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| <article class="doc"> |
| <h1 class="page">Backups</h1> |
| <div id="preamble"> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Apache Cassandra stores data in immutable SSTable files. Backups in |
| Apache Cassandra database are backup copies of the database data that is |
| stored as SSTable files. Backups are used for several purposes including |
| the following:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>To store a data copy for durability</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>To be able to restore a table if table data is lost due to |
| node/partition/network failure</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>To be able to transfer the SSTable files to a different machine; for |
| portability</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="types-of-backups"><a class="anchor" href="#types-of-backups"></a><a class="link" href="#types-of-backups">Types of Backups</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Apache Cassandra supports two kinds of backup strategies.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>Snapshots</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>Incremental Backups</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A <em>snapshot</em> is a copy of a table’s SSTable files at a given time, |
| created via hard links. |
| The DDL to create the table is stored as well. |
| Snapshots may be created by a user or created automatically. |
| The setting <code>snapshot_before_compaction</code> in the <code>cassandra.yaml</code> file determines if |
| snapshots are created before each compaction. |
| By default, <code>snapshot_before_compaction</code> is set to false. |
| Snapshots may be created automatically before keyspace truncation or dropping of a table by |
| setting <code>auto_snapshot</code> to true (default) in <code>cassandra.yaml</code>. |
| Truncates could be delayed due to the auto snapshots and another setting in |
| <code>cassandra.yaml</code> determines how long the coordinator should wait for |
| truncates to complete. |
| By default Cassandra waits 60 seconds for auto snapshots to complete.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>An <em>incremental backup</em> is a copy of a table’s SSTable files created by |
| a hard link when memtables are flushed to disk as SSTables. |
| Typically incremental backups are paired with snapshots to reduce the backup time |
| as well as reduce disk space. |
| Incremental backups are not enabled by default and must be enabled explicitly in <code>cassandra.yaml</code> (with |
| <code>incremental_backups</code> setting) or with <code>nodetool</code>. |
| Once enabled, Cassandra creates a hard link to each SSTable flushed or streamed |
| locally in a <code>backups/</code> subdirectory of the keyspace data. |
| Incremental backups of system tables are also created.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="data-directory-structure"><a class="anchor" href="#data-directory-structure"></a><a class="link" href="#data-directory-structure">Data Directory Structure</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The directory structure of Cassandra data consists of different |
| directories for keyspaces, and tables with the data files within the |
| table directories. |
| Directories backups and snapshots to store backups |
| and snapshots respectively for a particular table are also stored within |
| the table directory. |
| The directory structure for Cassandra is illustrated in Figure 1.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="imageblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <img src="../_images/Figure_1_backups.jpg" alt="Data directory structure for backups"> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Figure 1. Directory Structure for Cassandra Data</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="setting-up-example-tables-for-backups-and-snapshots"><a class="anchor" href="#setting-up-example-tables-for-backups-and-snapshots"></a><a class="link" href="#setting-up-example-tables-for-backups-and-snapshots">Setting Up Example Tables for Backups and Snapshots</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In this section we shall create some example data that could be used to |
| demonstrate incremental backups and snapshots. |
| We have used a three node Cassandra cluster. |
| First, the keyspaces are created. |
| Then tables are created within a keyspace and table data is added. |
| We have used two keyspaces <code>cqlkeyspace</code> and <code>catalogkeyspace</code> with two tables within |
| each.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Create the keyspace <code>cqlkeyspace</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE KEYSPACE cqlkeyspace |
| WITH replication = {'class': 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 3};</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Create two tables <code>t</code> and <code>t2</code> in the <code>cqlkeyspace</code> keyspace.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">USE cqlkeyspace; |
| CREATE TABLE t ( |
| id int, |
| k int, |
| v text, |
| PRIMARY KEY (id) |
| ); |
| CREATE TABLE t2 ( |
| id int, |
| k int, |
| v text, |
| PRIMARY KEY (id) |
| );</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Add data to the tables:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">INSERT INTO t (id, k, v) VALUES (0, 0, 'val0'); |
