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apache / beam / master / . / sdks / python / apache_beam / transforms / util.py
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#
# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
# contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
# the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#
"""Simple utility PTransforms.
"""
# pytype: skip-file
import collections
import contextlib
import hashlib
import hmac
import logging
import random
import re
import threading
import time
import uuid
from collections.abc import Callable
from collections.abc import Iterable
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
from typing import Any
from typing import List
from typing import Optional
from typing import Tuple
from typing import TypeVar
from typing import Union
from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
import apache_beam as beam
from apache_beam import coders
from apache_beam import pvalue
from apache_beam import typehints
from apache_beam.metrics import Metrics
from apache_beam.options import pipeline_options
from apache_beam.portability import common_urns
from apache_beam.portability.api import beam_runner_api_pb2
from apache_beam.pvalue import AsSideInput
from apache_beam.pvalue import PCollection
from apache_beam.transforms import window
from apache_beam.transforms.combiners import CountCombineFn
from apache_beam.transforms.core import CombinePerKey
from apache_beam.transforms.core import Create
from apache_beam.transforms.core import DoFn
from apache_beam.transforms.core import FlatMap
from apache_beam.transforms.core import Flatten
from apache_beam.transforms.core import GroupByKey
from apache_beam.transforms.core import Map
from apache_beam.transforms.core import MapTuple
from apache_beam.transforms.core import ParDo
from apache_beam.transforms.core import Windowing
from apache_beam.transforms.ptransform import PTransform
from apache_beam.transforms.ptransform import ptransform_fn
from apache_beam.transforms.timeutil import TimeDomain
from apache_beam.transforms.trigger import AccumulationMode
from apache_beam.transforms.trigger import Always
from apache_beam.transforms.userstate import BagStateSpec
from apache_beam.transforms.userstate import CombiningValueStateSpec
from apache_beam.transforms.userstate import ReadModifyWriteStateSpec
from apache_beam.transforms.userstate import TimerSpec
from apache_beam.transforms.userstate import on_timer
from apache_beam.transforms.window import NonMergingWindowFn
from apache_beam.transforms.window import TimestampCombiner
from apache_beam.transforms.window import TimestampedValue
from apache_beam.typehints import trivial_inference
from apache_beam.typehints.decorators import get_signature
from apache_beam.typehints.native_type_compatibility import TypedWindowedValue
from apache_beam.typehints.sharded_key_type import ShardedKeyType
from apache_beam.utils import shared
from apache_beam.utils import windowed_value
from apache_beam.utils.annotations import deprecated
from apache_beam.utils.sharded_key import ShardedKey
from apache_beam.utils.timestamp import Timestamp
if TYPE_CHECKING:
from apache_beam.runners.pipeline_context import PipelineContext
__all__ = [
'BatchElements',
'CoGroupByKey',
'Distinct',
'GcpSecret',
'GroupByEncryptedKey',
'Keys',
'KvSwap',
'LogElements',
'Regex',
'Reify',
'RemoveDuplicates',
'Reshuffle',
'Secret',
'ToString',
'Tee',
'Values',
'WithKeys',
'GroupIntoBatches',
'WaitOn'
]
K = TypeVar('K')
V = TypeVar('V')
T = TypeVar('T')
U = TypeVar('U')
RESHUFFLE_TYPEHINT_BREAKING_CHANGE_VERSION = "2.64.0"
class CoGroupByKey(PTransform):
"""Groups results across several PCollections by key.
Given an input dict of serializable keys (called "tags") to 0 or more
PCollections of (key, value) tuples, it creates a single output PCollection
of (key, value) tuples whose keys are the unique input keys from all inputs,
and whose values are dicts mapping each tag to an iterable of whatever values
were under the key in the corresponding PCollection, in this manner::
('some key', {'tag1': ['value 1 under "some key" in pcoll1',
'value 2 under "some key" in pcoll1',
...],
'tag2': ... ,
... })
where `[]` refers to an iterable, not a list.
For example, given::
{'tag1': pc1, 'tag2': pc2, 333: pc3}
where::
pc1 = beam.Create([(k1, v1)]))
pc2 = beam.Create([])
pc3 = beam.Create([(k1, v31), (k1, v32), (k2, v33)])
The output PCollection would consist of items::
[(k1, {'tag1': [v1], 'tag2': [], 333: [v31, v32]}),
(k2, {'tag1': [], 'tag2': [], 333: [v33]})]
where `[]` refers to an iterable, not a list.
CoGroupByKey also works for tuples, lists, or other flat iterables of
PCollections, in which case the values of the resulting PCollections
will be tuples whose nth value is the iterable of values from the nth
PCollection---conceptually, the "tags" are the indices into the input.
Thus, for this input::
(pc1, pc2, pc3)
the output would be::
[(k1, ([v1], [], [v31, v32]),
(k2, ([], [], [v33]))]
where, again, `[]` refers to an iterable, not a list.
Attributes:
**kwargs: Accepts a single named argument "pipeline", which specifies the
pipeline that "owns" this PTransform. Ordinarily CoGroupByKey can obtain
this information from one of the input PCollections, but if there are none
(or if there's a chance there may be none), this argument is the only way
to provide pipeline information, and should be considered mandatory.
"""
def __init__(self, *, pipeline=None):
self.pipeline = pipeline
def _extract_input_pvalues(self, pvalueish):
try:
# If this works, it's a dict.
return pvalueish, tuple(pvalueish.values())
except AttributeError:
# Cast iterables a tuple so we can do re-iteration.
pcolls = tuple(pvalueish)
return pcolls, pcolls
def expand(self, pcolls):
if not pcolls:
pcolls = (self.pipeline | Create([]), )
if isinstance(pcolls, dict):
tags = list(pcolls.keys())
if all(isinstance(tag, str) and len(tag) < 10 for tag in tags):
# Small, string tags. Pass them as data.
pcolls_dict = pcolls
restore_tags = None
else:
# Pass the tags in the restore_tags closure.
tags = list(pcolls.keys())
pcolls_dict = {str(ix): pcolls[tag] for (ix, tag) in enumerate(tags)}
restore_tags = lambda vs: {
tag: vs[str(ix)]
for (ix, tag) in enumerate(tags)
}
else:
# Tags are tuple indices.
tags = [str(ix) for ix in range(len(pcolls))]
pcolls_dict = dict(zip(tags, pcolls))
restore_tags = lambda vs: tuple(vs[tag] for tag in tags)
input_key_types = []
input_value_types = []
for pcoll in pcolls_dict.values():
key_type, value_type = typehints.trivial_inference.key_value_types(
pcoll.element_type)
input_key_types.append(key_type)
input_value_types.append(value_type)
output_key_type = typehints.Union[tuple(input_key_types)]
iterable_input_value_types = tuple(
typehints.Iterable[t] for t in input_value_types)
output_value_type = typehints.Dict[
str, typehints.Union[iterable_input_value_types or [typehints.Any]]]
result = (
pcolls_dict
| 'CoGroupByKeyImpl' >>
_CoGBKImpl(pipeline=self.pipeline).with_output_types(
typehints.Tuple[output_key_type, output_value_type]))
if restore_tags:
if isinstance(pcolls, dict):
dict_key_type = typehints.Union[tuple(
trivial_inference.instance_to_type(tag) for tag in tags)]
output_value_type = typehints.Dict[
dict_key_type, typehints.Union[iterable_input_value_types]]
else:
output_value_type = typehints.Tuple[iterable_input_value_types]
result |= 'RestoreTags' >> MapTuple(
lambda k, vs: (k, restore_tags(vs))).with_output_types(
typehints.Tuple[output_key_type, output_value_type])
return result
class _CoGBKImpl(PTransform):
def __init__(self, *, pipeline=None):
self.pipeline = pipeline
def expand(self, pcolls):
# Check input PCollections for PCollection-ness, and that they all belong
# to the same pipeline.
for pcoll in pcolls.values():
self._check_pcollection(pcoll)
if self.pipeline:
assert pcoll.pipeline == self.pipeline, (
'All input PCollections must belong to the same pipeline.')
tags = list(pcolls.keys())
def add_tag(tag):
return lambda k, v: (k, (tag, v))
def collect_values(key, tagged_values):
grouped_values = {tag: [] for tag in tags}
for tag, value in tagged_values:
grouped_values[tag].append(value)
return key, grouped_values
return ([
pcoll
| 'Tag[%s]' % tag >> MapTuple(add_tag(tag))
for (tag, pcoll) in pcolls.items()
]
| Flatten(pipeline=self.pipeline)
| GroupByKey()
| MapTuple(collect_values).with_input_types(
tuple[K, Iterable[tuple[U, V]]]).with_output_types(
tuple[K, dict[U, list[V]]]))
@ptransform_fn
@typehints.with_input_types(tuple[K, V])
@typehints.with_output_types(K)
def Keys(pcoll, label='Keys'): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
"""Produces a PCollection of first elements of 2-tuples in a PCollection."""
