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| <!-- ! Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one |
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| ! "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY |
| ! KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the |
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| ! under the License. |
| ! --><h1>The Asterix Data Model (ADM)</h1> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="Table_of_Contents"></a><a name="toc" id="toc">Table of Contents</a></h2> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypes">Primitive Types</a> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesBoolean">Boolean</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesInt">Tinyint / Smallint / Integer (Int) / Bigint</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesFloat">Float</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesDouble">Double (Double Precision)</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesString">String</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesBinary">Binary</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesPoint">Point</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesLine">Line</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesRectangle">Rectangle</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesCircle">Circle</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesPolygon">Polygon</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesDate">Date</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesTime">Time</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesDateTime">Datetime (Timestamp)</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesDuration">Duration/Year_month_duration/Day_time_duration</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesInterval">Interval</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#PrimitiveTypesUUID">UUID</a></li> |
| </ul></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#IncompleteInformationTypesTypes">Incomplete Information Types</a> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li><a href="#IncompleteInformationTypesNull">Null</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#IncompleteInformationTypesMissing">Missing</a></li> |
| </ul></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#DerivedTypes">Derived Types</a> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li><a href="#DerivedTypesObject">Object</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#DerivedTypesArray">Array</a></li> |
| |
| <li><a href="#DerivedTypesMultiset">Multiset</a></li> |
| </ul></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>An instance of Asterix data model (ADM) can be a <i><i>primitive type</i></i> (<tt>boolean</tt>, <tt>tinyint</tt>, <tt>smallint</tt>, <tt>integer</tt>, <tt>bigint</tt>, <tt>string</tt>, <tt>float</tt>, <tt>double</tt>, <tt>date</tt>, <tt>time</tt>, <tt>datetime</tt>, etc.), a <i><i>special type</i></i> (<tt>null</tt> or <tt>missing</tt>), or a <i><i>derived type</i></i>.</p> |
| <p>The type names are case-insensitive, e.g., both <tt>BIGINT</tt> and <tt>bigint</tt> are acceptable.</p></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="Primitive_Types"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypes" id="PrimitiveTypes">Primitive Types</a></h2> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Boolean"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesBoolean" id="PrimitiveTypesBoolean">Boolean</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>boolean</tt> data type can have one of the two values: <i><i>true</i></i> or <i><i>false</i></i>.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "true": true, "false": false }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "true": true, "false": false } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Tinyint__Smallint__Integer_Int__Bigint"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesInt" id="PrimitiveTypesInt">Tinyint / Smallint / Integer (Int) / Bigint</a></h3> |
| <p>Integer types using 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits. The ranges of these types are:</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li><tt>tinyint</tt>: -127 to 127</li> |
| |
| <li><tt>smallint</tt>: -32767 to 32767</li> |
| |
| <li><tt>integer</tt>: -2147483647 to 2147483647</li> |
| |
| <li><tt>bigint</tt>: -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><tt>int</tt> is an abbreviated alias for integer.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "tinyint": tiny("125"), "smallint": smallint("32765"), "integer": 294967295, "bigint": bigint("1700000000000000000")}; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "tinyint": 125, "smallint": 32765, "integer": 294967295, "bigint": 17000000 } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Float"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesFloat" id="PrimitiveTypesFloat">Float</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>float</tt> represents approximate numeric data values using 4 bytes. The range of a float value can be from 2^(-149) to (2-2^(-23)·2^(127) for both positive and negative. Beyond these ranges will get <tt>INF</tt> or <tt>-INF</tt>.