| INSERT INTO t (id, k, v) VALUES (1, 1, 'val1'); |
| |
| INSERT INTO t2 (id, k, v) VALUES (0, 0, 'val0'); |
| INSERT INTO t2 (id, k, v) VALUES (1, 1, 'val1'); |
| INSERT INTO t2 (id, k, v) VALUES (2, 2, 'val2');</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Query the table to list the data:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">SELECT * FROM t; |
| SELECT * FROM t2;</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">id | k | v |
| ----+---+------ |
| 1 | 1 | val1 |
| 0 | 0 | val0 |
| |
| (2 rows) |
| |
| |
| id | k | v |
| ----+---+------ |
| 1 | 1 | val1 |
| 0 | 0 | val0 |
| 2 | 2 | val2 |
| |
| (3 rows)</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Create a second keyspace <code>catalogkeyspace</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">CREATE KEYSPACE catalogkeyspace |
| WITH replication = {'class': 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 3};</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Create two tables <code>journal</code> and <code>magazine</code> in <code>catalogkeyspace</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">USE catalogkeyspace; |
| CREATE TABLE journal ( |
| id int, |
| name text, |
| publisher text, |
| PRIMARY KEY (id) |
| ); |
| |
| CREATE TABLE magazine ( |
| id int, |
| name text, |
| publisher text, |
| PRIMARY KEY (id) |
| );</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Add data to the tables:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">INSERT INTO journal (id, name, publisher) VALUES (0, 'Apache Cassandra Magazine', 'Apache Cassandra'); |
| INSERT INTO journal (id, name, publisher) VALUES (1, 'Couchbase Magazine', 'Couchbase'); |
| |
| INSERT INTO magazine (id, name, publisher) VALUES (0, 'Apache Cassandra Magazine', 'Apache Cassandra'); |
| INSERT INTO magazine (id, name, publisher) VALUES (1, 'Couchbase Magazine', 'Couchbase');</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Query the tables to list the data:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">SELECT * FROM catalogkeyspace.journal; |
| SELECT * FROM catalogkeyspace.magazine;</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-cql hljs" data-lang="cql">id | name | publisher |
| ----+---------------------------+------------------ |
| 1 | Couchbase Magazine | Couchbase |
| 0 | Apache Cassandra Magazine | Apache Cassandra |
| |
| (2 rows) |
| |
| id | name | publisher |
| ----+---------------------------+------------------ |
| 1 | Couchbase Magazine | Couchbase |
| 0 | Apache Cassandra Magazine | Apache Cassandra |
| |
| (2 rows)</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="snapshots"><a class="anchor" href="#snapshots"></a><a class="link" href="#snapshots">Snapshots</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In this section, we demonstrate creating snapshots. |
| The command used to create a snapshot is <code>nodetool snapshot</code> with the usage:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool help snapshot</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">NAME |
| nodetool snapshot - Take a snapshot of specified keyspaces or a snapshot |
| of the specified table |
| |
| SYNOPSIS |
| nodetool [(-h <host> | --host <host>)] [(-p <port> | --port <port>)] |
| [(-pp | --print-port)] [(-pw <password> | --password <password>)] |
| [(-pwf <passwordFilePath> | --password-file <passwordFilePath>)] |
| [(-u <username> | --username <username>)] snapshot |
| [(-cf <table> | --column-family <table> | --table <table>)] |
| [(-kt <ktlist> | --kt-list <ktlist> | -kc <ktlist> | --kc.list <ktlist>)] |
| [(-sf | --skip-flush)] [(-t <tag> | --tag <tag>)] [--] [<keyspaces...>] |
| |
| OPTIONS |
| -cf <table>, --column-family <table>, --table <table> |
| The table name (you must specify one and only one keyspace for using |
| this option) |
| |
| -h <host>, --host <host> |
| Node hostname or ip address |
| |
| -kt <ktlist>, --kt-list <ktlist>, -kc <ktlist>, --kc.list <ktlist> |
| The list of Keyspace.table to take snapshot.(you must not specify |
| only keyspace) |
| |
| -p <port>, --port <port> |
| Remote jmx agent port number |
| |
| -pp, --print-port |
| Operate in 4.0 mode with hosts disambiguated by port number |
| |
| -pw <password>, --password <password> |
| Remote jmx agent password |
| |
| -pwf <passwordFilePath>, --password-file <passwordFilePath> |
| Path to the JMX password file |
| |
| -sf, --skip-flush |
| Do not flush memtables before snapshotting (snapshot will not |
| contain unflushed data) |
| |
| -t <tag>, --tag <tag> |
| The name of the snapshot |
| |
| -u <username>, --username <username> |
| Remote jmx agent username |
| |
| -- |
| This option can be used to separate command-line options from the |
| list of argument, (useful when arguments might be mistaken for |
| command-line options |
| |
| [<keyspaces...>] |
| List of keyspaces. By default, all keyspaces</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="configuring-for-snapshots"><a class="anchor" href="#configuring-for-snapshots"></a><a class="link" href="#configuring-for-snapshots">Configuring for Snapshots</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To demonstrate creating snapshots with Nodetool on the commandline we |
