<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-13064">CASSANDRA-13064</a>) |
| adds an <code>enum</code> to distinguish between the different types of streams. |
| Stream types are available both in a stream request and a stream task. |
| The different stream types are:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Restore replica count</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Unbootstrap</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Relocation</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Bootstrap</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Rebuild</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Bulk Load</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Repair</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="disallow-decommission-when-number-of-replicas-will-drop-below-configured-rf"><a class="anchor" href="#disallow-decommission-when-number-of-replicas-will-drop-below-configured-rf"></a>Disallow Decommission when number of Replicas will drop below configured RF</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p><a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CASSANDRA-12510">CASSANDRA-12510</a> |
| guards against decommission that will drop # of replicas below |
| configured replication factor (RF), and adds the <code>--force</code> option that |
| allows decommission to continue if intentional; force decommission of |
| this node even when it reduces the number of replicas to below |
| configured RF.</p> |
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