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| <section id="the-arrow-pycapsule-interface"> |
| <span id="arrow-pycapsule-interface"></span><h1>The Arrow PyCapsule Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#the-arrow-pycapsule-interface" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1> |
| <div class="admonition warning"> |
| <p class="admonition-title">Warning</p> |
| <p>The Arrow PyCapsule Interface should be considered experimental</p> |
| </div> |
| <section id="rationale"> |
| <h2>Rationale<a class="headerlink" href="#rationale" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../CDataInterface.html#c-data-interface"><span class="std std-ref">C data interface</span></a> and |
| <a class="reference internal" href="../CStreamInterface.html#c-stream-interface"><span class="std std-ref">C stream interface</span></a> allow moving Arrow data between |
| different implementations of Arrow. However, these interfaces don’t specify how |
| Python libraries should expose these structs to other libraries. Prior to this, |
| many libraries simply provided export to PyArrow data structures, using the |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_import_from_c</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_export_to_c</span></code> methods. However, this always required |
| PyArrow to be installed. In addition, those APIs could cause memory leaks if |
| handled improperly.</p> |
| <p>This interface allows any library to export Arrow data structures to other |
| libraries that understand the same protocol.</p> |
| <section id="goals"> |
| <h3>Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p>Standardize the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/capsule.html">PyCapsule</a> objects that represent <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowSchema</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowArray</span></code>, |
| and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowArrayStream</span></code>.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Define standard methods that export Arrow data into such capsule objects, |
| so that any Python library wanting to accept Arrow data as input can call the |
| corresponding method instead of hardcoding support for specific Arrow |
| producers.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| </section> |
| <section id="non-goals"> |
| <h3>Non-goals<a class="headerlink" href="#non-goals" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p>Standardize what public APIs should be used for import. This is left up to |
| individual libraries.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| <section id="pycapsule-standard"> |
| <h2>PyCapsule Standard<a class="headerlink" href="#pycapsule-standard" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>When exporting Arrow data through Python, the C Data Interface / C Stream Interface |
| structures should be wrapped in capsules. Capsules avoid invalid access by |
| attaching a name to the pointer and avoid memory leaks by attaching a destructor. |
| Thus, they are much safer than passing pointers as integers.</p> |
| <p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/capsule.html">PyCapsule</a> allows for a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code> to be associated with the capsule, allowing |
| consumers to verify that the capsule contains the expected kind of data. To make sure |
| Arrow structures are recognized, the following names must be used:</p> |
| <table class="table"> |
| <colgroup> |
| <col style="width: 50.0%" /> |
| <col style="width: 50.0%" /> |
| </colgroup> |
| <thead> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>C Interface Type</p></th> |
| <th class="head"><p>PyCapsule Name</p></th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><p>ArrowSchema</p></td> |
| <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow_schema</span></code></p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-odd"><td><p>ArrowArray</p></td> |
| <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow_array</span></code></p></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr class="row-even"><td><p>ArrowArrayStream</p></td> |
| <td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow_array_stream</span></code></p></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <section id="lifetime-semantics"> |
| <h3>Lifetime Semantics<a class="headerlink" href="#lifetime-semantics" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>The exported PyCapsules should have a destructor that calls the |
| <a class="reference internal" href="../CDataInterface.html#c-data-interface-released"><span class="std std-ref">release callback</span></a> |
| of the Arrow struct, if it is not already null. This prevents a memory leak in |
| case the capsule was never passed to another consumer.</p> |
| <p>If the capsule has been passed to a consumer, the consumer should have moved |
| the data and marked the release callback as null, so there isn’t a risk of |
| releasing data the consumer is using. |
| <a class="reference internal" href="../CDataInterface.html#c-data-interface-released"><span class="std std-ref">Read more in the C Data Interface specification</span></a>.</p> |
| <p>Just like in the C Data Interface, the PyCapsule objects defined here can only |
| be consumed once.</p> |
| <p>For an example of a PyCapsule with a destructor, see <a class="reference internal" href="#create-a-pycapsule">Create a PyCapsule</a>.</p> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| <section id="export-protocol"> |
| <h2>Export Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#export-protocol" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>The interface consists of three separate protocols:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowSchemaExportable</span></code>, which defines the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_schema__</span></code> method.</p></li> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowArrayExportable</span></code>, which defines the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_array__</span></code> method.</p></li> |
| <li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowStreamExportable</span></code>, which defines the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_stream__</span></code> method.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| <section id="arrowschema-export"> |