| have set <code>auto_snapshots</code> setting to <code>false</code> in the <code>cassandra.yaml</code> file:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-yaml hljs" data-lang="yaml">auto_snapshot: false</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Also set <code>snapshot_before_compaction</code> to <code>false</code> to disable creating |
| snapshots automatically before compaction:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-yaml hljs" data-lang="yaml">snapshot_before_compaction: false</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="creating-snapshots"><a class="anchor" href="#creating-snapshots"></a><a class="link" href="#creating-snapshots">Creating Snapshots</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Before creating any snapshots, search for snapshots and none will be listed:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ find -name snapshots</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>We shall be using the example keyspaces and tables to create snapshots.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect3"> |
| <h4 id="taking-snapshots-of-all-tables-in-a-keyspace"><a class="anchor" href="#taking-snapshots-of-all-tables-in-a-keyspace"></a><a class="link" href="#taking-snapshots-of-all-tables-in-a-keyspace">Taking Snapshots of all Tables in a Keyspace</a></h4> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Using the syntax above, create a snapshot called <code>catalog-ks</code> for all the tables |
| in the <code>catalogkeyspace</code> keyspace:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool snapshot --tag catalog-ks catalogkeyspace</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">Requested creating snapshot(s) for [catalogkeyspace] with snapshot name [catalog-ks] and |
| options {skipFlush=false} |
| Snapshot directory: catalog-ks</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Using the <code>find</code> command above, the snapshots and <code>snapshots</code> directories |
| are now found with listed files similar to:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/journal-296a2d30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/snapshots |
| ./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/magazine-446eae30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/snapshots</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Snapshots of all tables in multiple keyspaces may be created similarly:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool snapshot --tag catalog-cql-ks catalogkeyspace, cqlkeyspace</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect3"> |
| <h4 id="taking-snapshots-of-single-table-in-a-keyspace"><a class="anchor" href="#taking-snapshots-of-single-table-in-a-keyspace"></a><a class="link" href="#taking-snapshots-of-single-table-in-a-keyspace">Taking Snapshots of Single Table in a Keyspace</a></h4> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To take a snapshot of a single table the <code>nodetool snapshot</code> command |
| syntax becomes as follows:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool snapshot --tag <tag> --table <table> --<keyspace></code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Using the syntax above, create a snapshot for table <code>magazine</code> in keyspace <code>catalogkeyspace</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool snapshot --tag magazine --table magazine catalogkeyspace</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">Requested creating snapshot(s) for [catalogkeyspace] with snapshot name [magazine] and |
| options {skipFlush=false} |
| Snapshot directory: magazine</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect3"> |
| <h4 id="taking-snapshot-of-multiple-tables-from-same-keyspace"><a class="anchor" href="#taking-snapshot-of-multiple-tables-from-same-keyspace"></a><a class="link" href="#taking-snapshot-of-multiple-tables-from-same-keyspace">Taking Snapshot of Multiple Tables from same Keyspace</a></h4> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To take snapshots of multiple tables in a keyspace the list of |
| <em>Keyspace.table</em> must be specified with option <code>--kt-list</code>. |
| For example, create snapshots for tables <code>t</code> and <code>t2</code> in the <code>cqlkeyspace</code> keyspace:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool snapshot --kt-list cqlkeyspace.t,cqlkeyspace.t2 --tag multi-table</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">Requested creating snapshot(s) for ["CQLKeyspace".t,"CQLKeyspace".t2] with snapshot name [multi- |
| table] and options {skipFlush=false} |
| Snapshot directory: multi-table</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Multiple snapshots of the same set of tables may be created and tagged with a different name. |
| As an example, create another snapshot for the same set of tables <code>t</code> and <code>t2</code> in the <code>cqlkeyspace</code> |
| keyspace and tag the snapshots differently:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool snapshot --kt-list cqlkeyspace.t, cqlkeyspace.t2 --tag multi-table-2</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">Requested creating snapshot(s) for ["CQLKeyspace".t,"CQLKeyspace".t2] with snapshot name [multi- |
| table-2] and options {skipFlush=false} |
| Snapshot directory: multi-table-2</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect3"> |