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": float("NaN"), "v2": float("INF"), "v3": float("-INF"), "v4": float("-2013.5") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": NaN, "v2": Infinity, "v3": -Infinity, "v4": -2013.5 } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Double_double_precision"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesDouble" id="PrimitiveTypesDouble">Double (double precision)</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>double</tt> represents approximate numeric data values using 8 bytes. The range of a double value can be from (2^(-1022)) to (2-2^(-52))·2^(1023) for both positive and negative. Beyond these ranges will get <tt>INF</tt> or <tt>-INF</tt>.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": double("NaN"), "v2": double("INF"), "v3": double("-INF"), "v4": "-2013.593823748327284" }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": NaN, "v2": Infinity, "v3": -Infinity, "v4": -2013.5938237483274 } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><tt>Double precision</tt> is an alias of <tt>double</tt>.</p></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="String"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesString" id="PrimitiveTypesString">String</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>string</tt> represents a sequence of characters. The total length of the sequence can be up to 2,147,483,648.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": string("This is a string."), "v2": string("\"This is a quoted string\"") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": "This is a string.", "v2": "\"This is a quoted string\"" } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Binary"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesBinary" id="PrimitiveTypesBinary">Binary</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>binary</tt> represents a sequence of bytes. It can be constructed from a <tt>hex</tt> or a <tt>base64</tt> string sequence. The total length of the byte sequence can be up to 2,147,483,648.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ |
| "hex1" : hex("ABCDEF0123456789"), |
| "hex2": hex("abcdef0123456789"), |
| "base64_1" : base64("0123456789qwertyui+/"), |
| "base64_2" : base64('QXN0ZXJpeA==') |
| }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The default output format is in <tt>hex</tt> format. Thus, the expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ |
| "hex1": hex("ABCDEF0123456789"), |
| "hex2": hex("ABCDEF0123456789"), |
| "base64_1": hex("D35DB7E39EBBF3DAB07ABB72BA2FBF"), |
| "base64_2": hex("41737465726978") |
| } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Point"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesPoint" id="PrimitiveTypesPoint">Point</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>point</tt> is the fundamental two-dimensional building block for spatial types. It consists of two <tt>double</tt> coordinates x and y.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": point("80.10d, -10E5"), "v2": point("5.10E-10d, -10E5") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": point("80.1,-1000000.0"), "v2": point("5.1E-10,-1000000.0") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Line"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesLine" id="PrimitiveTypesLine">Line</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>line</tt> consists of two points that represent the start and the end points of a line segment.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": line("10.1234,11.1e-1 +10.2E-2,-11.22"), "v2": line("0.1234,-1.00e-10 +10.5E-2,-01.02") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": line("10.1234,1.11 0.102,-11.22"), "v2": line("0.1234,-1.0E-10 0.105,-1.02") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Rectangle"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesRectangle" id="PrimitiveTypesRectangle">Rectangle</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>rectangle</tt> consists of two points that represent the <i><i>bottom left</i></i> and <i><i>upper right</i></i> corners of a rectangle.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": rectangle("5.1,11.8 87.6,15.6548"), "v2": rectangle("0.1234,-1.00e-10 5.5487,0.48765") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": rectangle("5.1,11.8 87.6,15.6548"), "v2": rectangle("0.1234,-1.0E-10 5.5487,0.48765") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Circle"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesCircle" id="PrimitiveTypesCircle">Circle</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>circle</tt> consists of one point that represents the center of the circle and a radius of type <tt>double</tt>.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": circle("10.1234,11.1e-1 +10.2E-2"), "v2": circle("0.1234,-1.00e-10 +10.5E-2") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": circle("10.1234,1.11 0.102"), "v2": circle("0.1234,-1.0E-10 0.105") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Polygon"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesPolygon" id="PrimitiveTypesPolygon">Polygon</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>polygon</tt> consists of <i><i>n</i></i> points that represent the vertices of a <i><i>simple closed</i></i> polygon.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ |
| "v1": polygon("-1.2,+1.3e2 -2.14E+5,2.15 -3.5e+2,03.6 -4.6E-3,+4.81"), |
| "v2": polygon("-1.0,+10.5e2 -02.15E+50,2.5 -1.0,+3.3e3 -2.50E+05,20.15 +3.5e+2,03.6 -4.60E-3,+4.75 -2,+1.0e2 -2.00E+5,20.10 30.5,03.25 -4.33E-3,+4.75") |
| }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ |
| "v1": polygon("-1.2,130.0 -214000.0,2.15 -350.0,3.6 -0.0046,4.81"), |
| "v2": polygon("-1.0,1050.0 -2.15E50,2.5 -1.0,3300.0 -250000.0,20.15 350.0,3.6 -0.0046,4.75 -2.0,100.0 -200000.0,20.1 30.5,3.25 -0.00433,4.75") } |
| } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Date"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesDate" id="PrimitiveTypesDate">Date</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>date</tt> represents a time point along the Gregorian calendar system specified by the year, month and day. ASTERIX supports the date from <tt>-9999-01-01</tt> to <tt>9999-12-31</tt>.</p> |
| <p>A date value can be represented in two formats, extended format and basic format.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li>Extended format is represented as <tt>[-]yyyy-mm-dd</tt> for <tt>year-month-day</tt>. Each field should be padded if there are less digits than the format specified.</li> |
| |
| <li>Basic format is in the format of <tt>[-]yyyymmdd</tt>.</li> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": date("2013-01-01"), "v2": date("-19700101") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": date("2013-01-01"), "v2": date("-1970-01-01") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Time"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesTime" id="PrimitiveTypesTime">Time</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>time</tt> type describes the time within the range of a day. It is represented by three fields: hour, minute and second. Millisecond field is optional as the fraction of the second field. Its extended format is as <tt>hh:mm:ss[.mmm]</tt> and the basic format is <tt>hhmmss[mmm]</tt>. The value domain is from <tt>00:00:00.000</tt> to <tt>23:59:59.999</tt>.</p> |
| <p>Timezone field is optional for a time value. Timezone is represented as <tt>[+|-]hh:mm</tt> for extended format or <tt>[+|-]hhmm</tt> for basic format. Note that the sign designators cannot be omitted. <tt>Z</tt> can also be used to represent the UTC local time. If no timezone information is given, it is UTC by default.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": time("12:12:12.039Z"), "v2": time("000000000-0800") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": time("12:12:12.039Z"), "v2": time("08:00:00.000Z") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Datetime_Timestamp"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesDateTime" id="PrimitiveTypesDateTime">Datetime (Timestamp)</a></h3> |
| <p>A <tt>datetime</tt> value is a combination of an <tt>date</tt> and <tt>time</tt>, representing a fixed time point along the Gregorian calendar system. The value is among <tt>-9999-01-01 00:00:00.000</tt> and <tt>9999-12-31 23:59:59.999</tt>.</p> |
| <p>A <tt>datetime</tt> value is represented as a combination of the representation of its <tt>date</tt> part and <tt>time</tt> part, separated by a separator <tt>T</tt>. Either extended or basic format can be used, and the two parts should be the same format.</p> |
| <p>Millisecond field and timezone field are optional, as specified in the <tt>time</tt> type.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": datetime("2013-01-01T12:12:12.039Z"), "v2": datetime("-19700101T000000000-0800") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": datetime("2013-01-01T12:12:12.039Z"), "v2": datetime("-1970-01-01T08:00:00.000Z") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p><tt>timestamp</tt> is an alias of <tt>datetime</tt>.</p></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="DurationYear_month_durationDay_time_duration"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesDuration" id="PrimitiveTypesDuration">Duration/Year_month_duration/Day_time_duration</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>duration</tt> represents a duration of time. A duration value is specified by integers on at least one of the following fields: year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and millisecond.</p> |
| <p>A duration value is in the format of <tt>[-]PnYnMnDTnHnMn.mmmS</tt>. The millisecond part (as the fraction of the second field) is optional, and when no millisecond field is used, the decimal point should also be absent.</p> |
| <p>Negative durations are also supported for the arithmetic operations between time instance types (<tt>date</tt>, <tt>time</tt> and <tt>datetime</tt>), and is used to roll the time back for the given duration. For example <tt>date("2012-01-01") + duration("-P3D")</tt> will return <tt>date("2011-12-29")</tt>.</p> |
| <p>There are also two sub-duration types, namely <tt>year_month_duration</tt> and <tt>day_time_duration</tt>. <tt>year_month_duration</tt> represents only the years and months of a duration, while <tt>day_time_duration</tt> represents only the day to millisecond fields. Different from the <tt>duration</tt> type, both these two subtypes are totally ordered, so they can be used for comparison and index construction.</p> |