return pcoll | label >> MapTuple(lambda k, _: k)
@ptransform_fn
@typehints.with_input_types(tuple[K, V])
@typehints.with_output_types(V)
def Values(pcoll, label='Values'): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
"""Produces a PCollection of second elements of 2-tuples in a PCollection."""
return pcoll | label >> MapTuple(lambda _, v: v)
@ptransform_fn
@typehints.with_input_types(tuple[K, V])
@typehints.with_output_types(tuple[V, K])
def KvSwap(pcoll, label='KvSwap'): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
"""Produces a PCollection reversing 2-tuples in a PCollection."""
return pcoll | label >> MapTuple(lambda k, v: (v, k))
@ptransform_fn
@typehints.with_input_types(T)
@typehints.with_output_types(T)
def Distinct(pcoll): # pylint: disable=invalid-name
"""Produces a PCollection containing distinct elements of a PCollection."""
return (
pcoll
| 'ToPairs' >> Map(lambda v: (v, None))
| 'Group' >> CombinePerKey(lambda vs: None)
| 'Distinct' >> Keys())
@deprecated(since='2.12', current='Distinct')
@ptransform_fn
@typehints.with_input_types(T)
@typehints.with_output_types(T)
def RemoveDuplicates(pcoll):
"""Produces a PCollection containing distinct elements of a PCollection."""
return pcoll | 'RemoveDuplicates' >> Distinct()
class Secret():
"""A secret management class used for handling sensitive data.
This class provides a generic interface for secret management. Implementations
of this class should handle fetching secrets from a secret management system.
"""
def get_secret_bytes(self) -> bytes:
"""Returns the secret as a byte string."""
raise NotImplementedError()
@staticmethod
def generate_secret_bytes() -> bytes:
"""Generates a new secret key."""
return Fernet.generate_key()
@staticmethod
def parse_secret_option(secret) -> 'Secret':
"""Parses a secret string and returns the appropriate secret type.
The secret string should be formatted like:
'type:<secret_type>;<secret_param>:<value>'
For example, 'type:GcpSecret;version_name:my_secret/versions/latest'
would return a GcpSecret initialized with 'my_secret/versions/latest'.
"""
param_map = {}
for param in secret.split(';'):
parts = param.split(':')
param_map[parts[0]] = parts[1]
if 'type' not in param_map:
raise ValueError('Secret string must contain a valid type parameter')
secret_type = param_map['type'].lower()
del param_map['type']
secret_class = None
secret_params = None
if secret_type == 'gcpsecret':
secret_class = GcpSecret
secret_params = ['version_name']
else:
raise ValueError(
f'Invalid secret type {secret_type}, currently only '
'GcpSecret is supported')
for param_name in param_map.keys():
if param_name not in secret_params:
raise ValueError(
f'Invalid secret parameter {param_name}, '
f'{secret_type} only supports the following '
f'parameters: {secret_params}')
return secret_class(**param_map)
class GcpSecret(Secret):
"""A secret manager implementation that retrieves secrets from Google Cloud
Secret Manager.
"""
def __init__(self, version_name: str):
"""Initializes a GcpSecret object.
Args:
version_name: The full version name of the secret in Google Cloud Secret
Manager. For example:
projects/<id>/secrets/<secret_name>/versions/1.
For more info, see
https://cloud.google.com/python/docs/reference/secretmanager/latest/google.cloud.secretmanager_v1beta1.services.secret_manager_service.SecretManagerServiceClient#google_cloud_secretmanager_v1beta1_services_secret_manager_service_SecretManagerServiceClient_access_secret_version
"""
self._version_name = version_name
def get_secret_bytes(self) -> bytes:
try:
from google.cloud import secretmanager
client = secretmanager.SecretManagerServiceClient()
response = client.access_secret_version(
request={"name": self._version_name})
secret = response.payload.data
return secret
except Exception as e:
raise RuntimeError(
'Failed to retrieve secret bytes for secret '
f'{self._version_name} with exception {e}')
def __eq__(self, secret):
return self._version_name == getattr(secret, '_version_name', None)
class _EncryptMessage(DoFn):
"""A DoFn that encrypts the key and value of each element."""
def __init__(
self,
hmac_key_secret: Secret,
key_coder: coders.Coder,
value_coder: coders.Coder):
self.hmac_key_secret = hmac_key_secret
self.key_coder = key_coder
self.value_coder = value_coder
def setup(self):
self._hmac_key = self.hmac_key_secret.get_secret_bytes()
self.fernet = Fernet(self._hmac_key)
def process(self,
element: Any) -> Iterable[Tuple[bytes, Tuple[bytes, bytes]]]:
"""Encrypts the key and value of an element.
Args:
element: A tuple containing the key and value to be encrypted.
Yields:
A tuple containing the HMAC of the encoded key, and a tuple of the
encrypted key and value.
"""
k, v = element
encoded_key = self.key_coder.encode(k)
encoded_value = self.value_coder.encode(v)
hmac_encoded_key = hmac.new(self._hmac_key, encoded_key,
hashlib.sha256).digest()
out_element = (
hmac_encoded_key,
(self.fernet.encrypt(encoded_key), self.fernet.encrypt(encoded_value)))
yield out_element
class _DecryptMessage(DoFn):
"""A DoFn that decrypts the key and value of each element."""
def __init__(
self,
hmac_key_secret: Secret,
key_coder: coders.Coder,
value_coder: coders.Coder):
self.hmac_key_secret = hmac_key_secret
self.key_coder = key_coder
self.value_coder = value_coder
def setup(self):
hmac_key = self.hmac_key_secret.get_secret_bytes()
self.fernet = Fernet(hmac_key)
def decode_value(self, encoded_element: Tuple[bytes, bytes]) -> Any:
encrypted_value = encoded_element[1]
encoded_value = self.fernet.decrypt(encrypted_value)
real_val = self.value_coder.decode(encoded_value)
return real_val
def filter_elements_by_key(
self,
encrypted_key: bytes,
encoded_elements: Iterable[Tuple[bytes, bytes]]) -> Iterable[Any]:
for e in encoded_elements:
if encrypted_key == self.fernet.decrypt(e[0]):
yield self.decode_value(e)
# Right now, GBK always returns a list of elements, so we match this behavior
# here. This does mean that the whole list will be materialized every time,
# but passing an Iterable containing an Iterable breaks when pickling happens
def process(
self, element: Tuple[bytes, Iterable[Tuple[bytes, bytes]]]
) -> Iterable[Tuple[Any, List[Any]]]:
"""Decrypts the key and values of an element.
Args:
element: A tuple containing the HMAC of the encoded key and an iterable
of tuples of encrypted keys and values.
Yields:
A tuple containing the decrypted key and a list of decrypted values.
"""
unused_hmac_encoded_key, encoded_elements = element
seen_keys = set()
# Since there could be hmac collisions, we will use the fernet encrypted
# key to confirm that the mapping is actually correct.
for e in encoded_elements:
encrypted_key, unused_encrypted_value = e
encoded_key = self.fernet.decrypt(encrypted_key)
if encoded_key in seen_keys:
continue
seen_keys.add(encoded_key)
real_key = self.key_coder.decode(encoded_key)
yield (
real_key,
list(self.filter_elements_by_key(encoded_key, encoded_elements)))
@typehints.with_input_types(Tuple[K, V])
@typehints.with_output_types(Tuple[K, Iterable[V]])
class GroupByEncryptedKey(PTransform):
"""A PTransform that provides a secure alternative to GroupByKey.
This transform encrypts the keys of the input PCollection, performs a
GroupByKey on the encrypted keys, and then decrypts the keys in the output.
This is useful when the keys contain sensitive data that should not be
stored at rest by the runner. Note the following caveats:
1) Runners can implement arbitrary materialization steps, so this does not
guarantee that the whole pipeline will not have unencrypted data at rest by
itself.
2) If using this transform in streaming mode, this transform may not properly
handle update compatibility checks around coders. This means that an improper
update could lead to invalid coders, causing pipeline failure or data
corruption. If you need to update, make sure that the input type passed into
this transform does not change.
"""
def __init__(self, hmac_key: Secret):
"""Initializes a GroupByEncryptedKey transform.
Args:
hmac_key: A Secret object that provides the secret key for HMAC and
encryption. For example, a GcpSecret can be used to access a secret
stored in GCP Secret Manager
"""
self._hmac_key = hmac_key
def expand(self, pcoll):
key_type, value_type = (typehints.typehints.coerce_to_kv_type(
pcoll.element_type).tuple_types)
kv_type_hint = typehints.KV[key_type, value_type]
if kv_type_hint and kv_type_hint != typehints.Any:
coder = coders.registry.get_coder(kv_type_hint).as_deterministic_coder(
f'GroupByEncryptedKey {self.label}'
'The key coder is not deterministic. This may result in incorrect '
'pipeline output. This can be fixed by adding a type hint to the '
'operation preceding the GroupByKey step, and for custom key '
'classes, by writing a deterministic custom Coder. Please see the '
'documentation for more details.')
if not coder.is_kv_coder():
raise ValueError(
'Input elements to the transform %s with stateful DoFn must be '
'key-value pairs.' % self)
key_coder = coder.key_coder()
value_coder = coder.value_coder()
else:
key_coder = coders.registry.get_coder(typehints.Any)
value_coder = key_coder
gbk = beam.GroupByKey()
gbk._inside_gbek = True
return (
pcoll
| beam.ParDo(_EncryptMessage(self._hmac_key, key_coder, value_coder))
| gbk
| beam.ParDo(_DecryptMessage(self._hmac_key, key_coder, value_coder)))
class _BatchSizeEstimator(object):
"""Estimates the best size for batches given historical timing.