| <h4 id="taking-snapshot-of-multiple-tables-from-different-keyspaces"><a class="anchor" href="#taking-snapshot-of-multiple-tables-from-different-keyspaces"></a><a class="link" href="#taking-snapshot-of-multiple-tables-from-different-keyspaces">Taking Snapshot of Multiple Tables from Different Keyspaces</a></h4> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To take snapshots of multiple tables that are in different keyspaces the |
| command syntax is the same as when multiple tables are in the same |
| keyspace. |
| Each <keyspace>.<table> must be specified separately in the |
| <code>--kt-list</code> option.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For example, create a snapshot for table <code>t</code> in |
| the <code>cqlkeyspace</code> and table <code>journal</code> in the catalogkeyspace and tag the |
| snapshot <code>multi-ks</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool snapshot --kt-list catalogkeyspace.journal,cqlkeyspace.t --tag multi-ks</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">Requested creating snapshot(s) for [catalogkeyspace.journal,cqlkeyspace.t] with snapshot |
| name [multi-ks] and options {skipFlush=false} |
| Snapshot directory: multi-ks</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="listing-snapshots"><a class="anchor" href="#listing-snapshots"></a><a class="link" href="#listing-snapshots">Listing Snapshots</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To list snapshots use the <code>nodetool listsnapshots</code> command. All the |
| snapshots that we created in the preceding examples get listed:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool listsnapshots</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">Snapshot Details: |
| Snapshot name Keyspace name Column family name True size Size on disk |
| multi-table cqlkeyspace t2 4.86 KiB 5.67 KiB |
| multi-table cqlkeyspace t 4.89 KiB 5.7 KiB |
| multi-ks cqlkeyspace t 4.89 KiB 5.7 KiB |
| multi-ks catalogkeyspace journal 4.9 KiB 5.73 KiB |
| magazine catalogkeyspace magazine 4.9 KiB 5.73 KiB |
| multi-table-2 cqlkeyspace t2 4.86 KiB 5.67 KiB |
| multi-table-2 cqlkeyspace t 4.89 KiB 5.7 KiB |
| catalog-ks catalogkeyspace journal 4.9 KiB 5.73 KiB |
| catalog-ks catalogkeyspace magazine 4.9 KiB 5.73 KiB |
| |
| Total TrueDiskSpaceUsed: 44.02 KiB</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="finding-snapshots-directories"><a class="anchor" href="#finding-snapshots-directories"></a><a class="link" href="#finding-snapshots-directories">Finding Snapshots Directories</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>snapshots</code> directories may be listed with <code>find –name snapshots</code> |
| command:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ find -name snapshots</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">./cassandra/data/data/cqlkeyspace/t-d132e240c21711e9bbee19821dcea330/snapshots |
| ./cassandra/data/data/cqlkeyspace/t2-d993a390c22911e9b1350d927649052c/snapshots |
| ./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/journal-296a2d30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/snapshots |
| ./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/magazine-446eae30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/snapshots</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To list the snapshots for a particular table first change to the snapshots directory for that table. |
| For example, list the snapshots for the <code>catalogkeyspace/journal</code> table:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ cd ./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/journal-296a2d30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/snapshots && ls -l</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">total 0 |
| drwxrwxr-x. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 265 Aug 19 02:44 catalog-ks |
| drwxrwxr-x. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 265 Aug 19 02:52 multi-ks</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A <code>snapshots</code> directory lists the SSTable files in the snapshot. |
| A <code>schema.cql</code> file is also created in each snapshot that defines schema |
| that can recreate the table with CQL when restoring from a snapshot:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ cd catalog-ks && ls -l</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">total 44 |
| -rw-rw-r--. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 31 Aug 19 02:44 manifest.jsonZ |
| -rw-rw-r--. 4 ec2-user ec2-user 47 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-CompressionInfo.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 4 ec2-user ec2-user 97 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Data.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 4 ec2-user ec2-user 10 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Digest.crc32 |
| -rw-rw-r--. 4 ec2-user ec2-user 16 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Filter.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 4 ec2-user ec2-user 16 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Index.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 4 ec2-user ec2-user 4687 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Statistics.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 4 ec2-user ec2-user 56 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-Summary.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 4 ec2-user ec2-user 92 Aug 19 02:38 na-1-big-TOC.txt |
