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| Configuration |
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| Authentication |
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| Load Balancing |
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| Pooling |
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| Reconnection |
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| Speculative Execution |
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| Per Query Keyspace |
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| Paging |
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| Async Programming |
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| Reactive Streams |
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| Custom Codecs |
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| Temporal Types |
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| Tuples |
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| UDTs |
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| Compression |
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| Address Resolution |
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| Request Tracker |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| Throttling |
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| Tracing |
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| Performance |
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| Overview |
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| Node |
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| Schema |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| Token |
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| Control Connection |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| Native Protocol |
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| Non-blocking |
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| Query Timestamps |
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| Idempotence |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| Detachable Types |
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| DSE |
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| DSE |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| Overview |
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| |
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| <li class="md-nav__item"> |
| <a href="../core/dse/geotypes/" class="md-nav__link"> |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| Geotypes |
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| |
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| Graph |
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| </label> |
| |
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| Graph |
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| <a href="../core/dse/graph/" class="md-nav__link"> |
| |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| Overview |
| |
| </span> |
| |
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| </li> |
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| Fluent |
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| Fluent |
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| <a href="../core/dse/graph/fluent/" class="md-nav__link"> |
| |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| Overview |
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| </span> |
| |
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| <li class="md-nav__item"> |
| <a href="../core/dse/graph/fluent/explicit/" class="md-nav__link"> |
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| <span class="md-ellipsis"> |
| Explicit |
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| Insert |
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| Update |
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| <h1>Case Sensitivity</h1> |
| |
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| |
| <h2 id="case-sensitivity">Case sensitivity<a class="headerlink" href="#case-sensitivity" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h2> |
| <h3 id="in-cassandra">In Cassandra<a class="headerlink" href="#in-cassandra" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>Cassandra identifiers, such as keyspace, table and column names, are case-insensitive by default. |
| For example, if you create the following table:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>cqlsh> CREATE TABLE test.FooBar(k int PRIMARY KEY); |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p>Cassandra actually stores the table name as lower-case:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>cqlsh> SELECT table_name FROM system_schema.tables WHERE keyspace_name = 'test'; |
| |
| table_name |
| ------------ |
| foobar |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p>And you can use whatever case you want in your queries:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>cqlsh> SELECT * FROM test.FooBar; |
| cqlsh> SELECT * FROM test.foobar; |
| cqlsh> SELECT * FROM test.FoObAr; |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p>However, if you enclose an identifier in double quotes, it becomes case-sensitive:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>cqlsh> CREATE TABLE test."FooBar"(k int PRIMARY KEY); |
| cqlsh> SELECT table_name FROM system_schema.tables WHERE keyspace_name = 'test'; |
| |
| table_name |
| ------------ |
| FooBar |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p>You now have to use the exact, quoted form in your queries:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>cqlsh> SELECT * FROM test."FooBar"; |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p>If you forget to quote, or use the wrong case, you'll get an error: </p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>cqlsh> SELECT * FROM test.Foobar; |
| InvalidRequest: Error from server: code=2200 [Invalid query] message="table foobar does not exist" |
| |
| cqlsh> SELECT * FROM test."FOOBAR"; |
| InvalidRequest: Error from server: code=2200 [Invalid query] message="table FOOBAR does not exist" |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <h3 id="in-the-driver">In the driver<a class="headerlink" href="#in-the-driver" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>When we deal with identifiers, we use the following definitions:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><strong>CQL form</strong>: how you would type it in a CQL query. In other words, case-sensitive if it's quoted, |
| case-insensitive otherwise; </li> |
| <li><strong>internal form</strong>: how it is stored in system tables. In other words, never quoted and always in |
