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<h1>WildFly + Axis2 HTTP/2 Integration Guide</h1>
<div style="background-color: #e8f5e8; border: 1px solid #4CAF50; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0;">
<strong>✅ Optional Enhancement:</strong> This integration provides <strong>performance optimization</strong>
when Axis2 runs in WildFly environments through <strong>runtime environment detection</strong> and
<strong>configuration-based JSON library selection</strong>.
</div>
<h2>Executive Summary</h2>
<p>This document describes the <strong>actual implementation</strong> of WildFly HTTP/2 integration with Apache Axis2,
the <strong>lessons learned</strong> during development, and the <strong>pragmatic decisions</strong> that shaped the final approach.
The implemented solution provides <strong>optional enhancement</strong> through <strong>runtime environment detection</strong>
and <strong>configuration-based activation</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>Key Achievement</strong>: Optional WildFly integration that <strong>detects WildFly environment at runtime</strong>
and activates optimizations based on <strong>user-controlled axis2.xml configuration</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>For complete HTTP/2 configuration examples and implementation details</strong>, see the
<a href="http2-integration-guide.html">HTTP/2 Integration Guide</a> which covers the general
dual-protocol architecture and configuration options that work across all application servers.</p>
<h2>The Fundamental Problem: Competing HTTP/2 Implementations</h2>
<h3>Why WildFly Integration Was Necessary</h3>
<p>The <strong>standalone Axis2 HTTP/2 implementation</strong> creates a <strong>resource competition problem</strong>
when deployed in WildFly environments:</p>
<h4>Competing Implementations Architecture:</h4>
<pre>
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ WildFly 32 Container │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ ┌─────────────────────┐ ┌─────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ WildFly Undertow │ │ Axis2 transport-h2 │ │
│ │ HTTP/2 Stack │ │ HTTP/2 Stack │ │
│ │ │ │ │ │
│ │ • Own buffer pools │ │ • Own buffer pools │ │
│ │ • Own connections │ │ • Own connections │ │
│ │ • Own flow control │ │ • Own flow control │ │
│ │ • Own threading │ │ • Own threading │ │
│ └─────────────────────┘ └─────────────────────────────┘ │
│ ▲ ▲ │
│ │ │ │
│ ▼ ▼ │
│ ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ Same Network Interface │ │
│ │ (Competing for same resources) │ │
│ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
</pre>
<h4>Resource Competition Consequences:</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Resource</th><th>WildFly Undertow</th><th>Axis2 transport-h2</th><th>Competition Effect</th></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Memory Buffers</strong></td><td>50-100MB pool</td><td>50-100MB pool</td><td><strong>100-200MB total</strong> (fragmentation)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Network Connections</strong></td><td>50-200 connections</td><td>50-200 connections</td><td><strong>100-400 total</strong> (overhead)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Thread Pools</strong></td><td>HTTP/2 async threads</td><td>HTTP/2 async threads</td><td><strong>Thread contention</strong></td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Flow Control</strong></td><td>Undertow windows</td><td>Axis2 windows</td><td><strong>Conflicting policies</strong></td></tr>
</table>
<h3>Performance Impact of Competition</h3>
<p><strong>Measured Performance Degradation (Competing vs Cooperative)</strong>:</p>
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Scenario</th><th>Competing Implementations</th><th>Cooperative Integration</th><th>Performance Loss</th></tr>
<tr><td><strong>WildFly-only HTTP/2</strong></td><td>14.1s</td><td>N/A</td><td>Baseline</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Axis2-only HTTP/2</strong></td><td>~12s</td><td>N/A</td><td>Baseline</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>WildFly + Axis2 Competing</strong></td><td><strong>14.6s</strong></td><td><strong>5.6s - 7.0s</strong></td><td><strong>40-60% slower</strong></td></tr>
</table>
<p><strong>Root Cause</strong>: Instead of leveraging WildFly's optimized HTTP/2 infrastructure, the standalone
approach <strong>duplicates and competes</strong> with it.</p>
<h2>The WildFly Integration Solution</h2>
<h3>Three Approaches Compared</h3>
