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| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Definitions</h1> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="conventions"><a class="anchor" href="#conventions"></a>Conventions</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To aid in specifying the CQL syntax, we will use the following |
| conventions in this document:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Language rules will be given in an informal |
| <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_Form#Variants">BNF |
| variant</a> notation. In particular, we’ll use square brakets (<code>[ item ]</code>) |
| for optional items, <code>*</code> and <code>+</code> for repeated items (where <code>+</code> imply at |
| least one).</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The grammar will also use the following convention for convenience: |
| non-terminal term will be lowercase (and link to their definition) while |
| terminal keywords will be provided "all caps". Note however that |
| keywords are <code>identifiers</code> and are thus case insensitive in practice. We |
| will also define some early construction using regexp, which we’ll |
| indicate with <code>re(<some regular expression>)</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The grammar is provided for documentation purposes and leave some |
| minor details out. For instance, the comma on the last column definition |
| in a <code>CREATE TABLE</code> statement is optional but supported if present even |
| though the grammar in this document suggests otherwise. Also, not |
| everything accepted by the grammar is necessarily valid CQL.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>References to keywords or pieces of CQL code in running text will be |
| shown in a <code>fixed-width font</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="identifiers"><a class="anchor" href="#identifiers"></a>Identifiers and keywords</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The CQL language uses <em>identifiers</em> (or <em>names</em>) to identify tables, |
| columns and other objects. An identifier is a token matching the regular |
| expression <code>[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A number of such identifiers, like <code>SELECT</code> or <code>WITH</code>, are <em>keywords</em>. |
| They have a fixed meaning for the language and most are reserved. The |
| list of those keywords can be found in <a href="appendices.html#appendix-A" class="page">Appendix A</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Identifiers and (unquoted) keywords are case insensitive. Thus <code>SELECT</code> |
| is the same than <code>select</code> or <code>sElEcT</code>, and <code>myId</code> is the same than |
| <code>myid</code> or <code>MYID</code>. A convention often used (in particular by the samples |
| of this documentation) is to use uppercase for keywords and lowercase |
| for other identifiers.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>There is a second kind of identifier called a <em>quoted identifier</em> |
| defined by enclosing an arbitrary sequence of characters (non-empty) in |
| double-quotes(<code>"</code>). Quoted identifiers are never keywords. Thus |
| <code>"select"</code> is not a reserved keyword and can be used to refer to a |
| column (note that using this is particularly ill-advised), while <code>select</code> |
| would raise a parsing error. Also, unlike unquoted identifiers |
| and keywords, quoted identifiers are case sensitive (<code>"My Quoted Id"</code> is |
| <em>different</em> from <code>"my quoted id"</code>). A fully lowercase quoted identifier |
| that matches <code>[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*</code> is however <em>equivalent</em> to the |
| unquoted identifier obtained by removing the double-quote (so <code>"myid"</code> |
| is equivalent to <code>myid</code> and to <code>myId</code> but different from <code>"myId"</code>). |
| Inside a quoted identifier, the double-quote character can be repeated |
| to escape it, so <code>"foo "" bar"</code> is a valid identifier.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonitionblock note"> |
| <table> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="icon"> |
| <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> |
| </td> |
| <td class="content"> |
| <div class="title">Note</div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <em>quoted identifier</em> can declare columns with arbitrary names, and |
| these can sometime clash with specific names used by the server. For |
| instance, when using conditional update, the server will respond with a |
| result set containing a special result named <code>"[applied]"</code>. If you’ve |
| declared a column with such a name, this could potentially confuse some |
| tools and should be avoided. In general, unquoted identifiers should be |
| preferred but if you use quoted identifiers, it is strongly advised that you |
| avoid any name enclosed by squared brackets (like <code>"[applied]"</code>) and any |
| name that looks like a function call (like <code>"f(x)"</code>).</p> |
| </div> |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>More formally, we have:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">identifier::= unquoted_identifier | quoted_identifier |
| unquoted_identifier::= re('[a-zA-Z][link:[a-zA-Z0-9]]*') |
| quoted_identifier::= '"' (any character where " can appear if doubled)+ '"'</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="constants"><a class="anchor" href="#constants"></a>Constants</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>CQL defines the following <em>constants</em>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">constant::= string | integer | float | boolean | uuid | blob | NULL |
| string::= ''' (any character where ' can appear if doubled)+ ''' : '$$' (any character other than '$$') '$$' |
| integer::= re('-?[0-9]+') |
| float::= re('-?[0-9]+(.[0-9]*)?([eE][+-]?[0-9+])?') | NAN | INFINITY |
| boolean::= TRUE | FALSE |
| uuid::= hex\{8}-hex\{4}-hex\{4}-hex\{4}-hex\{12} |
| hex::= re("[0-9a-fA-F]") |
| blob::= '0' ('x' | 'X') hex+</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In other words:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>A string constant is an arbitrary sequence of characters enclosed by |
| single-quote(<code>'</code>). A single-quote can be included by repeating it, e.g. |
| <code>'It''s raining today'</code>. Those are not to be confused with quoted |
| <code>identifiers</code> that use double-quotes. Alternatively, a string can be |
| defined by enclosing the arbitrary sequence of characters by two dollar |
| characters, in which case single-quote can be used without escaping |
| (<code>It's raining today</code>). That latter form is often used when defining |
| <a href="functions.html#udfs" class="page">user-defined functions</a> to avoid having to escape single-quote |
| characters in function body (as they are more likely to occur than |
| <code>$$</code>).</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Integer, float and boolean constant are defined as expected. Note |