| -rw-rw-r--. 1 ec2-user ec2-user 814 Aug 19 02:44 schema.cql</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="clearing-snapshots"><a class="anchor" href="#clearing-snapshots"></a><a class="link" href="#clearing-snapshots">Clearing Snapshots</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Snapshots may be cleared or deleted with the <code>nodetool clearsnapshot</code> |
| command. Either a specific snapshot name must be specified or the <code>–all</code> |
| option must be specified.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>For example, delete a snapshot called <code>magazine</code> from keyspace <code>cqlkeyspace</code>:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool clearsnapshot -t magazine cqlkeyspace</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>or delete all snapshots from <code>cqlkeyspace</code> with the –all option:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool clearsnapshot -all cqlkeyspace</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="incremental-backups"><a class="anchor" href="#incremental-backups"></a><a class="link" href="#incremental-backups">Incremental Backups</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>In the following sections, we shall discuss configuring and creating |
| incremental backups.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="configuring-for-incremental-backups"><a class="anchor" href="#configuring-for-incremental-backups"></a><a class="link" href="#configuring-for-incremental-backups">Configuring for Incremental Backups</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>To create incremental backups set <code>incremental_backups</code> to <code>true</code> in |
| <code>cassandra.yaml</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-yaml hljs" data-lang="yaml">incremental_backups: true</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This is the only setting needed to create incremental backups. |
| By default <code>incremental_backups</code> setting is set to <code>false</code> because a new |
| set of SSTable files is created for each data flush and if several CQL |
| statements are to be run the <code>backups</code> directory could fill up quickly |
| and use up storage that is needed to store table data. |
| Incremental backups may also be enabled on the command line with the nodetool |
| command <code>nodetool enablebackup</code>. |
| Incremental backups may be disabled with <code>nodetool disablebackup</code> command. |
| Status of incremental backups, whether they are enabled may be checked with <code>nodetool statusbackup</code>.</p> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="creating-incremental-backups"><a class="anchor" href="#creating-incremental-backups"></a><a class="link" href="#creating-incremental-backups">Creating Incremental Backups</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>After each table is created flush the table data with <code>nodetool flush</code> |
| command. Incremental backups get created.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool flush cqlkeyspace t |
| $ nodetool flush cqlkeyspace t2 |
| $ nodetool flush catalogkeyspace journal magazine</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="finding-incremental-backups"><a class="anchor" href="#finding-incremental-backups"></a><a class="link" href="#finding-incremental-backups">Finding Incremental Backups</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Incremental backups are created within the Cassandra’s <code>data</code> directory |
| within a table directory. Backups may be found with following command.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ find -name backups</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">./cassandra/data/data/cqlkeyspace/t-d132e240c21711e9bbee19821dcea330/backups |
| ./cassandra/data/data/cqlkeyspace/t2-d993a390c22911e9b1350d927649052c/backups |
| ./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/journal-296a2d30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/backups |
| ./cassandra/data/data/catalogkeyspace/magazine-446eae30c22a11e9b1350d927649052c/backups</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect2"> |
| <h3 id="creating-an-incremental-backup"><a class="anchor" href="#creating-an-incremental-backup"></a><a class="link" href="#creating-an-incremental-backup">Creating an Incremental Backup</a></h3> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>This section discusses how incremental backups are created in more |
| detail using the keyspace and table previously created.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Flush the keyspace and table:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool flush cqlkeyspace t</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A search for backups and a <code>backups</code> directory will list a backup directory, |
| even if we have added no table data yet.</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ find -name backups</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">./cassandra/data/data/cqlkeyspace/t-d132e240c21711e9bbee19821dcea330/backups</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Checking the <code>backups</code> directory will show that there are also no backup files:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ cd ./cassandra/data/data/cqlkeyspace/t-d132e240c21711e9bbee19821dcea330/backups && ls -l</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">total 0</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>If a row of data is added to the data, running the <code>nodetool flush</code> command will |