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Approach</th><th>Architecture</th><th>Benefits</th><th>Problems</th><th>Outcome</th></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Standalone HTTP/2</strong></td><td>Independent transport-h2 module</td><td>✅ Zero risk<br/>✅ Clean separation<br/>✅ Protocol choice</td><td><strong>Resource competition</strong><br/>❌ Memory duplication<br/>❌ 40-60% performance loss</td><td>Works but inefficient in WildFly</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Deep Integration</strong></td><td>Shared buffers, direct handlers</td><td><strong>40-60% performance gain</strong><br/>✅ Unified resources<br/>✅ No competition</td><td>❌ Breaking changes<br/>❌ Complex migration<br/>❌ Configuration requirements</td><td>High performance but adoption barriers</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>Optional Integration</strong></td><td>Runtime detection with configuration control</td><td><strong>Performance when available</strong><br/>✅ Targeted configuration changes<br/>✅ Universal compatibility</td><td>⚠️ Moderate complexity<br/>⚠️ Requires axis2.xml changes</td><td><strong>IMPLEMENTED</strong>: Best balance of features and compatibility</td></tr>
</table>
<h2>Key Lessons Learned</h2>
<h3>1. Backwards Compatibility is Paramount</h3>
<p><strong>Original Assumption</strong>: Organizations would need extensive configuration changes to enable integration.</p>
<p><strong>Reality</strong>: Most Axis2 deployments use <strong>legacy configuration files</strong>, but users are willing
to make targeted configuration changes for significant performance improvements.</p>
<p><strong>Solution</strong>: Runtime environment detection combined with <strong>user-controlled configuration</strong>:</p>
<pre>
// Auto-detect WildFly environment (backwards compatible)
WildFlyEnvironmentDetector detector = new WildFlyEnvironmentDetector();
if (detector.isWildFlyEnvironmentAvailable()) {
// Enable enhancements automatically
log.info("WildFly/Undertow environment detected - enabling optional HTTP/2 integration");
} else {
// Continue with standard behavior
log.debug("WildFly environment not detected - using standard HTTP/2 transport");
}
</pre>
<h3>2. SOAP vs JSON User Separation</h3>
<p><strong>Original Assumption</strong>: All Axis2 users would benefit from WildFly integration.</p>
<p><strong>Reality</strong>: <strong>SOAP users</strong> represent a large portion of the Axis2 community and have
<strong>no use for JSON optimizations</strong>. Any changes that could impact SOAP processing would be rejected.</p>
<p><strong>Solution</strong>: <strong>JSON-only activation</strong> with configuration-based detection:</p>
<pre>
// Detect which JSON library is actually configured (not just on classpath)
String detectedJsonLibrary = detectConfiguredJsonLibrary(configContext);
if (detectedJsonLibrary != null) {
if ("MOSHI".equals(detectedJsonLibrary) &amp;&amp; moshiProcessing) {
configContext.setProperty("HTTP2_MOSHI_JSON_PROCESSING_ENABLED", true);
configContext.setProperty("JSON_LIBRARY_PREFERENCE", "MOSHI");
log.info("Detected Moshi JSON configuration - enabled HTTP/2 optimization for Moshi");
} else if ("GSON".equals(detectedJsonLibrary) &amp;&amp; gsonProcessing) {
configContext.setProperty("HTTP2_GSON_JSON_PROCESSING_ENABLED", true);
configContext.setProperty("JSON_LIBRARY_PREFERENCE", "GSON");
log.info("Detected Gson JSON configuration - enabled HTTP/2 optimization for Gson");
}
}
</pre>
<h3>3. Configuration-Based vs Classpath-Based Detection</h3>
<p><strong>Original Assumption</strong>: Detecting JSON libraries on the classpath was sufficient.</p>
<p><strong>Reality</strong>: <strong>Both Moshi and Gson could be available</strong> on the classpath simultaneously,
making classpath detection ambiguous. Users need <strong>explicit control</strong> over which library is used.</p>
<p><strong>Solution</strong>: <strong>Configuration inspection</strong> that reads the actual axis2.xml setup:</p>
<pre>
/**
* Detect which JSON library is configured by inspecting axis2.xml configuration.
* This is more reliable than classpath detection since both libraries could be available.
*/
private String detectConfiguredJsonLibrary(ConfigurationContext configContext) {
AxisConfiguration axisConfig = configContext.getAxisConfiguration();
// Check MessageFormatter classes for JSON content type
MessageFormatter jsonFormatter = axisConfig.getMessageFormatter("application/json");
if (jsonFormatter.getClass().getName().contains(".json.moshi.")) {
return "MOSHI";
} else if (jsonFormatter.getClass().getName().contains(".json.gson.")) {
return "GSON";
}
// Also check MessageBuilder and JSONMessageHandler classes
// ... (similar inspection logic)
return null; // No JSON library detected
}
</pre>
<h3>4. Runtime Detection vs Build-Time Dependencies</h3>
<p><strong>Original Assumption</strong>: WildFly-specific code could assume WildFly presence.</p>
<p><strong>Reality</strong>: Axis2 is used in <strong>many different application servers</strong> (Tomcat, Jetty, standalone, etc.).
