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| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Frequently Asked Questions</h1> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="why-cant-list-all"><a class="anchor" href="#why-cant-list-all"></a><a class="link" href="#why-cant-list-all">Why can’t I set <code>listen_address</code> to listen on 0.0.0.0 (all my addresses)?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra is a gossip-based distributed system and <code>listen_address</code> is |
| the address a node tells other nodes to reach it at. Telling other nodes |
| "contact me on any of my addresses" is a bad idea; if different nodes in |
| the cluster pick different addresses for you, Bad Things happen.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you don’t want to manually specify an IP to <code>listen_address</code> for each |
| node in your cluster (understandable!), leave it blank and Cassandra |
| will use <code>InetAddress.getLocalHost()</code> to pick an address. Then it’s up |
| to you or your ops team to make things resolve correctly (<code>/etc/hosts/</code>, |
| dns, etc).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>One exception to this process is JMX, which by default binds to 0.0.0.0 |
| (Java bug 6425769).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>See <code>256</code> and <code>43</code> for more gory details.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="what-ports"><a class="anchor" href="#what-ports"></a><a class="link" href="#what-ports">What ports does Cassandra use?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>By default, Cassandra uses 7000 for cluster communication (7001 if SSL |
| is enabled), 9042 for native protocol clients, and 7199 for JMX. The |
| internode communication and native protocol ports are configurable in |
| the <code>cassandra-yaml</code>. The JMX port is configurable in <code>cassandra-env.sh</code> |
| (through JVM options). All ports are TCP.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="what-happens-on-joins"><a class="anchor" href="#what-happens-on-joins"></a><a class="link" href="#what-happens-on-joins">What happens to existing data in my cluster when I add new nodes?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>When a new nodes joins a cluster, it will automatically contact the |
| other nodes in the cluster and copy the right data to itself. See |
| <code>topology-changes</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="asynch-deletes"><a class="anchor" href="#asynch-deletes"></a><a class="link" href="#asynch-deletes">I delete data from Cassandra, but disk usage stays the same. What gives?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Data you write to Cassandra gets persisted to SSTables. Since SSTables |
| are immutable, the data can’t actually be removed when you perform a |
| delete, instead, a marker (also called a "tombstone") is written to |
| indicate the value’s new status. Never fear though, on the first |
| compaction that occurs between the data and the tombstone, the data will |
| be expunged completely and the corresponding disk space recovered. See |
| <code>compaction</code> for more detail.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="one-entry-ring"><a class="anchor" href="#one-entry-ring"></a><a class="link" href="#one-entry-ring">Why does nodetool ring only show one entry, even though my nodes logged that they see each other joining the ring?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This happens when you have the same token assigned to each node. Don’t |
| do that.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Most often this bites people who deploy by installing Cassandra on a VM |
| (especially when using the Debian package, which auto-starts Cassandra |
| after installation, thus generating and saving a token), then cloning |
| that VM to other nodes.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The easiest fix is to wipe the data and commitlog directories, thus |
| making sure that each node will generate a random token on the next |
| restart.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="change-replication-factor"><a class="anchor" href="#change-replication-factor"></a><a class="link" href="#change-replication-factor">Can I change the replication factor (a a keyspace) on a live cluster?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Yes, but it will require running a full repair (or cleanup) to change |
| the replica count of existing data:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p><code>Alter <alter-keyspace-statement></code> the replication factor for desired |
| keyspace (using cqlsh for instance).</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If you’re reducing the replication factor, run <code>nodetool cleanup</code> on |
| the cluster to remove surplus replicated data. Cleanup runs on a |
| per-node basis.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>If you’re increasing the replication factor, run |
| <code>nodetool repair -full</code> to ensure data is replicated according to the |
| new configuration. Repair runs on a per-replica set basis. This is an |
| intensive process that may result in adverse cluster performance. It’s |
| highly recommended to do rolling repairs, as an attempt to repair the |
| entire cluster at once will most likely swamp it. Note that you will |
| need to run a full repair (<code>-full</code>) to make sure that already repaired |
| sstables are not skipped.</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="can-large-blob"><a class="anchor" href="#can-large-blob"></a><a class="link" href="#can-large-blob">Can I Store (large) BLOBs in Cassandra?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra isn’t optimized for large file or BLOB storage and a single |
| <code>blob</code> value is always read and send to the client entirely. As such, |
| storing small blobs (less than single digit MB) should not be a problem, |
| but it is advised to manually split large blobs into smaller chunks.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Please note in particular that by default, any value greater than 16MB |