| however than float allows the special <code>NaN</code> and <code>Infinity</code> constants.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>CQL supports |
| <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universally_unique_identifier">UUID</a> |
| constants.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Blobs content are provided in hexadecimal and prefixed by <code>0x</code>.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>The special <code>NULL</code> constant denotes the absence of value.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For how these constants are typed, see the <a href="types.html" class="page">Data types</a> section.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="terms"><a class="anchor" href="#terms"></a>Terms</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>CQL has the notion of a <em>term</em>, which denotes the kind of values that |
| CQL support. Terms are defined by:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">term::= constant | literal | function_call | arithmetic_operation | type_hint | bind_marker |
| literal::= collection_literal | udt_literal | tuple_literal |
| function_call::= identifier '(' [ term (',' term)* ] ')' |
| arithmetic_operation::= '-' term | term ('+' | '-' | '*' | '/' | '%') term |
| type_hint::= '(' cql_type ')' term |
| bind_marker::= '?' | ':' identifier</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A term is thus one of:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>A <a href="#cql/defintions.adoc#constants" class="page unresolved">constant</a></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>A literal for either a <a href="types.html#collections" class="page">collection</a>, |
| a <a href="types.html#udts" class="page">user-defined type</a> or a <a href="types.html#tuples" class="page">tuple</a></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>A <a href="functions.html#cql-functions" class="page">function</a> call, either a <a href="functions.html#scalar-native-functions" class="page">native function</a> |
| or a <a href="functions.html#user-defined-scalar-functions" class="page">user-defined function</a></p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>An <a href="operators.html#arithmetic_operators" class="page">arithmetic operation</a> between terms</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>A type hint</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>A bind marker, which denotes a variable to be bound at execution time. |
| See the section on <code>prepared-statements</code> for details. A bind marker can |
| be either anonymous (<code>?</code>) or named (<code>:some_name</code>). The latter form |
| provides a more convenient way to refer to the variable for binding it |
| and should generally be preferred.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="comments"><a class="anchor" href="#comments"></a>Comments</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A comment in CQL is a line beginning by either double dashes (<code>--</code>) or |
| double slash (<code>//</code>).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Multi-line comments are also supported through enclosure within <code>/<strong></code> and |
| <code></strong>/</code> (but nesting is not supported).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">-- This is a comment |
| // This is a comment too |
| /* This is |
| a multi-line comment */</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="statements"><a class="anchor" href="#statements"></a>Statements</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>CQL consists of statements that can be divided in the following |
| categories:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>data-definition</code> statements, to define and change how the data is |
| stored (keyspaces and tables).</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>data-manipulation</code> statements, for selecting, inserting and deleting |
| data.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>secondary-indexes</code> statements.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>materialized-views</code> statements.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>cql-roles</code> statements.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>cql-permissions</code> statements.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>User-Defined Functions (UDFs)</code> statements.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>udts</code> statements.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>cql-triggers</code> statements.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>All the statements are listed below and are described in the rest of |
| this documentation (see links above):</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bnf hljs" data-lang="bnf">cql_statement::= statement [ ';' ] |
| statement:=: ddl_statement : |
| | dml_statement |
| | secondary_index_statement |
| | materialized_view_statement |
| | role_or_permission_statement |
| | udf_statement |
| | udt_statement |
| | trigger_statement |
| ddl_statement::= use_statement |
| | create_keyspace_statement |
| | alter_keyspace_statement |
| | drop_keyspace_statement |
| | create_table_statement |
| | alter_table_statement |
| | drop_table_statement |
| | truncate_statement |
| dml_statement::= select_statement |
| | insert_statement |
| | update_statement |
| | delete_statement |
| | batch_statement |
| secondary_index_statement::= create_index_statement |
| | drop_index_statement |
| materialized_view_statement::= create_materialized_view_statement |
| | drop_materialized_view_statement |
| role_or_permission_statement::= create_role_statement |
| | alter_role_statement |
| | drop_role_statement |
| | grant_role_statement |
| | revoke_role_statement |
| | list_roles_statement |
| | grant_permission_statement |
| | revoke_permission_statement |
| | list_permissions_statement |
| | create_user_statement |
| | alter_user_statement |
| | drop_user_statement |
| | list_users_statement |
| udf_statement::= create_function_statement |
| | drop_function_statement |
| | create_aggregate_statement |
| | drop_aggregate_statement |
| udt_statement::= create_type_statement |
| | alter_type_statement |
| | drop_type_statement |
| trigger_statement::= create_trigger_statement |
| | drop_trigger_statement</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="prepared-statements"><a class="anchor" href="#prepared-statements"></a>Prepared Statements</h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>CQL supports <em>prepared statements</em>. Prepared statements are an |
| optimization that allows to parse a query only once but execute it |
| multiple times with different concrete values.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Any statement that uses at least one bind marker (see <code>bind_marker</code>) |
| will need to be <em>prepared</em>. After which the statement can be <em>executed</em> |
| by provided concrete values for each of its marker. The exact details of |
| how a statement is prepared and then executed depends on the CQL driver |
| used and you should refer to your driver documentation.</p> |
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