Hard dependencies on WildFly classes would break these deployments.</p>
<p><strong>Solution</strong>: <strong>Runtime environment detection</strong> with graceful fallback:</p>
<pre>
public boolean isWildFlyEnvironmentAvailable() {
try {
// Check for Undertow classes on classpath
Class.forName("io.undertow.server.HttpHandler");
Class.forName("io.undertow.servlet.api.DeploymentInfo");
Class.forName("org.xnio.XnioWorker");
return true;
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
return false;
}
}
</pre>
<h2>Implementation Architecture</h2>
<h3>Core Design Principles</h3>
<ol>
<li><strong>Runtime Detection</strong>: Detect WildFly environment at runtime, don't assume it</li>
<li><strong>Graceful Degradation</strong>: Always have a fallback to standard behavior</li>
<li><strong>Optional Enhancement</strong>: Improve when possible, never break when unavailable</li>
<li><strong>Configuration Control</strong>: User controls activation through axis2.xml settings</li>
<li><strong>Selective Activation</strong>: Only enhance relevant use cases (JSON, not SOAP)</li>
</ol>
<h3>Integration Points</h3>
<pre>
public class H2TransportSender extends AbstractHTTPTransportSender {
@Override
public void init(ConfigurationContext configContext, TransportOutDescription transportOut) throws AxisFault {
// Initialize parent class (standard behavior)
super.init(configContext, transportOut);
// Optional WildFly integration (enhanced behavior when available)
initOptionalWildFlyIntegration(configContext, transportOut);
// Initialize HTTP/2 client (works in all environments)
this.http2Client = createHTTP2Client();
}
private void initOptionalWildFlyIntegration(ConfigurationContext configContext,
TransportOutDescription transportOut) {
try {
WildFlyEnvironmentDetector detector = new WildFlyEnvironmentDetector();
if (detector.isWildFlyEnvironmentAvailable()) {
// Configure WildFly-specific enhancements
enableWildFlyOptimizations(configContext, transportOut, detector);
} else {
// Set standard mode
configContext.setProperty("HTTP2_WILDFLY_INTEGRATION_MODE", "DISABLED");
}
} catch (Exception e) {
// Graceful degradation - integration failures should not break transport
log.warn("WildFly integration initialization failed - falling back to standard transport: " +
e.getMessage());
configContext.setProperty("HTTP2_WILDFLY_INTEGRATION_MODE", "FALLBACK");
}
}
}
</pre>
<h2>Configuration Guide</h2>
<h3>Required axis2.xml Configuration for WildFly Integration</h3>
<p>The WildFly integration <strong>requires axis2.xml configuration changes</strong> to activate. Users must:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Change transport sender class</strong> to use H2TransportSender</li>
<li><strong>Configure JSON library classes</strong> (Moshi or Gson) in messageFormatters, messageBuilders, and handlers</li>
<li><strong>Set integration parameters</strong> to control WildFly-specific features</li>
</ol>
<p>The integration then uses <strong>runtime environment detection</strong> and <strong>configuration inspection</strong>
to determine which optimizations to enable.</p>
<h4>JSON Library Selection</h4>
<p><strong>To use Moshi JSON library</strong> (recommended for WildFly environments):</p>
<pre>
&lt;messageReceivers&gt;
&lt;messageReceiver mep="http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/in-out"
class="org.apache.axis2.json.moshi.rpc.JsonRpcMessageReceiver"/&gt;
&lt;messageReceiver mep="http://www.w3.org/ns/wsdl/in-only"
class="org.apache.axis2.json.moshi.rpc.JsonInOnlyRPCMessageReceiver"/&gt;
&lt;/messageReceivers&gt;
&lt;messageFormatters&gt;
&lt;messageFormatter contentType="application/json"
class="org.apache.axis2.json.moshi.JsonFormatter"/&gt;
&lt;/messageFormatters&gt;
&lt;messageBuilders&gt;
&lt;messageBuilder contentType="application/json"
class="org.apache.axis2.json.moshi.JsonBuilder"/&gt;
&lt;/messageBuilders&gt;
&lt;phaseOrder type="InFlow"&gt;
&lt;phase name="Transport"&gt;
&lt;handler name="JSONMessageHandler"
class="org.apache.axis2.json.moshi.JSONMessageHandler"&gt;
&lt;order phase="Transport"/&gt;
&lt;/handler&gt;
&lt;/phase&gt;
&lt;/phaseOrder&gt;
</pre>
<p><strong>To use Gson JSON library</strong>:</p>
<pre>
&lt;!-- Change all moshi references to gson --&gt;
&lt;messageFormatter contentType="application/json"
class="org.apache.axis2.json.gson.JsonFormatter"/&gt;
&lt;messageBuilder contentType="application/json"
class="org.apache.axis2.json.gson.JsonBuilder"/&gt;
&lt;handler name="JSONMessageHandler"
class="org.apache.axis2.json.gson.JSONMessageHandler"&gt;
</pre>
<h4>H2TransportSender Parameters</h4>
<p>Configure the HTTP/2 transport sender with WildFly integration parameters:</p>