| will be rejected by Cassandra due the <code>max_mutation_size_in_kb</code> |
| configuration of the <code>cassandra-yaml</code> file (which default to half of |
| <code>commitlog_segment_size_in_mb</code>, which itself default to 32MB).</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="nodetool-connection-refused"><a class="anchor" href="#nodetool-connection-refused"></a><a class="link" href="#nodetool-connection-refused">Nodetool says "Connection refused to host: 127.0.1.1" for any remote host. What gives?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Nodetool relies on JMX, which in turn relies on RMI, which in turn sets |
| up its own listeners and connectors as needed on each end of the |
| exchange. Normally all of this happens behind the scenes transparently, |
| but incorrect name resolution for either the host connecting, or the one |
| being connected to, can result in crossed wires and confusing |
| exceptions.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you are not using DNS, then make sure that your <code>/etc/hosts</code> files |
| are accurate on both ends. If that fails, try setting the |
| <code>-Djava.rmi.server.hostname=<public name></code> JVM option near the bottom of |
| <code>cassandra-env.sh</code> to an interface that you can reach from the remote |
| machine.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="to-batch-or-not-to-batch"><a class="anchor" href="#to-batch-or-not-to-batch"></a><a class="link" href="#to-batch-or-not-to-batch">Will batching my operations speed up my bulk load?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>No. Using batches to load data will generally just add "spikes" of |
| latency. Use asynchronous INSERTs instead, or use true <code>bulk-loading</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>An exception is batching updates to a single partition, which can be a |
| Good Thing (as long as the size of a single batch stay reasonable). But |
| never ever blindly batch everything!</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="selinux"><a class="anchor" href="#selinux"></a><a class="link" href="#selinux">On RHEL nodes are unable to join the ring</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Check if <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux">SELinux</a> |
| is on; if it is, turn it off.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="how-to-unsubscribe"><a class="anchor" href="#how-to-unsubscribe"></a><a class="link" href="#how-to-unsubscribe">How do I unsubscribe from the email list?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Send an email to <code>user-unsubscribe@cassandra.apache.org</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="cassandra-eats-all-my-memory"><a class="anchor" href="#cassandra-eats-all-my-memory"></a><a class="link" href="#cassandra-eats-all-my-memory">Why does top report that Cassandra is using a lot more memory than the Java heap max?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Cassandra uses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory-mapped_file">Memory |
| Mapped Files</a> (mmap) internally. That is, we use the operating system’s |
| virtual memory system to map a number of on-disk files into the |
| Cassandra process' address space. This will "use" virtual memory; i.e. |
| address space, and will be reported by tools like top accordingly, but |
| on 64 bit systems virtual address space is effectively unlimited so you |
| should not worry about that.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>What matters from the perspective of "memory use" in the sense as it is |
| normally meant, is the amount of data allocated on brk() or mmap’d |
| /dev/zero, which represent real memory used. The key issue is that for a |
| mmap’d file, there is never a need to retain the data resident in |
| physical memory. Thus, whatever you do keep resident in physical memory |
| is essentially just there as a cache, in the same way as normal I/O will |
| cause the kernel page cache to retain data that you read/write.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The difference between normal I/O and mmap() is that in the mmap() case |
| the memory is actually mapped to the process, thus affecting the virtual |
| size as reported by top. The main argument for using mmap() instead of |
| standard I/O is the fact that reading entails just touching memory - in |
| the case of the memory being resident, you just read it - you don’t even |
| take a page fault (so no overhead in entering the kernel and doing a |
| semi-context switch). This is covered in more detail |
| <a href="http://www.varnish-cache.org/trac/wiki/ArchitectNotes">here</a>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="what-are-seeds"><a class="anchor" href="#what-are-seeds"></a><a class="link" href="#what-are-seeds">What are seeds?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Seeds are used during startup to discover the cluster.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If you configure your nodes to refer some node as seed, nodes in your |
| ring tend to send Gossip message to seeds more often (also see the |
| <code>section on gossip <gossip></code>) than to non-seeds. In other words, seeds |
| are worked as hubs of Gossip network. With seeds, each node can detect |
| status changes of other nodes quickly.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Seeds are also referred by new nodes on bootstrap to learn other nodes |
| in ring. When you add a new node to ring, you need to specify at least |
| one live seed to contact. Once a node join the ring, it learns about the |
| other nodes, so it doesn’t need seed on subsequent boot.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>You can make a seed a node at any time. There is nothing special about |
| seed nodes. If you list the node in seed list it is a seed</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Seeds do not auto bootstrap (i.e. if a node has itself in its seed list |
| it will not automatically transfer data to itself) If you want a node to |