| its exact case.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>In previous driver versions, identifiers were represented as raw strings. The problem is that this |
| does not capture the form; when a method processed an identifier, it always had to know where it |
| came from and what form it was in, and possibly convert it. This led a lot of internal complexity, |
| and recurring bugs.</p> |
| <p>To address this issue, driver 4+ uses a wrapper: <a href="https://docs.datastax.com/en/drivers/java/4.17/com/datastax/oss/driver/api/core/CqlIdentifier.html">CqlIdentifier</a>. Its API methods are always |
| explicit about the form:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="n">CqlIdentifier</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">caseInsensitiveId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CqlIdentifier</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">fromCql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"FooBar"</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">caseInsensitiveId</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">asInternal</span><span class="p">());</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// foobar</span> |
| <span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">caseInsensitiveId</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">asCql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="cm">/*pretty=*/</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// "foobar"</span> |
| <span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">caseInsensitiveId</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">asCql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// foobar</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1">// Double-quotes need to be escaped inside Java strings</span> |
| <span class="n">CqlIdentifier</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">caseSensitiveId</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CqlIdentifier</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">fromCql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"\"FooBar\""</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">caseSensitiveId</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">asInternal</span><span class="p">());</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// FooBar</span> |
| <span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">caseSensitiveId</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">asCql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// "FooBar"</span> |
| <span class="n">System</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">out</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">println</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">caseSensitiveId</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">asCql</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">));</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// "FooBar"</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">CqlIdentifier</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">caseSensitiveId2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">CqlIdentifier</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">fromInternal</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"FooBar"</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="k">assert</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">caseSensitiveId</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="na">equals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">caseSensitiveId2</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| </code></pre></div> |
| <p><em>Side note: as shown above, <code>asCql</code> has a pretty-printing option that omits the quotes if they are |
| not necessary. This looks nicer, but is slightly more expensive because it requires parsing the |
| string.</em></p> |
| <p>The driver API uses <code>CqlIdentifier</code> whenever it produces or consumes an identifier. For example:</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>getting the keyspace from a table's metadata: <code>CqlIdentifier keyspaceId = |
| tableMetadata.getKeyspace()</code>;</li> |
| <li>setting the keyspace when building a session: <code>CqlSession.builder().withKeyspace(keyspaceId)</code>.</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>For "consuming" methods, string overloads are also provided for convenience, for example |
| <code>SessionBuilder.withKeyspace(String)</code>.</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>getters and setters of "data container" types <a href="https://docs.datastax.com/en/drivers/java/4.17/com/datastax/oss/driver/api/core/cql/Row.html">Row</a>, <a href="https://docs.datastax.com/en/drivers/java/4.17/com/datastax/oss/driver/api/core/data/UdtValue.html">UdtValue</a>, and <a href="https://docs.datastax.com/en/drivers/java/4.17/com/datastax/oss/driver/api/core/cql/BoundStatement.html">BoundStatement</a> follow |
| special rules described <a href="https://docs.datastax.com/en/drivers/java/4.17/com/datastax/oss/driver/api/core/data/AccessibleByName.html">here</a> (these methods are treated apart because they are |
| generally invoked very often, and therefore avoid to create <code>CqlIdentifier</code> instances internally); </li> |
| <li>in other cases, the string is always assumed to be in CQL form, and converted on the fly with |
| <code>CqlIdentifier.fromCql</code>. </li> |
| </ul> |
| <h3 id="good-practices">Good practices<a class="headerlink" href="#good-practices" title="Permanent link">¶</a></h3> |
| <p>As should be clear by now, case sensitivity introduces a lot of extra (and arguably unnecessary) |
| complexity.</p> |
| <p>The Java Driver team's recommendation is:</p> |
| <blockquote> |
| <p><strong>Always use case-insensitive identifiers in your data model.</strong></p> |
| </blockquote> |
| <p>You'll never have to create <code>CqlIdentifier</code> instances in your application code, nor think about |
| CQL/internal forms. When you pass an identifier to the driver, use the string-based methods. When |
| the driver returns an identifier and you need to convert it into a string, use <code>asInternal()</code>.</p> |
| <p>If you worry about readability, use snake case (<code>shopping_cart</code>), or simply stick to camel case |
| (<code>ShoppingCart</code>) and ignore the fact that Cassandra lower-cases everything internally.</p> |
| <p>The only reason to use case sensitivity should be if you don't control the data model. In that |
| case, either pass quoted strings to the driver, or use <code>CqlIdentifier</code> instances (stored as |
| constants to avoid creating them over and over).</p> |
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