"""
_MAX_DATA_POINTS = 100
_MAX_GROWTH_FACTOR = 2
def __init__(
self,
min_batch_size=1,
max_batch_size=10000,
target_batch_overhead=.05,
target_batch_duration_secs=10,
target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost=None,
variance=0.25,
clock=time.time,
ignore_first_n_seen_per_batch_size=0,
record_metrics=True):
if min_batch_size > max_batch_size:
raise ValueError(
"Minimum (%s) must not be greater than maximum (%s)" %
(min_batch_size, max_batch_size))
if target_batch_overhead and not 0 < target_batch_overhead <= 1:
raise ValueError(
"target_batch_overhead (%s) must be between 0 and 1" %
(target_batch_overhead))
if target_batch_duration_secs and target_batch_duration_secs <= 0:
raise ValueError(
"target_batch_duration_secs (%s) must be positive" %
(target_batch_duration_secs))
if (target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost and
target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost <= 0):
raise ValueError(
"target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost "
"(%s) must be positive" %
(target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost))
if not (target_batch_overhead or target_batch_duration_secs or
target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost):
raise ValueError(
"At least one of target_batch_overhead or "
"target_batch_duration_secs or "
"target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost must be positive.")
if ignore_first_n_seen_per_batch_size < 0:
raise ValueError(
'ignore_first_n_seen_per_batch_size (%s) must be non '
'negative' % (ignore_first_n_seen_per_batch_size))
self._min_batch_size = min_batch_size
self._max_batch_size = max_batch_size
self._target_batch_overhead = target_batch_overhead
self._target_batch_duration_secs = target_batch_duration_secs
self._target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost = (
target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost)
self._variance = variance
self._clock = clock
self._data = []
self._ignore_next_timing = False
self._ignore_first_n_seen_per_batch_size = (
ignore_first_n_seen_per_batch_size)
self._batch_size_num_seen = {}
self._replay_last_batch_size = None
self._record_metrics = record_metrics
self._element_count = 0
self._batch_count = 0
if record_metrics:
self._size_distribution = Metrics.distribution(
'BatchElements', 'batch_size')
self._time_distribution = Metrics.distribution(
'BatchElements', 'msec_per_batch')
else:
self._size_distribution = self._time_distribution = None
# Beam distributions only accept integer values, so we use this to
# accumulate under-reported values until they add up to whole milliseconds.
# (Milliseconds are chosen because that's conventionally used elsewhere in
# profiling-style counters.)
self._remainder_msecs = 0
def ignore_next_timing(self):
"""Call to indicate the next timing should be ignored.
For example, the first emit of a ParDo operation is known to be anomalous
due to setup that may occur.
"""
self._ignore_next_timing = True
@contextlib.contextmanager
def record_time(self, batch_size):
start = self._clock()
yield
elapsed = float(self._clock() - start)
elapsed_msec = 1e3 * elapsed + self._remainder_msecs
if self._record_metrics:
self._size_distribution.update(batch_size)
self._time_distribution.update(int(elapsed_msec))
self._element_count += batch_size
self._batch_count += 1
self._remainder_msecs = elapsed_msec - int(elapsed_msec)
# If we ignore the next timing, replay the batch size to get accurate
# timing.
if self._ignore_next_timing:
self._ignore_next_timing = False
self._replay_last_batch_size = min(batch_size, self._max_batch_size)
else:
self._data.append((batch_size, elapsed))
if len(self._data) >= self._MAX_DATA_POINTS:
self._thin_data()
def _thin_data(self):
# Make sure we don't change the parity of len(self._data)
# As it's used below to alternate jitter.
self._data.pop(random.randrange(len(self._data) // 4))
self._data.pop(random.randrange(len(self._data) // 2))
@staticmethod
def linear_regression_no_numpy(xs, ys):
# Least squares fit for y = a + bx over all points.
n = float(len(xs))
xbar = sum(xs) / n
ybar = sum(ys) / n
if xbar == 0:
return ybar, 0
if all(xs[0] == x for x in xs):
# Simply use the mean if all values in xs are same.
return 0, ybar / xbar
b = (
sum([(x - xbar) * (y - ybar)
for x, y in zip(xs, ys)]) / sum([(x - xbar)**2 for x in xs]))
a = ybar - b * xbar
return a, b
@staticmethod
def linear_regression_numpy(xs, ys):
# pylint: disable=wrong-import-order, wrong-import-position
import numpy as np
from numpy import sum
n = len(xs)
if all(xs[0] == x for x in xs):
# If all values of xs are same then fallback to linear_regression_no_numpy
return _BatchSizeEstimator.linear_regression_no_numpy(xs, ys)
xs = np.asarray(xs, dtype=float)
ys = np.asarray(ys, dtype=float)
# First do a simple least squares fit for y = a + bx over all points.
b, a = np.polyfit(xs, ys, 1)
if n < 10:
return a, b
else:
# Refine this by throwing out outliers, according to Cook's distance.
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%27s_distance
sum_x = sum(xs)
sum_x2 = sum(xs**2)
errs = a + b * xs - ys
s2 = sum(errs**2) / (n - 2)
if s2 == 0:
# It's an exact fit!
return a, b
h = (sum_x2 - 2 * sum_x * xs + n * xs**2) / (n * sum_x2 - sum_x**2)
cook_ds = 0.5 / s2 * errs**2 * (h / (1 - h)**2)
# Re-compute the regression, excluding those points with Cook's distance
# greater than 0.5, and weighting by the inverse of x to give a more
# stable y-intercept (as small batches have relatively more information
# about the fixed overhead).
weight = (cook_ds <= 0.5) / xs
b, a = np.polyfit(xs, ys, 1, w=weight)
return a, b
try:
# pylint: disable=wrong-import-order, wrong-import-position
import numpy as np
linear_regression = linear_regression_numpy
except ImportError:
linear_regression = linear_regression_no_numpy
def _calculate_next_batch_size(self):
if self._min_batch_size == self._max_batch_size:
return self._min_batch_size
elif len(self._data) < 1:
return self._min_batch_size
elif len(self._data) < 2:
# Force some variety so we have distinct batch sizes on which to do
# linear regression below.
return int(
max(
min(
self._max_batch_size,
self._min_batch_size * self._MAX_GROWTH_FACTOR),
self._min_batch_size + 1))
# There tends to be a lot of noise in the top quantile, which also
# has outsided influence in the regression. If we have enough data,
# Simply declare the top 20% to be outliers.
trimmed_data = sorted(self._data)[:max(20, len(self._data) * 4 // 5)]
# Linear regression for y = a + bx, where x is batch size and y is time.
xs, ys = zip(*trimmed_data)
a, b = self.linear_regression(xs, ys)
# Avoid nonsensical or division-by-zero errors below due to noise.
a = max(a, 1e-10)
b = max(b, 1e-20)
last_batch_size = self._data[-1][0]
cap = min(last_batch_size * self._MAX_GROWTH_FACTOR, self._max_batch_size)
target = self._max_batch_size
if self._target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost:
# Solution to
# a + b*x = self._target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost.
target = min(
target,
(self._target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost - a) / b)
if self._target_batch_duration_secs:
# Solution to b*x = self._target_batch_duration_secs.
# We ignore the fixed cost in this computation as it has negligeabel
# impact when it is small and unhelpfully forces the minimum batch size
# when it is large.
target = min(target, self._target_batch_duration_secs / b)
if self._target_batch_overhead:
# Solution to a / (a + b*x) = self._target_batch_overhead.
target = min(target, (a / b) * (1 / self._target_batch_overhead - 1))