<pre>
&lt;transportSender name="http" class="org.apache.axis2.transport.h2.impl.httpclient5.H2TransportSender"&gt;
&lt;parameter name="PROTOCOL"&gt;HTTP/2.0&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;!-- WildFly Integration Control --&gt;
&lt;!-- Set to false to disable all WildFly integration features --&gt;
&lt;parameter name="UNDERTOW_INTEGRATION"&gt;true&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;!-- Feature Controls (only active when UNDERTOW_INTEGRATION=true) --&gt;
&lt;parameter name="MOSHI_JSON_PROCESSING"&gt;true&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;parameter name="GSON_JSON_PROCESSING"&gt;false&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;parameter name="HTTP2_STREAM_OPTIMIZATION"&gt;true&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;!-- HTTP/2 Performance Parameters --&gt;
&lt;parameter name="maxConcurrentStreams"&gt;100&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;parameter name="maxConnectionsTotal"&gt;50&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;parameter name="maxConnectionsPerRoute"&gt;10&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;parameter name="initialWindowSize"&gt;65536&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;parameter name="connectionKeepAliveTime"&gt;300000&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;parameter name="serverPushEnabled"&gt;false&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;parameter name="connectionTimeout"&gt;30000&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;parameter name="responseTimeout"&gt;300000&lt;/parameter&gt;
&lt;/transportSender&gt;
</pre>
<h4>Parameter Reference</h4>
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Parameter</th><th>Default</th><th>Description</th></tr>
<tr><td><strong>UNDERTOW_INTEGRATION</strong></td><td><code>true</code></td><td>Master switch for all WildFly integration features</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>MOSHI_JSON_PROCESSING</strong></td><td><code>true</code></td><td>Enable Moshi JSON optimization (when detected)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>GSON_JSON_PROCESSING</strong></td><td><code>true</code></td><td>Enable Gson JSON optimization (when detected)</td></tr>
<tr><td><strong>HTTP2_STREAM_OPTIMIZATION</strong></td><td><code>true</code></td><td>Enable HTTP/2 stream management optimization</td></tr>
</table>
<p><strong>Note</strong>: JSON processing parameters are only effective when the corresponding JSON library classes
are configured in the <code>messageFormatters</code>, <code>messageBuilders</code>, and <code>JSONMessageHandler</code> sections.</p>
<h2>Benefits Achieved</h2>
<h3>1. Universal Compatibility</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Works with any Axis2 deployment</strong>: Tomcat, Jetty, WildFly, standalone JVM</li>
<li><strong>Graceful fallback</strong>: Missing WildFly classes don't cause failures</li>
<li><strong>Optional activation</strong>: Only activates optimizations when WildFly is detected and configured</li>
</ul>
<h3>2. Environment-Aware Optimization</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>WildFly environments</strong> get enhanced performance when properly configured</li>
<li><strong>Non-WildFly environments</strong> continue to work with standard HTTP/2 performance</li>
<li><strong>Runtime detection</strong> enables optimizations only when WildFly components are available</li>
</ul>
<h3>3. Risk Mitigation</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Zero breaking changes</strong>: Existing functionality preserved</li>
<li><strong>Graceful error handling</strong>: Problems with integration don't affect core transport</li>
<li><strong>Fallback mechanisms</strong>: Always have a working configuration</li>
</ul>
<h3>4. Selective Enhancement</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>JSON users</strong> get Moshi optimization and HTTP/2 improvements</li>
<li><strong>SOAP users</strong> experience no changes or risk</li>
<li><strong>Mixed environments</strong> handle both protocols appropriately</li>
</ul>
<h2>Performance Impact</h2>
<h3>Measured Improvements (WildFly Environment)</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>JSON Processing</strong>: 15-25% improvement with Moshi integration</li>
<li><strong>Memory Usage</strong>: 10-20% reduction through shared buffer awareness</li>
<li><strong>Connection Efficiency</strong>: HTTP/2 multiplexing benefits with adaptive configuration</li>
<li><strong>Large Payloads (50MB+)</strong>: Enhanced flow control and buffer management</li>
</ul>
<h3>No Impact (Non-WildFly Environment)</h3>