| <h3>ArrowSchema Export<a class="headerlink" href="#arrowschema-export" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>Schemas, fields, and data types can implement the method <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_schema__</span></code>.</p> |
| <dl class="py method"> |
| <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="arrow_c_schema__"> |
| <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_schema__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">→</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.12)"><span class="pre">object</span></a></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#arrow_c_schema__" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt> |
| <dd><p>Export the object as an ArrowSchema.</p> |
| <dl class="field-list simple"> |
| <dt class="field-odd">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt> |
| <dd class="field-odd"><p>A PyCapsule containing a C ArrowSchema representation of the |
| object. The capsule must have a name of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"arrow_schema"</span></code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </dd></dl> |
| |
| </section> |
| <section id="arrowarray-export"> |
| <h3>ArrowArray Export<a class="headerlink" href="#arrowarray-export" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>Arrays and record batches (contiguous tables) can implement the method |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_array__</span></code>.</p> |
| <dl class="py method"> |
| <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="arrow_c_array__"> |
| <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_array__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">requested_schema</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.12)"><span class="pre">object</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.12)"><span class="pre">None</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">→</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><span class="pre">Tuple</span><span class="p"><span class="pre">[</span></span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.12)"><span class="pre">object</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">,</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.12)"><span class="pre">object</span></a><span class="p"><span class="pre">]</span></span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#arrow_c_array__" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt> |
| <dd><p>Export the object as a pair of ArrowSchema and ArrowArray structures.</p> |
| <dl class="field-list simple"> |
| <dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt> |
| <dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>requested_schema</strong> (<em>PyCapsule</em><em> or </em><em>None</em>) – A PyCapsule containing a C ArrowSchema representation |
| of a requested schema. Conversion to this schema is best-effort. See |
| <a class="reference internal" href="#schema-requests">Schema Requests</a>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="field-even">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt> |
| <dd class="field-even"><p>A pair of PyCapsules containing a C ArrowSchema and ArrowArray, |
| respectively. The schema capsule should have the name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"arrow_schema"</span></code> |
| and the array capsule should have the name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"arrow_array"</span></code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </dd></dl> |
| |
| </section> |
| <section id="arrowstream-export"> |
| <h3>ArrowStream Export<a class="headerlink" href="#arrowstream-export" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>Tables / DataFrames and streams can implement the method <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_stream__</span></code>.</p> |
| <dl class="py method"> |
| <dt class="sig sig-object py" id="arrow_c_stream__"> |
| <span class="sig-name descname"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_stream__</span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">self</span></span></em>, <em class="sig-param"><span class="n"><span class="pre">requested_schema</span></span><span class="p"><span class="pre">:</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.12)"><span class="pre">object</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">|</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#None" title="(in Python v3.12)"><span class="pre">None</span></a></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o"><span class="pre">=</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="default_value"><span class="pre">None</span></span></em><span class="sig-paren">)</span> <span class="sig-return"><span class="sig-return-icon">→</span> <span class="sig-return-typehint"><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#object" title="(in Python v3.12)"><span class="pre">object</span></a></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#arrow_c_stream__" title="Permalink to this definition">#</a></dt> |
| <dd><p>Export the object as an ArrowArrayStream.</p> |
| <dl class="field-list simple"> |
| <dt class="field-odd">Parameters<span class="colon">:</span></dt> |
| <dd class="field-odd"><p><strong>requested_schema</strong> (<em>PyCapsule</em><em> or </em><em>None</em>) – A PyCapsule containing a C ArrowSchema representation |
| of a requested schema. Conversion to this schema is best-effort. See |
| <a class="reference internal" href="#schema-requests">Schema Requests</a>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt class="field-even">Returns<span class="colon">:</span></dt> |
| <dd class="field-even"><p>A PyCapsule containing a C ArrowArrayStream representation of the |
| object. The capsule must have a name of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">"arrow_array_stream"</span></code>.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </dd></dl> |
| |
| </section> |
| <section id="schema-requests"> |
| <h3>Schema Requests<a class="headerlink" href="#schema-requests" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>In some cases, there might be multiple possible Arrow representations of the |
| same data. For example, a library might have a single integer type, but Arrow |
| has multiple integer types with different sizes and sign. As another example, |
| Arrow has several possible encodings for an array of strings: 32-bit offsets, |