# Avoid getting stuck at a single batch size (especially the minimal
# batch size) which would not allow us to extrapolate to other batch
# sizes.
# Jitter alternates between 0 and 1.
jitter = len(self._data) % 2
# Smear our samples across a range centered at the target.
if len(self._data) > 10:
target += int(target * self._variance * 2 * (random.random() - .5))
return int(max(self._min_batch_size + jitter, min(target, cap)))
def next_batch_size(self):
# Check if we should replay a previous batch size due to it not being
# recorded.
if self._replay_last_batch_size:
result = self._replay_last_batch_size
self._replay_last_batch_size = None
else:
result = self._calculate_next_batch_size()
seen_count = self._batch_size_num_seen.get(result, 0) + 1
if seen_count <= self._ignore_first_n_seen_per_batch_size:
self.ignore_next_timing()
self._batch_size_num_seen[result] = seen_count
return result
def stats(self):
return "element_count=%s batch_count=%s next_batch_size=%s timings=%s" % (
self._element_count,
self._batch_count,
self._calculate_next_batch_size(),
self._data)
class _GlobalWindowsBatchingDoFn(DoFn):
def __init__(self, batch_size_estimator, element_size_fn):
self._batch_size_estimator = batch_size_estimator
self._element_size_fn = element_size_fn
def start_bundle(self):
self._batch = []
self._running_batch_size = 0
self._target_batch_size = self._batch_size_estimator.next_batch_size()
# The first emit often involves non-trivial setup.
self._batch_size_estimator.ignore_next_timing()
def process(self, element):
element_size = self._element_size_fn(element)
if self._running_batch_size + element_size > self._target_batch_size:
with self._batch_size_estimator.record_time(self._running_batch_size):
yield window.GlobalWindows.windowed_value_at_end_of_window(self._batch)
self._batch = []
self._running_batch_size = 0
self._target_batch_size = self._batch_size_estimator.next_batch_size()
self._batch.append(element)
self._running_batch_size += element_size
def finish_bundle(self):
if self._batch:
with self._batch_size_estimator.record_time(self._running_batch_size):
yield window.GlobalWindows.windowed_value_at_end_of_window(self._batch)
self._batch = None
self._running_batch_size = 0
self._target_batch_size = self._batch_size_estimator.next_batch_size()
logging.info(
"BatchElements statistics: " + self._batch_size_estimator.stats())
class _SizedBatch():
def __init__(self):
self.elements = []
self.size = 0
class _WindowAwareBatchingDoFn(DoFn):
_MAX_LIVE_WINDOWS = 10
def __init__(self, batch_size_estimator, element_size_fn):
self._batch_size_estimator = batch_size_estimator
self._element_size_fn = element_size_fn
def start_bundle(self):
self._batches = collections.defaultdict(_SizedBatch)
self._target_batch_size = self._batch_size_estimator.next_batch_size()
# The first emit often involves non-trivial setup.
self._batch_size_estimator.ignore_next_timing()
def process(self, element, window=DoFn.WindowParam):
batch = self._batches[window]
element_size = self._element_size_fn(element)
if batch.size + element_size > self._target_batch_size:
with self._batch_size_estimator.record_time(batch.size):
yield windowed_value.WindowedValue(
batch.elements, window.max_timestamp(), (window, ))
del self._batches[window]
self._target_batch_size = self._batch_size_estimator.next_batch_size()
self._batches[window].elements.append(element)
self._batches[window].size += element_size
if len(self._batches) > self._MAX_LIVE_WINDOWS:
window, batch = max(
self._batches.items(),
key=lambda window_batch: window_batch[1].size)
with self._batch_size_estimator.record_time(batch.size):
yield windowed_value.WindowedValue(
batch.elements, window.max_timestamp(), (window, ))
del self._batches[window]
self._target_batch_size = self._batch_size_estimator.next_batch_size()
def finish_bundle(self):
for window, batch in self._batches.items():
if batch:
with self._batch_size_estimator.record_time(batch.size):
yield windowed_value.WindowedValue(
batch.elements, window.max_timestamp(), (window, ))
self._batches = None
self._target_batch_size = self._batch_size_estimator.next_batch_size()
def _pardo_stateful_batch_elements(
input_coder: coders.Coder,
batch_size_estimator: _BatchSizeEstimator,
max_buffering_duration_secs: int,
clock=time.time):
ELEMENT_STATE = BagStateSpec('values', input_coder)
COUNT_STATE = CombiningValueStateSpec('count', input_coder, CountCombineFn())
BATCH_SIZE_STATE = ReadModifyWriteStateSpec('batch_size', input_coder)
WINDOW_TIMER = TimerSpec('window_end', TimeDomain.WATERMARK)
BUFFERING_TIMER = TimerSpec('buffering_end', TimeDomain.REAL_TIME)
BATCH_ESTIMATOR_STATE = ReadModifyWriteStateSpec(
'batch_estimator', coders.PickleCoder())
class _StatefulBatchElementsDoFn(DoFn):
def process(
self,
element,
window=DoFn.WindowParam,
element_state=DoFn.StateParam(ELEMENT_STATE),
count_state=DoFn.StateParam(COUNT_STATE),
batch_size_state=DoFn.StateParam(BATCH_SIZE_STATE),
batch_estimator_state=DoFn.StateParam(BATCH_ESTIMATOR_STATE),
window_timer=DoFn.TimerParam(WINDOW_TIMER),
buffering_timer=DoFn.TimerParam(BUFFERING_TIMER)):
window_timer.set(window.end)
# Drop the fixed key since we don't care about it
element_state.add(element[1])
count_state.add(1)
count = count_state.read()
target_size = batch_size_state.read()
# Should only happen on the first element
if target_size is None:
batch_estimator = batch_size_estimator
target_size = batch_estimator.next_batch_size()
batch_size_state.write(target_size)
batch_estimator_state.write(batch_estimator)
if count == 1 and max_buffering_duration_secs > 0:
# First element in batch, start buffering timer
buffering_timer.set(clock() + max_buffering_duration_secs)
if count >= target_size:
return self.flush_batch(
element_state,
count_state,
batch_size_state,
batch_estimator_state,
buffering_timer)
@on_timer(WINDOW_TIMER)
def on_window_timer(
self,
element_state=DoFn.StateParam(ELEMENT_STATE),
count_state=DoFn.StateParam(COUNT_STATE),
batch_size_state=DoFn.StateParam(BATCH_SIZE_STATE),
batch_estimator_state=DoFn.StateParam(BATCH_ESTIMATOR_STATE),
buffering_timer=DoFn.TimerParam(BUFFERING_TIMER)):
return self.flush_batch(
element_state,
count_state,
batch_size_state,
batch_estimator_state,
buffering_timer)
@on_timer(BUFFERING_TIMER)
def on_buffering_timer(
self,
element_state=DoFn.StateParam(ELEMENT_STATE),
count_state=DoFn.StateParam(COUNT_STATE),
batch_size_state=DoFn.StateParam(BATCH_SIZE_STATE),
batch_estimator_state=DoFn.StateParam(BATCH_ESTIMATOR_STATE),
buffering_timer=DoFn.TimerParam(BUFFERING_TIMER)):
return self.flush_batch(
element_state,
count_state,
batch_size_state,
batch_estimator_state,
buffering_timer)
def flush_batch(
self,
element_state,
count_state,
batch_size_state,
batch_estimator_state,
buffering_timer):
batch = [element for element in element_state.read()]
if not batch:
return
element_state.clear()
count_state.clear()
batch_estimator = batch_estimator_state.read()
with batch_estimator.record_time(len(batch)):
yield batch
batch_size_state.write(batch_estimator.next_batch_size())
batch_estimator_state.write(batch_estimator)
buffering_timer.clear()
return _StatefulBatchElementsDoFn()
class SharedKey():
"""A class that holds a per-process UUID used to key elements for streaming
BatchElements.
"""
def __init__(self):
self.key = uuid.uuid4().hex
def load_shared_key():
return SharedKey()
class WithSharedKey(DoFn):
"""A DoFn that keys elements with a per-process UUID. Used in streaming
BatchElements.
"""
def __init__(self):
self.shared_handle = shared.Shared()
def setup(self):
self.key = self.shared_handle.acquire(load_shared_key, "WithSharedKey").key
def process(self, element):
yield (self.key, element)
@typehints.with_input_types(T)
@typehints.with_output_types(list[T])
class BatchElements(PTransform):
"""A Transform that batches elements for amortized processing.
This transform is designed to precede operations whose processing cost
is of the form
time = fixed_cost + num_elements * per_element_cost
where the per element cost is (often significantly) smaller than the fixed
cost and could be amortized over multiple elements. It consumes a PCollection
of element type T and produces a PCollection of element type list[T].
This transform attempts to find the best batch size between the minimim
and maximum parameters by profiling the time taken by (fused) downstream
operations. For a fixed batch size, set the min and max to be equal.
Elements are batched per-window and batches emitted in the window
corresponding to its contents. Each batch is emitted with a timestamp at
the end of their window.
When the max_batch_duration_secs arg is provided, a stateful implementation
of BatchElements is used to batch elements across bundles. This is most
impactful in streaming applications where many bundles only contain one
element. Larger max_batch_duration_secs values `might` reduce the throughput
of the transform, while smaller values might improve the throughput but
make it more likely that batches are smaller than the target batch size.
As a general recommendation, start with low values (e.g. 0.005 aka 5ms) and
increase as needed to get the desired tradeoff between target batch size
and latency or throughput.