| <p>Note that a canonical representation of the duration is always returned, regardless whether the duration is in the canonical representation or not from the user’s input. More information about canonical representation can be found from <a class="externalLink" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath-functions/#canonical-dayTimeDuration">XPath dayTimeDuration Canonical Representation</a> and <a class="externalLink" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath-functions/#canonical-yearMonthDuration">yearMonthDuration Canonical Representation</a>.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": duration("P100Y12MT12M"), "v2": duration("-PT20.943S") }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": duration("P101YT12M"), "v2": duration("-PT20.943S") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Interval"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesInterval" id="PrimitiveTypesInterval">Interval</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>interval</tt> represents inclusive-exclusive ranges of time. It is defined by two time point values with the same temporal type(<tt>date</tt>, <tt>time</tt> or <tt>datetime</tt>).</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ |
| "v1": interval(date("2013-01-01"), date("20130505")), |
| "v2": interval(time("00:01:01"), time("213901049+0800")), |
| "v3": interval(datetime("2013-01-01T00:01:01"), datetime("20130505T213901049+0800")) |
| }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ |
| "v1": interval(date("2013-01-01"), date("2013-05-05")), |
| "v2": interval(time("00:01:01.000Z"), time("13:39:01.049Z")), |
| "v3": interval(datetime("2013-01-01T00:01:01.000Z"), datetime("2013-05-05T13:39:01.049Z")) |
| } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="UUID"></a><a name="PrimitiveTypesUUID" id="PrimitiveTypesUUID">UUID</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>uuid</tt> represents a UUID value, which stands for Universally unique identifier. It is defined by a canonical format using hexadecimal text with inserted hyphen characters. (E.g.: 5a28ce1e-6a74-4201-9e8f-683256e5706f). This type is generally used to store auto-generated primary key values.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>return { "v1":uuid("5c848e5c-6b6a-498f-8452-8847a2957421") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "v1": uuid("5c848e5c-6b6a-498f-8452-8847a2957421") } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="Incomplete_Information_Types"></a><a name="IncompleteInformationTypes" id="IncompleteInformationTypes">Incomplete Information Types</a></h2> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Null"></a><a name="IncompleteInformationTypesNull" id="IncompleteInformationTypesNull">Null</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>null</tt> is a special value that is often used to represent an unknown value. For example, a user might not be able to know the value of a field and let it be <tt>null</tt>.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "field": null }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "field": null } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Missing"></a><a name="IncompleteInformationTypesMissing" id="IncompleteInformationTypesMissing">Missing</a></h3> |
| <p><tt>missing</tt> represents a missing name-value pair in a object. If the referenced field does not exist, an empty result value is returned by the query.</p> |
| <p>As neither the data model nor the system enforces homogeneity for datasets or collections, items in a dataset or collection can be of heterogeneous types and so a field can be present in one object and <tt>missing</tt> in another.</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>Example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ "field": missing }; |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <ul> |
| |
| <li> |
| <p>The expected result is:</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre>{ } |
| </pre></div></div></li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>Since a field with value <tt>missing</tt> means the field is absent, we get an empty object.</p></div></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h2><a name="Derived_Types"></a><a name="DerivedTypes" id="DerivedTypes">Derived Types</a></h2> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Object"></a><a name="DerivedTypesObject" id="DerivedTypesObject">Object</a></h3> |
| <p>A <tt>object</tt> contains a set of fields, where each field is described by its name and type. A object type is either open or closed. Open objects can contain fields that are not part of the type definition, while closed objects cannot. Syntactically, object constructors are surrounded by curly braces “{…}”.</p> |
| <p>An example would be</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre> { "id": 213508, "name": "Alice Bob" } |
| </pre></div></div></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Array"></a><a name="DerivedTypesArray" id="DerivedTypesArray">Array</a></h3> |
| <p>An <tt>array</tt> is a container that holds a fixed number of values. Array constructors are denoted by brackets: “[…]”.</p> |
| <p>An example would be</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre> ["alice", 123, "bob", null] |
| </pre></div></div></div> |
| <div class="section"> |
| <h3><a name="Multiset"></a><a name="DerivedTypesMultiset" id="DerivedTypesMultiset">Multiset</a></h3> |
| <p>A <tt>multiset</tt> is a generalization of the concept of a set that, unlike a set, allows multiple instances of the multiset’s elements. Multiset constructors are denoted by two opening curly braces followed by data and two closing curly braces, like “{{…}}”.</p> |
| <p>An example would be</p> |
| |
| <div class="source"> |
| <div class="source"> |
| <pre> {{"hello", 9328, "world", [1, 2, null]}} |
| </pre></div></div></div></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
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