| flush the table data and an incremental backup will be created:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-bash hljs" data-lang="bash">$ nodetool flush cqlkeyspace t |
| $ cd ./cassandra/data/data/cqlkeyspace/t-d132e240c21711e9bbee19821dcea330/backups && ls -l</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>results in</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-plaintext hljs" data-lang="plaintext">total 36 |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 47 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-CompressionInfo.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 43 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Data.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 10 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Digest.crc32 |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 16 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Filter.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 8 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Index.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 4673 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Statistics.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 56 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Summary.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 92 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-TOC.txt</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="admonitionblock note"> |
| <table> |
| <tr> |
| <td class="icon"> |
| <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i> |
| </td> |
| <td class="content"> |
| <div class="title">note</div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The <code>backups</code> directory for any table, such as <code>cqlkeyspace/t</code> is created in the |
| <code>data</code> directory for that table.</p> |
| </div> |
| </td> |
| </tr> |
| </table> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>Adding another row of data and flushing will result in another set of incremental backup files. |
| The SSTable files are timestamped, which distinguishes the first incremental backup from the |
| second:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="listingblock"> |
| <div class="content"> |
| <pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-none hljs" data-lang="none">total 72 |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 47 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-CompressionInfo.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 43 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Data.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 10 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Digest.crc32 |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 16 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Filter.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 8 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Index.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 4673 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Statistics.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 56 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-Summary.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 92 Aug 19 00:32 na-1-big-TOC.txt |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 47 Aug 19 00:35 na-2-big-CompressionInfo.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 41 Aug 19 00:35 na-2-big-Data.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 10 Aug 19 00:35 na-2-big-Digest.crc32 |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 16 Aug 19 00:35 na-2-big-Filter.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 8 Aug 19 00:35 na-2-big-Index.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 4673 Aug 19 00:35 na-2-big-Statistics.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 56 Aug 19 00:35 na-2-big-Summary.db |
| -rw-rw-r--. 2 ec2-user ec2-user 92 Aug 19 00:35 na-2-big-TOC.txt</code></pre> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <div class="sect1"> |
| <h2 id="restoring-from-incremental-backups-and-snapshots"><a class="anchor" href="#restoring-from-incremental-backups-and-snapshots"></a><a class="link" href="#restoring-from-incremental-backups-and-snapshots">Restoring from Incremental Backups and Snapshots</a></h2> |
| <div class="sectionbody"> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>The two main tools/commands for restoring a table after it has been |
| dropped are:</p> |
| </div> |
| <div class="ulist"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <p>sstableloader</p> |
| </li> |
| <li> |
| <p>nodetool import</p> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| <div class="paragraph"> |
| <p>A snapshot contains essentially the same set of SSTable files as an |
| incremental backup does with a few additional files. A snapshot includes |
| a <code>schema.cql</code> file for the schema DDL to create a table in CQL. A table |
| backup does not include DDL which must be obtained from a snapshot when |
| restoring from an incremental backup.</p> |
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