For more information on tuning parameters to this transform, see
https://beam.apache.org/documentation/patterns/batch-elements
Args:
min_batch_size: (optional) the smallest size of a batch
max_batch_size: (optional) the largest size of a batch
target_batch_overhead: (optional) a target for fixed_cost / time,
as used in the formula above
target_batch_duration_secs: (optional) a target for total time per bundle,
in seconds, excluding fixed cost
target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost: (optional) a target for
total time per bundle, in seconds, including fixed cost
max_batch_duration_secs: (optional) the maximum amount of time to buffer
a batch before emitting. Setting this argument to be non-none uses the
stateful implementation of BatchElements.
element_size_fn: (optional) A mapping of an element to its contribution to
batch size, defaulting to every element having size 1. When provided,
attempts to provide batches of optimal total size which may consist of
a varying number of elements.
variance: (optional) the permitted (relative) amount of deviation from the
(estimated) ideal batch size used to produce a wider base for
linear interpolation
clock: (optional) an alternative to time.time for measuring the cost of
donwstream operations (mostly for testing)
record_metrics: (optional) whether or not to record beam metrics on
distributions of the batch size. Defaults to True.
"""
def __init__(
self,
min_batch_size=1,
max_batch_size=10000,
target_batch_overhead=.05,
target_batch_duration_secs=10,
target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost=None,
max_batch_duration_secs=None,
*,
element_size_fn=lambda x: 1,
variance=0.25,
clock=time.time,
record_metrics=True):
self._batch_size_estimator = _BatchSizeEstimator(
min_batch_size=min_batch_size,
max_batch_size=max_batch_size,
target_batch_overhead=target_batch_overhead,
target_batch_duration_secs=target_batch_duration_secs,
target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost=(
target_batch_duration_secs_including_fixed_cost),
variance=variance,
clock=clock,
record_metrics=record_metrics)
self._element_size_fn = element_size_fn
self._max_batch_dur = max_batch_duration_secs
self._clock = clock
def expand(self, pcoll):
if getattr(pcoll.pipeline.runner, 'is_streaming', False):
raise NotImplementedError("Requires stateful processing (BEAM-2687)")
elif self._max_batch_dur is not None:
coder = coders.registry.get_coder(pcoll)
return pcoll | ParDo(WithSharedKey()) | ParDo(
_pardo_stateful_batch_elements(
coder,
self._batch_size_estimator,
self._max_batch_dur,
self._clock))
elif pcoll.windowing.is_default():
# This is the same logic as _GlobalWindowsBatchingDoFn, but optimized
# for that simpler case.
return pcoll | ParDo(
_GlobalWindowsBatchingDoFn(
self._batch_size_estimator, self._element_size_fn))
else:
return pcoll | ParDo(
_WindowAwareBatchingDoFn(
self._batch_size_estimator, self._element_size_fn))
class _IdentityWindowFn(NonMergingWindowFn):
"""Windowing function that preserves existing windows.
To be used internally with the Reshuffle transform.
Will raise an exception when used after DoFns that return TimestampedValue
elements.
"""
def __init__(self, window_coder):
"""Create a new WindowFn with compatible coder.
To be applied to PCollections with windows that are compatible with the
given coder.
Arguments:
window_coder: coders.Coder object to be used on windows.
"""
super().__init__()
if window_coder is None:
raise ValueError('window_coder should not be None')
self._window_coder = window_coder
def assign(self, assign_context):
if assign_context.window is None:
raise ValueError(
'assign_context.window should not be None. '
'This might be due to a DoFn returning a TimestampedValue.')
return [assign_context.window]
def get_window_coder(self):
return self._window_coder
def is_v1_prior_to_v2(*, v1, v2):
if v1 is None:
return False
v1_parts = (v1.split('.') + ['0', '0', '0'])[:3]
v2_parts = (v2.split('.') + ['0', '0', '0'])[:3]
return tuple(map(int, v1_parts)) < tuple(map(int, v2_parts))
def is_compat_version_prior_to(options, breaking_change_version):
# This function is used in a branch statement to determine whether we should
# keep the old behavior prior to a breaking change or use the new behavior.
# - If update_compatibility_version < breaking_change_version, we will return
# True and keep the old behavior.
update_compatibility_version = options.view_as(
pipeline_options.StreamingOptions).update_compatibility_version
return is_v1_prior_to_v2(
v1=update_compatibility_version, v2=breaking_change_version)
def reify_metadata_default_window(
element, timestamp=DoFn.TimestampParam, pane_info=DoFn.PaneInfoParam):
key, value = element
if timestamp == window.MIN_TIMESTAMP:
timestamp = None
return key, (value, timestamp, pane_info)
def restore_metadata_default_window(element):
key, values = element
return [
window.GlobalWindows.windowed_value(None).with_value((key, value))
if timestamp is None else window.GlobalWindows.windowed_value(
value=(key, value), timestamp=timestamp, pane_info=pane_info)
for (value, timestamp, pane_info) in values
]
def reify_metadata_custom_window(
element,
timestamp=DoFn.TimestampParam,
window=DoFn.WindowParam,
pane_info=DoFn.PaneInfoParam):
key, value = element
return key, windowed_value.WindowedValue(
value, timestamp, [window], pane_info)
def restore_metadata_custom_window(element):
key, windowed_values = element
return [wv.with_value((key, wv.value)) for wv in windowed_values]
def _reify_restore_metadata(is_default_windowing):
if is_default_windowing:
return reify_metadata_default_window, restore_metadata_default_window
return reify_metadata_custom_window, restore_metadata_custom_window
def _add_pre_map_gkb_types(pre_gbk_map, is_default_windowing):
if is_default_windowing:
return pre_gbk_map.with_input_types(tuple[K, V]).with_output_types(
tuple[K, tuple[V, Optional[Timestamp], windowed_value.PaneInfo]])
return pre_gbk_map.with_input_types(tuple[K, V]).with_output_types(
tuple[K, TypedWindowedValue[V]])
@typehints.with_input_types(tuple[K, V])
@typehints.with_output_types(tuple[K, V])
class ReshufflePerKey(PTransform):
"""PTransform that returns a PCollection equivalent to its input,
but operationally provides some of the side effects of a GroupByKey,
in particular checkpointing, and preventing fusion of the surrounding
transforms.
"""
def expand_2_64_0(self, pcoll):
windowing_saved = pcoll.windowing
if windowing_saved.is_default():
# In this (common) case we can use a trivial trigger driver
# and avoid the (expensive) window param.
globally_windowed = window.GlobalWindows.windowed_value(None)
MIN_TIMESTAMP = window.MIN_TIMESTAMP
def reify_timestamps(element, timestamp=DoFn.TimestampParam):
key, value = element
if timestamp == MIN_TIMESTAMP:
timestamp = None
return key, (value, timestamp)
def restore_timestamps(element):
key, values = element
return [
globally_windowed.with_value((key, value)) if timestamp is None else
window.GlobalWindows.windowed_value((key, value), timestamp)
for (value, timestamp) in values
]
if is_compat_version_prior_to(pcoll.pipeline.options,
RESHUFFLE_TYPEHINT_BREAKING_CHANGE_VERSION):
pre_gbk_map = Map(reify_timestamps).with_output_types(Any)
else:
pre_gbk_map = Map(reify_timestamps).with_input_types(
tuple[K, V]).with_output_types(
tuple[K, tuple[V, Optional[Timestamp]]])
else:
# typing: All conditional function variants must have identical signatures
def reify_timestamps( # type: ignore[misc]
element, timestamp=DoFn.TimestampParam, window=DoFn.WindowParam):
key, value = element
# Transport the window as part of the value and restore it later.
return key, windowed_value.WindowedValue(value, timestamp, [window])
def restore_timestamps(element):
key, windowed_values = element
return [wv.with_value((key, wv.value)) for wv in windowed_values]
if is_compat_version_prior_to(pcoll.pipeline.options,
RESHUFFLE_TYPEHINT_BREAKING_CHANGE_VERSION):
pre_gbk_map = Map(reify_timestamps).with_output_types(Any)
else:
pre_gbk_map = Map(reify_timestamps).with_input_types(
tuple[K, V]).with_output_types(tuple[K, TypedWindowedValue[V]])
ungrouped = pcoll | pre_gbk_map
# TODO(https://github.com/apache/beam/issues/19785) Using global window as
# one of the standard window. This is to mitigate the Dataflow Java Runner
# Harness limitation to accept only standard coders.
ungrouped._windowing = Windowing(
window.GlobalWindows(),
triggerfn=Always(),
accumulation_mode=AccumulationMode.DISCARDING,
timestamp_combiner=TimestampCombiner.OUTPUT_AT_EARLIEST)
result = (
ungrouped
| GroupByKey()
| FlatMap(restore_timestamps).with_output_types(Any))
result._windowing = windowing_saved
return result
def expand(self, pcoll):
if is_compat_version_prior_to(pcoll.pipeline.options, "2.65.0"):
return self.expand_2_64_0(pcoll)
windowing_saved = pcoll.windowing
is_default_windowing = windowing_saved.is_default()
reify_fn, restore_fn = _reify_restore_metadata(is_default_windowing)
pre_gbk_map = _add_pre_map_gkb_types(Map(reify_fn), is_default_windowing)
ungrouped = pcoll | pre_gbk_map
# TODO(https://github.com/apache/beam/issues/19785) Using global window as
# one of the standard window. This is to mitigate the Dataflow Java Runner
# Harness limitation to accept only standard coders.
ungrouped._windowing = Windowing(
window.GlobalWindows(),
triggerfn=Always(),
accumulation_mode=AccumulationMode.DISCARDING,
timestamp_combiner=TimestampCombiner.OUTPUT_AT_EARLIEST)
result = (
ungrouped
| GroupByKey()
| FlatMap(restore_fn).with_output_types(Any))
result._windowing = windowing_saved
return result
@typehints.with_input_types(T)
@typehints.with_output_types(T)
class Reshuffle(PTransform):
"""PTransform that returns a PCollection equivalent to its input,
but operationally provides some of the side effects of a GroupByKey,
in particular checkpointing, and preventing fusion of the surrounding
transforms.