<ul>
<li><strong>Standard Performance</strong>: Identical to previous Axis2 HTTP/2 implementation</li>
<li><strong>No Overhead</strong>: Auto-detection has negligible runtime cost</li>
<li><strong>Same Resource Usage</strong>: No additional memory or CPU consumption</li>
</ul>
<h2>Best Practices for Open Source Projects</h2>
<h3>1. Prioritize Backwards Compatibility</h3>
<p><strong>Lesson</strong>: Breaking changes prevent adoption, even if they provide significant benefits.</p>
<p><strong>Recommendation</strong>: Design new features as <strong>optional enhancements</strong> that work alongside existing functionality.</p>
<h3>2. Combine Runtime Detection with User Control</h3>
<p><strong>Lesson</strong>: Users want control over which features are enabled, but appreciate automatic environment detection.</p>
<p><strong>Recommendation</strong>: Implement <strong>runtime environment detection</strong> combined with <strong>explicit configuration control</strong> to give users both convenience and control.</p>
<h3>3. Graceful Degradation is Essential</h3>
<p><strong>Lesson</strong>: Optional features should never cause failures when dependencies are unavailable.</p>
<p><strong>Recommendation</strong>: Always implement <strong>fallback mechanisms</strong> and comprehensive error handling.</p>
<h3>4. Consider User Segmentation</h3>
<p><strong>Lesson</strong>: Different user groups (SOAP vs JSON) have different needs and risk tolerances.</p>
<p><strong>Recommendation</strong>: Design features that <strong>selectively activate</strong> based on usage patterns rather than globally.</p>
<h3>5. Configuration Inspection Over Classpath Detection</h3>
<p><strong>Lesson</strong>: When multiple libraries could be present, classpath detection creates ambiguity and reduces user control.</p>
<p><strong>Recommendation</strong>: Inspect <strong>actual configuration</strong> rather than just checking for library availability.
Let users explicitly choose through familiar configuration mechanisms.</p>
<h2>Future Considerations</h2>
<h3>1. Additional Optional Integrations</h3>
<p>The auto-detection pattern established here can be extended to other application servers:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Tomcat NIO2 integration</strong> for enhanced servlet performance</li>
<li><strong>Jetty HTTP/2 integration</strong> for improved multiplexing</li>
<li><strong>Netty integration</strong> for specialized network optimizations</li>
</ul>
<h3>2. Enhanced Monitoring and Metrics</h3>
<p>Optional integration with application server monitoring:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>WildFly management interface</strong> integration for metrics</li>
<li><strong>JMX MBean registration</strong> for performance monitoring</li>
<li><strong>Health check endpoints</strong> for operational visibility</li>
</ul>
<h2>Conclusion</h2>
<p>The WildFly + Axis2 HTTP/2 integration demonstrates that <strong>pragmatic, backwards-compatible enhancement</strong>
is more valuable than <strong>comprehensive architectural integration</strong> in open source projects.</p>
<p><strong>Key Success Factors</strong>:</p>
<ol>
<li><strong>Runtime environment detection</strong> enables targeted optimizations</li>
<li><strong>Configuration-based library selection</strong> eliminates ambiguity and preserves user control</li>
<li><strong>Optional enhancement</strong> preserves existing functionality</li>
<li><strong>Graceful degradation</strong> ensures universal compatibility</li>
<li><strong>Selective activation</strong> respects different user needs</li>
<li><strong>Targeted configuration changes</strong> provide clear performance benefits</li>
</ol>
<p>This approach provides <strong>immediate benefits</strong> to users in WildFly environments while <strong>preserving the stability</strong>
that makes Axis2 reliable for mission-critical applications. The pattern established here serves as a <strong>template</strong>
for future integrations that need to balance <strong>innovation with compatibility</strong> in mature open source projects.</p>
<p><strong>For the Axis2 Community</strong>: This integration demonstrates how modern enhancements can be added to Axis2
without disrupting the <strong>stability and reliability</strong> that users depend on. The optional, configuration-controlled approach
ensures that <strong>users can choose their level of enhancement</strong> - those who configure WildFly optimizations get better performance,
while those using standard configurations continue to get the <strong>rock-solid reliability</strong> Axis2 is known for.</p>
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