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| <h1>Concurrency</h1> |
| |
| <!-- |
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| |
| <h2 id="concurrency">Concurrency<a class="headerlink" href="#concurrency" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> |
| <p>The driver is a highly concurrent environment. We try to use thread confinement to simplify the |
| code, when that does not impact performance.</p> |
| <h3 id="hot-path">Hot path<a class="headerlink" href="#hot-path" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>The hot path is everything that happens for a <code>session.execute</code> call. In a typical client |
| application, this is where the driver will likely spend the majority of its time, so it must be |
| fast.</p> |
| <p>Write path:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>convert the statement into a protocol-level <code>Message</code> (<code>CqlRequestHandler</code> constructor);</li> |
| <li>find a node and a connection, and write the message to it (<code>CqlRequestHandler.sendRequest</code>);</li> |
| <li>assign a stream id and wrap the message into a frame (<code>InflightHandler.write</code>);</li> |
| <li>encode the frame into a binary payload (<code>FrameEncoder</code>).</li> |
| </ol> |
| <p>Read path:</p> |
| <ol> |
| <li>decode the binary payload into a frame (<code>FrameDecoder</code>);</li> |
| <li>find the handler that corresponds to the stream id (<code>InFlightHandler.channelRead</code>);</li> |
| <li>complete the client's future (<code>CqlRequestHandler.NodeResponseCallback.onResponse</code>).</li> |
| </ol> |
| <p>Various policies are also invoked along the way (load balancing, retry, speculative execution, |
| timestamp generator...), they are considered on the hot path too.</p> |
| <p>Steps 1 and 2 of the write path happen on the client thread, and 3 and 4 on the Netty I/O thread |
| (which is one of the threads in <code>NettyOptions.ioEventLoopGroup()</code>). |
| On the read path, everything happens on the Netty I/O thread. Beyond that, we want to avoid context |
| switches for performance reasons: in early prototypes, we tried confining <code>CqlRequestHandler</code> to a |
| particular thread, but that did not work well; so you will find that the code is fairly similar to |
| driver 3 in terms of concurrency control (reliance on atomic structures, volatile fields, etc).</p> |
| <p>Note: code on the hot path should prefer the <code>TRACE</code> log level.</p> |
| <h3 id="cold-path">Cold path<a class="headerlink" href="#cold-path" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>The cold path is everything else: initialization and shutdown, metadata refreshes, tracking node |
| states, etc. They will typically be way less frequent than user requests, so we can tolerate a small |
| performance hit in order to make concurrency easier to handle.</p> |
| <p>One pattern we use a lot is a confined inner class: </p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">ControlConnection</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// some content omitted for brevity</span> |
| |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">EventExecutor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adminExecutor</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">final</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">SingleThreaded</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">singleThreaded</span><span class="p">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Called from other components, from any thread</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">reconnectNow</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">RunOrSchedule</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">on</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">adminExecutor</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">singleThreaded</span><span class="p">::</span><span class="n">reconnectNow</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">SingleThreaded</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">private</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">reconnectNow</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">assert</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">adminExecutor</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">inEventLoop</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// this method is only ever called from one thread, much easier to handle concurrency</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p>Public outer methods such as <code>reconnectNow()</code> are called concurrently. But they delegate to a method |
| of the internal class, that always runs on the same <code>adminExecutor</code> thread. <code>RunOrSchedule.on</code> calls |
| the method directly if we're already on the target thread, otherwise it schedules a task. If we need |
| to propagate a result, the outer method injects a future that the inner method completes.</p> |
| <p><code>adminExecutor</code> is picked randomly from <code>NettyOptions.adminEventExecutorGroup()</code> at construction |
| time.</p> |
| <p>Confining <code>SingleThreaded</code> simplifies the code tremendously: we can use regular, non-volatile |
| fields, and methods are guaranteed to always run in isolation, eliminating subtle race conditions |
| (this idea was borrowed from actor systems). </p> |
| <h3 id="non-blocking">Non-blocking<a class="headerlink" href="#non-blocking" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Whether on the hot or cold path, internal code is almost 100% lock-free. The driver guarantees on |
| lock-freedom are <a href="../../../core/non_blocking">detailed</a> in the core manual.</p> |
| <p>If an internal component needs to execute a query, it does so asynchronously, and registers |
| callbacks to process the results. Examples of this can be found in <code>ReprepareOnUp</code> and |
| <code>DefaultTopologyMonitor</code> (among others). </p> |
| <p>The only place where the driver blocks is when using the synchronous API (methods declared in |
| [<code>SyncCqlSession</code>]), and when calling other synchronous wrapper methods in the public API, for |
| example, [<code>ExecutionInfo.getQueryTrace()</code>]:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="kd">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">ExecutionInfo</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// some content omitted for brevity</span> |
| |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">default</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">QueryTrace</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">getQueryTrace</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">BlockingOperation</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">checkNotDriverThread</span><span class="p">();</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CompletableFutures</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">getUninterruptibly</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">getQueryTraceAsync</span><span class="p">());</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p>When a public API method is blocking, this is generally clearly stated in its javadocs. </p> |
| <p><code>BlockingOperation</code> is a utility to check that those methods aren't called on I/O threads, which |
| could introduce deadlocks.</p> |
| <p>Keeping the internals fully asynchronous is another major improvement over driver 3, where internal |
| requests were synchronous, and required multiple internal executors to avoid deadlocks.</p> |
| <p>In driver 4, there are only two executors: <code>NettyOptions.ioEventLoopGroup()</code> and |
| <code>NettyOptions.adminEventLoopGroup()</code>, that are guaranteed to never run blocking tasks. They can be |
| shared with application code, or across multiple sessions, or can even be one and the same (in |
| theory, it's possible to use a single 1-thread executor, although there's probably no practical |
| reason to do that).</p> |
| <p>To be exhaustive, <code>NettyOptions.getTimer()</code> also uses its own thread; we tried scheduling request |
| timeouts and speculative executions on I/O threads in early alphas, but that didn't perform as well |
| as Netty's <code>HashedWheelTimer</code>.</p> |
| <p>So the total number of threads created by a session is |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>advanced.netty.io-group.size + advanced.netty.admin-group.size + 1 |
| </code></pre></div></p> |
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