Reshuffle adds a temporary random key to each element, performs a
ReshufflePerKey, and finally removes the temporary key.
"""
# We use 32-bit integer as the default number of buckets.
_DEFAULT_NUM_BUCKETS = 1 << 32
def __init__(self, num_buckets=None):
"""
:param num_buckets: If set, specifies the maximum random keys that would be
generated.
"""
self.num_buckets = num_buckets if num_buckets else self._DEFAULT_NUM_BUCKETS
valid_buckets = isinstance(num_buckets, int) and num_buckets > 0
if not (num_buckets is None or valid_buckets):
raise ValueError(
'If `num_buckets` is set, it has to be an '
'integer greater than 0, got %s' % num_buckets)
def expand(self, pcoll):
# type: (pvalue.PValue) -> pvalue.PCollection
if is_compat_version_prior_to(pcoll.pipeline.options,
RESHUFFLE_TYPEHINT_BREAKING_CHANGE_VERSION):
reshuffle_step = ReshufflePerKey()
else:
reshuffle_step = ReshufflePerKey().with_input_types(
tuple[int, T]).with_output_types(tuple[int, T])
return (
pcoll | 'AddRandomKeys' >>
Map(lambda t: (random.randrange(0, self.num_buckets), t)
).with_input_types(T).with_output_types(tuple[int, T])
| reshuffle_step
| 'RemoveRandomKeys' >> Map(lambda t: t[1]).with_input_types(
tuple[int, T]).with_output_types(T))
def to_runner_api_parameter(self, unused_context):
# type: (PipelineContext) -> tuple[str, None]
return common_urns.composites.RESHUFFLE.urn, None
@staticmethod
@PTransform.register_urn(common_urns.composites.RESHUFFLE.urn, None)
def from_runner_api_parameter(
unused_ptransform, unused_parameter, unused_context):
return Reshuffle()
def fn_takes_side_inputs(fn):
fn = getattr(fn, '_argspec_fn', fn)
try:
signature = get_signature(fn)
except TypeError:
# We can't tell; maybe it does.
return True
return (
len(signature.parameters) > 1 or any(
p.kind == p.VAR_POSITIONAL or p.kind == p.VAR_KEYWORD
for p in signature.parameters.values()))
@ptransform_fn
def WithKeys(pcoll, k, *args, **kwargs):
"""PTransform that takes a PCollection, and either a constant key or a
callable, and returns a PCollection of (K, V), where each of the values in
the input PCollection has been paired with either the constant key or a key
computed from the value. The callable may optionally accept positional or
keyword arguments, which should be passed to WithKeys directly. These may
be either SideInputs or static (non-PCollection) values, such as ints.
"""
if callable(k):
if fn_takes_side_inputs(k):
if all(isinstance(arg, AsSideInput)
for arg in args) and all(isinstance(kwarg, AsSideInput)
for kwarg in kwargs.values()):
# Map(lambda) produces a label formatted like this, but it cannot be
# changed without breaking update compat. Here, we pin to the transform
# name used in the 2.68 release to avoid breaking changes when the line
# number changes. Context: https://github.com/apache/beam/pull/36381
return pcoll | "Map(<lambda at util.py:1189>)" >> Map(
lambda v, *args, **kwargs: (k(v, *args, **kwargs), v),
*args,
**kwargs)
return pcoll | "Map(<lambda at util.py:1192>)" >> Map(
lambda v: (k(v, *args, **kwargs), v))
return pcoll | "Map(<lambda at util.py:1193>)" >> Map(lambda v: (k(v), v))
return pcoll | "Map(<lambda at util.py:1194>)" >> Map(lambda v: (k, v))
@typehints.with_input_types(tuple[K, V])
@typehints.with_output_types(tuple[K, Iterable[V]])
class GroupIntoBatches(PTransform):
"""PTransform that batches the input into desired batch size. Elements are
buffered until they are equal to batch size provided in the argument at which
point they are output to the output Pcollection.
Windows are preserved (batches will contain elements from the same window)
"""
def __init__(
self, batch_size, max_buffering_duration_secs=None, clock=time.time):
"""Create a new GroupIntoBatches.
Arguments:
batch_size: (required) How many elements should be in a batch
max_buffering_duration_secs: (optional) How long in seconds at most an
incomplete batch of elements is allowed to be buffered in the states.
The duration must be a positive second duration and should be given as
an int or float. Setting this parameter to zero effectively means no
buffering limit.
clock: (optional) an alternative to time.time (mostly for testing)
"""
self.params = _GroupIntoBatchesParams(
batch_size, max_buffering_duration_secs)
self.clock = clock
def expand(self, pcoll):
input_coder = coders.registry.get_coder(pcoll)
return pcoll | ParDo(
_pardo_group_into_batches(
input_coder,
self.params.batch_size,
self.params.max_buffering_duration_secs,
self.clock))
def to_runner_api_parameter(
self,
unused_context # type: PipelineContext
): # type: (...) -> tuple[str, beam_runner_api_pb2.GroupIntoBatchesPayload]
return (
common_urns.group_into_batches_components.GROUP_INTO_BATCHES.urn,
self.params.get_payload())
@staticmethod
@PTransform.register_urn(
common_urns.group_into_batches_components.GROUP_INTO_BATCHES.urn,
beam_runner_api_pb2.GroupIntoBatchesPayload)
def from_runner_api_parameter(unused_ptransform, proto, unused_context):
return GroupIntoBatches(*_GroupIntoBatchesParams.parse_payload(proto))
@typehints.with_input_types(tuple[K, V])
@typehints.with_output_types(
typehints.Tuple[
ShardedKeyType[typehints.TypeVariable(K)], # type: ignore[misc]
typehints.Iterable[typehints.TypeVariable(V)]])
class WithShardedKey(PTransform):
"""A GroupIntoBatches transform that outputs batched elements associated
with sharded input keys.
By default, keys are sharded to such that the input elements with the same
key are spread to all available threads executing the transform. Runners may
override the default sharding to do a better load balancing during the
execution time.
"""
def __init__(
self, batch_size, max_buffering_duration_secs=None, clock=time.time):
"""Create a new GroupIntoBatches with sharded output.
See ``GroupIntoBatches`` transform for a description of input parameters.
"""
self.params = _GroupIntoBatchesParams(
batch_size, max_buffering_duration_secs)
self.clock = clock
_shard_id_prefix = uuid.uuid4().bytes
def expand(self, pcoll):
key_type, value_type = pcoll.element_type.tuple_types
# Map(lambda) produces a label formatted like this, but it cannot be
# changed without breaking update compat. Here, we pin to the transform
# name used in the 2.68 release to avoid breaking changes when the line
# number changes. Context: https://github.com/apache/beam/pull/36381
sharded_pcoll = pcoll | "Map(<lambda at util.py:1275>)" >> Map(
lambda key_value: (
ShardedKey(
key_value[0],
# Use [uuid, thread id] as the shard id.
GroupIntoBatches.WithShardedKey._shard_id_prefix + bytes(
threading.get_ident().to_bytes(8, 'big'))),
key_value[1])).with_output_types(
typehints.Tuple[
ShardedKeyType[key_type], # type: ignore[misc]
value_type])
return (
sharded_pcoll
| GroupIntoBatches(
self.params.batch_size,
self.params.max_buffering_duration_secs,
self.clock))
def to_runner_api_parameter(
self,
unused_context # type: PipelineContext
): # type: (...) -> tuple[str, beam_runner_api_pb2.GroupIntoBatchesPayload]
return (
common_urns.composites.GROUP_INTO_BATCHES_WITH_SHARDED_KEY.urn,
self.params.get_payload())
@staticmethod
@PTransform.register_urn(
common_urns.composites.GROUP_INTO_BATCHES_WITH_SHARDED_KEY.urn,
beam_runner_api_pb2.GroupIntoBatchesPayload)
def from_runner_api_parameter(unused_ptransform, proto, unused_context):
return GroupIntoBatches.WithShardedKey(
*_GroupIntoBatchesParams.parse_payload(proto))
class _GroupIntoBatchesParams:
"""This class represents the parameters for
:class:`apache_beam.utils.GroupIntoBatches` transform, used to define how
elements should be batched.