| do that, bootstrap it first and then add it to seeds later. If you have |
| no data (new install) you do not have to worry about bootstrap at all.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Recommended usage of seeds:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>pick two (or more) nodes per data center as seed nodes.</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>sync the seed list to all your nodes</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="are-seeds-SPOF"><a class="anchor" href="#are-seeds-SPOF"></a><a class="link" href="#are-seeds-SPOF">Does single seed mean single point of failure?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The ring can operate or boot without a seed; however, you will not be |
| able to add new nodes to the cluster. It is recommended to configure |
| multiple seeds in production system.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="cant-call-jmx-method"><a class="anchor" href="#cant-call-jmx-method"></a><a class="link" href="#cant-call-jmx-method">Why can’t I call jmx method X on jconsole?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Some of JMX operations use array argument and as jconsole doesn’t |
| support array argument, those operations can’t be called with jconsole |
| (the buttons are inactive for them). You need to write a JMX client to |
| call such operations or need array-capable JMX monitoring tool.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="why-message-dropped"><a class="anchor" href="#why-message-dropped"></a><a class="link" href="#why-message-dropped">Why do I see "…​ messages dropped …​" in the logs?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This is a symptom of load shedding — Cassandra defending itself against |
| more requests than it can handle.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Internode messages which are received by a node, but do not get not to |
| be processed within their proper timeout (see <code>read_request_timeout</code>, |
| <code>write_request_timeout</code>, …​ in the <code>cassandra-yaml</code>), are dropped |
| rather than processed (since the as the coordinator node will no longer |
| be waiting for a response).</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For writes, this means that the mutation was not applied to all replicas |
| it was sent to. The inconsistency will be repaired by read repair, hints |
| or a manual repair. The write operation may also have timeouted as a |
| result.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For reads, this means a read request may not have completed.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Load shedding is part of the Cassandra architecture, if this is a |
| persistent issue it is generally a sign of an overloaded node or |
| cluster.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="oom-map-failed"><a class="anchor" href="#oom-map-failed"></a><a class="link" href="#oom-map-failed">Cassandra dies with <code>java.lang.OutOfMemoryError: Map failed</code></a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If Cassandra is dying <strong>specifically</strong> with the "Map failed" message, it |
| means the OS is denying java the ability to lock more memory. In linux, |
| this typically means memlock is limited. Check |
| <code>/proc/<pid of cassandra>/limits</code> to verify this and raise it (eg, via |
| ulimit in bash). You may also need to increase <code>vm.max_map_count.</code> Note |
| that the debian package handles this for you automatically.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="what-on-same-timestamp-update"><a class="anchor" href="#what-on-same-timestamp-update"></a><a class="link" href="#what-on-same-timestamp-update">What happens if two updates are made with the same timestamp?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Updates must be commutative, since they may arrive in different orders |
| on different replicas. As long as Cassandra has a deterministic way to |
| pick the winner (in a timestamp tie), the one selected is as valid as |
| any other, and the specifics should be treated as an implementation |
| detail. That said, in the case of a timestamp tie, Cassandra follows two |
| rules: first, deletes take precedence over inserts/updates. Second, if |
| there are two updates, the one with the lexically larger value is |
| selected.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="why-bootstrapping-stream-error"><a class="anchor" href="#why-bootstrapping-stream-error"></a><a class="link" href="#why-bootstrapping-stream-error">Why bootstrapping a new node fails with a "Stream failed" error?</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Two main possibilities:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="olist arabic"> |
| <ol class="arabic"> |
| <li> |
| <p>the GC may be creating long pauses disrupting the streaming process</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>compactions happening in the background hold streaming long enough |
| that the TCP connection fails</p> |
| </li> |
| </ol> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In the first case, regular GC tuning advices apply. In the second case, |
| you need to set TCP keepalive to a lower value (default is very high on |
| Linux). Try to just run the following:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="literalblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre>$ sudo /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time=60 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl=60 net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes=5</pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To make those settings permanent, add them to your <code>/etc/sysctl.conf</code> |
| file.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Note: <a href="https://cloud.google.com/compute/">GCE</a>'s firewall will always |
| interrupt TCP connections that are inactive for more than 10 min. |
| Running the above command is highly recommended in that environment.</p> |
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