"""
def __init__(self, batch_size, max_buffering_duration_secs):
self.batch_size = batch_size
self.max_buffering_duration_secs = (
0
if max_buffering_duration_secs is None else max_buffering_duration_secs)
self._validate()
def __eq__(self, other):
if other is None or not isinstance(other, _GroupIntoBatchesParams):
return False
return (
self.batch_size == other.batch_size and
self.max_buffering_duration_secs == other.max_buffering_duration_secs)
def _validate(self):
assert self.batch_size is not None and self.batch_size > 0, (
'batch_size must be a positive value')
assert (
self.max_buffering_duration_secs is not None and
self.max_buffering_duration_secs
>= 0), ('max_buffering_duration must be a non-negative value')
def get_payload(self):
return beam_runner_api_pb2.GroupIntoBatchesPayload(
batch_size=self.batch_size,
max_buffering_duration_millis=int(
self.max_buffering_duration_secs * 1000))
@staticmethod
def parse_payload(
proto # type: beam_runner_api_pb2.GroupIntoBatchesPayload
):
return proto.batch_size, proto.max_buffering_duration_millis / 1000
def _pardo_group_into_batches(
input_coder, batch_size, max_buffering_duration_secs, clock=time.time):
ELEMENT_STATE = BagStateSpec('values', input_coder)
COUNT_STATE = CombiningValueStateSpec('count', input_coder, CountCombineFn())
WINDOW_TIMER = TimerSpec('window_end', TimeDomain.WATERMARK)
BUFFERING_TIMER = TimerSpec('buffering_end', TimeDomain.REAL_TIME)
class _GroupIntoBatchesDoFn(DoFn):
def process(
self,
element,
window=DoFn.WindowParam,
element_state=DoFn.StateParam(ELEMENT_STATE),
count_state=DoFn.StateParam(COUNT_STATE),
window_timer=DoFn.TimerParam(WINDOW_TIMER),
buffering_timer=DoFn.TimerParam(BUFFERING_TIMER)):
# Allowed lateness not supported in Python SDK
# https://beam.apache.org/documentation/programming-guide/#watermarks-and-late-data
window_timer.set(window.end)
element_state.add(element)
count_state.add(1)
count = count_state.read()
if count == 1 and max_buffering_duration_secs > 0:
# This is the first element in batch. Start counting buffering time if a
# limit was set.
# pylint: disable=deprecated-method
buffering_timer.set(clock() + max_buffering_duration_secs)
if count >= batch_size:
return self.flush_batch(element_state, count_state, buffering_timer)
@on_timer(WINDOW_TIMER)
def on_window_timer(
self,
element_state=DoFn.StateParam(ELEMENT_STATE),
count_state=DoFn.StateParam(COUNT_STATE),
buffering_timer=DoFn.TimerParam(BUFFERING_TIMER)):
return self.flush_batch(element_state, count_state, buffering_timer)
@on_timer(BUFFERING_TIMER)
def on_buffering_timer(
self,
element_state=DoFn.StateParam(ELEMENT_STATE),
count_state=DoFn.StateParam(COUNT_STATE),
buffering_timer=DoFn.TimerParam(BUFFERING_TIMER)):
return self.flush_batch(element_state, count_state, buffering_timer)
def flush_batch(self, element_state, count_state, buffering_timer):
batch = [element for element in element_state.read()]
if not batch:
return
key, _ = batch[0]
batch_values = [v for (k, v) in batch]
element_state.clear()
count_state.clear()
buffering_timer.clear()
yield key, batch_values
return _GroupIntoBatchesDoFn()
class ToString(object):
"""
PTransform for converting a PCollection element, KV or PCollection Iterable
to string.
"""
# pylint: disable=invalid-name
@staticmethod
def Element():
"""
Transforms each element of the PCollection to a string.
"""
return 'ElementToString' >> Map(str)
@staticmethod
def Iterables(delimiter=None):
"""
Transforms each item in the iterable of the input of PCollection to a
string. There is no trailing delimiter.
"""
if delimiter is None:
delimiter = ','
return (
'IterablesToString' >>
Map(lambda xs: delimiter.join(str(x) for x in xs)).with_input_types(
Iterable[Any]).with_output_types(str))
# An alias for Iterables.
Kvs = Iterables
@typehints.with_input_types(T)
@typehints.with_output_types(T)
class LogElements(PTransform):
"""
PTransform for printing the elements of a PCollection.
Args:
label (str): (optional) A custom label for the transform.
prefix (str): (optional) A prefix string to prepend to each logged element.
with_timestamp (bool): (optional) Whether to include element's timestamp.
with_window (bool): (optional) Whether to include element's window.
level: (optional) The logging level for the output (e.g. `logging.DEBUG`,
`logging.INFO`, `logging.WARNING`, `logging.ERROR`). If not specified,
the log is printed to stdout.
with_pane_info (bool): (optional) Whether to include element's pane info.
use_epoch_time (bool): (optional) Whether to display epoch timestamps.
"""
class _LoggingFn(DoFn):
def __init__(
self,
prefix='',
with_timestamp=False,
with_window=False,
level=None,
with_pane_info=False,
use_epoch_time=False):
super().__init__()
self.prefix = prefix
self.with_timestamp = with_timestamp
self.with_window = with_window
self.level = level
self.with_pane_info = with_pane_info
self.use_epoch_time = use_epoch_time
def format_timestamp(self, timestamp):
if self.use_epoch_time:
return timestamp.seconds()
return timestamp.to_rfc3339()
def process(
self,
element,
timestamp=DoFn.TimestampParam,
window=DoFn.WindowParam,
pane_info=DoFn.PaneInfoParam,
**kwargs):
log_line = self.prefix + str(element)
if self.with_timestamp:
log_line += ', timestamp=' + repr(self.format_timestamp(timestamp))
if self.with_window:
log_line += ', window(start=' + str(self.format_timestamp(window.start))
log_line += ', end=' + str(self.format_timestamp(window.end)) + ')'
if self.with_pane_info:
log_line += ', pane_info=' + repr(pane_info)
if self.level == logging.DEBUG:
logging.debug(log_line)
elif self.level == logging.INFO:
logging.info(log_line)
elif self.level == logging.WARNING:
logging.warning(log_line)
elif self.level == logging.ERROR:
logging.error(log_line)
elif self.level == logging.CRITICAL:
logging.critical(log_line)
else:
print(log_line)
yield element
def __init__(
self,
label=None,
prefix='',
with_timestamp=False,
with_window=False,
level=None,
with_pane_info=False,
use_epoch_time=False,
):
super().__init__(label)
self.prefix = prefix
self.with_timestamp = with_timestamp
self.with_window = with_window
self.with_pane_info = with_pane_info
self.use_epoch_time = use_epoch_time
self.level = level
def expand(self, input):
return input | ParDo(
self._LoggingFn(
self.prefix,
self.with_timestamp,
self.with_window,
self.level,
self.with_pane_info,
self.use_epoch_time,
))
class Reify(object):
"""PTransforms for converting between explicit and implicit form of various
Beam values."""
@typehints.with_input_types(T)
@typehints.with_output_types(T)
class Timestamp(PTransform):
"""PTransform to wrap a value in a TimestampedValue with it's
associated timestamp."""
@staticmethod
def add_timestamp_info(element, timestamp=DoFn.TimestampParam):
yield TimestampedValue(element, timestamp)
def expand(self, pcoll):
return pcoll | ParDo(self.add_timestamp_info)
@typehints.with_input_types(T)
@typehints.with_output_types(T)
class Window(PTransform):
"""PTransform to convert an element in a PCollection into a tuple of
(element, timestamp, window), wrapped in a TimestampedValue with it's
associated timestamp."""
@staticmethod
def add_window_info(
element, timestamp=DoFn.TimestampParam, window=DoFn.WindowParam):
yield TimestampedValue((element, timestamp, window), timestamp)
def expand(self, pcoll):
return pcoll | ParDo(self.add_window_info)
@typehints.with_input_types(tuple[K, V])
@typehints.with_output_types(tuple[K, V])
class TimestampInValue(PTransform):
"""PTransform to wrap the Value in a KV pair in a TimestampedValue with
the element's associated timestamp."""
@staticmethod
def add_timestamp_info(element, timestamp=DoFn.TimestampParam):
key, value = element
yield (key, TimestampedValue(value, timestamp))
def expand(self, pcoll):
return pcoll | ParDo(self.add_timestamp_info)
@typehints.with_input_types(tuple[K, V])
@typehints.with_output_types(tuple[K, V])
class WindowInValue(PTransform):
"""PTransform to convert the Value in a KV pair into a tuple of
(value, timestamp, window), with the whole element being wrapped inside a
TimestampedValue."""
@staticmethod
def add_window_info(
element, timestamp=DoFn.TimestampParam, window=DoFn.WindowParam):
key, value = element
yield TimestampedValue((key, (value, timestamp, window)), timestamp)
def expand(self, pcoll):
return pcoll | ParDo(self.add_window_info)
class Regex(object):
"""
PTransform to use Regular Expression to process the elements in a
PCollection.
"""
ALL = "__regex_all_groups"
@staticmethod
def _regex_compile(regex):
"""Return re.compile if the regex has a string value"""
if isinstance(regex, str):
regex = re.compile(regex)
return regex
@staticmethod
@typehints.with_input_types(str)
@typehints.with_output_types(str)
@ptransform_fn
def matches(pcoll, regex, group=0):
"""
Returns the matches (group 0 by default) if zero or more characters at the
beginning of string match the regular expression. To match the entire
string, add "$" sign at the end of regex expression.
Group can be integer value or a string value.
Args:
regex: the regular expression string or (re.compile) pattern.
group: (optional) name/number of the group, it can be integer or a string
value. Defaults to 0, meaning the entire matched string will be
returned.
"""
regex = Regex._regex_compile(regex)
def _process(element):
m = regex.match(element)
if m:
yield m.group(group)
return pcoll | FlatMap(_process)
@staticmethod
@typehints.with_input_types(str)
@typehints.with_output_types(list[str])
@ptransform_fn
def all_matches(pcoll, regex):
"""
Returns all matches (groups) if zero or more characters at the beginning
of string match the regular expression.
Args:
regex: the regular expression string or (re.compile) pattern.
"""
regex = Regex._regex_compile(regex)
def _process(element):
m = regex.match(element)
if m:
yield [m.group(ix) for ix in range(m.lastindex + 1)]
return pcoll | FlatMap(_process)
@staticmethod
@typehints.with_input_types(str)
@typehints.with_output_types(tuple[str, str])
@ptransform_fn
def matches_kv(pcoll, regex, keyGroup, valueGroup=0):
"""
Returns the KV pairs if the string matches the regular expression, deriving
the key & value from the specified group of the regular expression.
Args:
regex: the regular expression string or (re.compile) pattern.
keyGroup: The Regex group to use as the key. Can be int or str.
valueGroup: (optional) Regex group to use the value. Can be int or str.
The default value "0" returns entire matched string.
"""
regex = Regex._regex_compile(regex)
def _process(element):
match = regex.match(element)
if match:
yield (match.group(keyGroup), match.group(valueGroup))
return pcoll | FlatMap(_process)
@staticmethod
@typehints.with_input_types(str)
@typehints.with_output_types(str)
@ptransform_fn
def find(pcoll, regex, group=0):
"""
Returns the matches if a portion of the line matches the Regex. Returns
the entire group (group 0 by default). Group can be integer value or a
string value.
Args:
regex: the regular expression string or (re.compile) pattern.
group: (optional) name of the group, it can be integer or a string value.
"""
regex = Regex._regex_compile(regex)
def _process(element):
r = regex.search(element)
if r:
yield r.group(group)
return pcoll | FlatMap(_process)
@staticmethod
@typehints.with_input_types(str)
@typehints.with_output_types(Union[list[str], list[tuple[str, str]]])
@ptransform_fn
def find_all(pcoll, regex, group=0, outputEmpty=True):
"""
Returns the matches if a portion of the line matches the Regex. By default,
list of group 0 will return with empty items. To get all groups, pass the
`Regex.ALL` flag in the `group` parameter which returns all the groups in
the tuple format.
Args:
regex: the regular expression string or (re.compile) pattern.
group: (optional) name of the group, it can be integer or a string value.
outputEmpty: (optional) Should empty be output. True to output empties
and false if not.
"""
regex = Regex._regex_compile(regex)
def _process(element):
matches = regex.finditer(element)
if group == Regex.ALL:
yield [(m.group(), m.groups()[0]) for m in matches
if outputEmpty or m.groups()[0]]
else:
yield [m.group(group) for m in matches if outputEmpty or m.group(group)]
return pcoll | FlatMap(_process)
@staticmethod
@typehints.with_input_types(str)
@typehints.with_output_types(tuple[str, str])
@ptransform_fn
def find_kv(pcoll, regex, keyGroup, valueGroup=0):
"""
Returns the matches if a portion of the line matches the Regex. Returns the
specified groups as the key and value pair.
Args:
regex: the regular expression string or (re.compile) pattern.
keyGroup: The Regex group to use as the key. Can be int or str.
valueGroup: (optional) Regex group to use the value. Can be int or str.
The default value "0" returns entire matched string.
"""
regex = Regex._regex_compile(regex)
def _process(element):
matches = regex.finditer(element)
if matches:
for match in matches:
yield (match.group(keyGroup), match.group(valueGroup))
return pcoll | FlatMap(_process)
@staticmethod
@typehints.with_input_types(str)
@typehints.with_output_types(str)
@ptransform_fn
def replace_all(pcoll, regex, replacement):
"""
Returns the matches if a portion of the line matches the regex and
replaces all matches with the replacement string.
Args:
regex: the regular expression string or (re.compile) pattern.
replacement: the string to be substituted for each match.
"""
regex = Regex._regex_compile(regex)
# Map(lambda) produces a label formatted like this, but it cannot be
# changed without breaking update compat. Here, we pin to the transform
# name used in the 2.68 release to avoid breaking changes when the line
# number changes. Context: https://github.com/apache/beam/pull/36381
return pcoll | "Map(<lambda at util.py:1779>)" >> Map(
lambda elem: regex.sub(replacement, elem))
@staticmethod
@typehints.with_input_types(str)
@typehints.with_output_types(str)
@ptransform_fn
def replace_first(pcoll, regex, replacement):
"""
Returns the matches if a portion of the line matches the regex and replaces
the first match with the replacement string.
Args:
regex: the regular expression string or (re.compile) pattern.
replacement: the string to be substituted for each match.
"""
regex = Regex._regex_compile(regex)
# Map(lambda) produces a label formatted like this, but it cannot be
# changed without breaking update compat. Here, we pin to the transform
# name used in the 2.68 release to avoid breaking changes when the line
# number changes. Context: https://github.com/apache/beam/pull/36381
return pcoll | "Map(<lambda at util.py:1795>)" >> Map(
lambda elem: regex.sub(replacement, elem, 1))
@staticmethod
@typehints.with_input_types(str)
@typehints.with_output_types(list[str])
@ptransform_fn
def split(pcoll, regex, outputEmpty=False):
"""
Returns the list string which was splitted on the basis of regular
expression. It will not output empty items (by defaults).
Args:
regex: the regular expression string or (re.compile) pattern.
outputEmpty: (optional) Should empty be output. True to output empties
and false if not.
"""
regex = Regex._regex_compile(regex)
outputEmpty = bool(outputEmpty)
def _process(element):
r = regex.split(element)
if r and not outputEmpty:
r = list(filter(None, r))
yield r
return pcoll | FlatMap(_process)
@typehints.with_input_types(T)
@typehints.with_output_types(T)
class Tee(PTransform):
"""A PTransform that returns its input, but also applies its input elsewhere.
Similar to the shell {@code tee} command. This can be useful to write out or
otherwise process an intermediate transform without breaking the linear flow
of a chain of transforms, e.g.::
(input
| SomePTransform()
| ...
| Tee(SomeSideTransform())
| ...)
"""
def __init__(
self,
*consumers: Union[PTransform[PCollection[T], Any],
Callable[[PCollection[T]], Any]]):
self._consumers = consumers
def expand(self, input):
for consumer in self._consumers:
if callable(consumer):
_ = input | ptransform_fn(consumer)()
else:
_ = input | consumer
return input
@typehints.with_input_types(T)
@typehints.with_output_types(T)
class WaitOn(PTransform):
"""Delays processing of a {@link PCollection} until another set of
PCollections has finished being processed. For example::
X | WaitOn(Y, Z) | SomeTransform()
would ensure that PCollections Y and Z (and hence their producing transforms)
are complete before SomeTransform gets executed on the elements of X.
This can be especially useful the waited-on PCollections are the outputs
of transforms that interact with external systems (such as writing to a
database or other sink).
For streaming, this delay is done on a per-window basis, i.e.
the corresponding window of each waited-on PCollection is computed before
elements are passed through the main collection.
This barrier often induces a fusion break.
"""
def __init__(self, *to_be_waited_on):
self._to_be_waited_on = to_be_waited_on
def expand(self, pcoll):
# All we care about is the watermark, not the data itself.
# The GroupByKey avoids writing empty files for each shard, and also
# ensures the respective window finishes before advancing the timestamp.
sides = [
pvalue.AsIter(
side
| f"WaitOn{ix}" >> (beam.FlatMap(lambda x: ()) | GroupByKey()))
for (ix, side) in enumerate(self._to_be_waited_on)
]
# Map(lambda) produces a label formatted like this, but it cannot be
# changed without breaking update compat. Here, we pin to the transform
# name used in the 2.68 release to avoid breaking changes when the line
# number changes. Context: https://github.com/apache/beam/pull/36381
return pcoll | "Map(<lambda at util.py:1886>)" >> beam.Map(
lambda x, *unused_sides: x, *sides)