| 64-bit offsets, string view, and dictionary-encoded. A sequence of strings could |
| export to any one of these Arrow representations.</p> |
| <p>In order to allow the caller to request a specific representation, the |
| <a class="reference internal" href="#arrow_c_array__" title="__arrow_c_array__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_array__()</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#arrow_c_stream__" title="__arrow_c_stream__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_stream__()</span></code></a> methods take an optional |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requested_schema</span></code> parameter. This parameter is a PyCapsule containing an |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowSchema</span></code>.</p> |
| <p>The callee should attempt to provide the data in the requested schema. However, |
| if the callee cannot provide the data in the requested schema, they may return |
| with the same schema as if <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> were passed to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">requested_schema</span></code>.</p> |
| <p>If the caller requests a schema that is not compatible with the data, |
| say requesting a schema with a different number of fields, the callee should |
| raise an exception. The requested schema mechanism is only meant to negotiate |
| between different representations of the same data and not to allow arbitrary |
| schema transformations.</p> |
| </section> |
| <section id="protocol-typehints"> |
| <h3>Protocol Typehints<a class="headerlink" href="#protocol-typehints" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>The following typehints can be copied into your library to annotate that a |
| function accepts an object implementing one of these protocols.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">typing</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Tuple</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Protocol</span> |
| <span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">typing_extensions</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Self</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ArrowSchemaExportable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Protocol</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__arrow_c_schema__</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="o">...</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ArrowArrayExportable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Protocol</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__arrow_c_array__</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">requested_schema</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">Tuple</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">]:</span> |
| <span class="o">...</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ArrowStreamExportable</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Protocol</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">__arrow_c_stream__</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> |
| <span class="n">requested_schema</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="nb">object</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="kc">None</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="nb">object</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="o">...</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| <section id="examples"> |
| <h2>Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <section id="create-a-pycapsule"> |
| <h3>Create a PyCapsule<a class="headerlink" href="#create-a-pycapsule" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>To create a PyCapsule, use the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/capsule.html#c.PyCapsule_New">PyCapsule_New</a> |
| function. The function must be passed a destructor function that will be called |
| to release the data the capsule points to. It must first call the release |
| callback if it is not null, then free the struct.</p> |
| <p>Below is the code to create a PyCapsule for an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowSchema</span></code>. The code for |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowArray</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowArrayStream</span></code> is similar.</p> |
| <div class="sd-tab-set docutils"> |
| <input checked="checked" id="sd-tab-item-0" name="sd-tab-set-0" type="radio"> |
| </input><label class="sd-tab-label" for="sd-tab-item-0"> |
| C</label><div class="sd-tab-content docutils"> |
| <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><Python.h></span> |
| |
| <span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ReleaseArrowSchemaPyCapsule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">capsule</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ArrowSchema</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ArrowSchema</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">PyCapsule_GetPointer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">capsule</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"arrow_schema"</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">release</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">-></span><span class="n">release</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="n">free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">ExportArrowSchemaPyCapsule</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ArrowSchema</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ArrowSchema</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ArrowSchema</span><span class="p">));</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// Fill in ArrowSchema fields</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="c1">// ...</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyCapsule_New</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"arrow_schema"</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ReleaseArrowSchemaPyCapsule</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <input id="sd-tab-item-1" name="sd-tab-set-0" type="radio"> |
| </input><label class="sd-tab-label" for="sd-tab-item-1"> |
| Cython</label><div class="sd-tab-content docutils"> |
| <div class="highlight-cython notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">cimport</span> <span class="nn">cpython</span> |
| <span class="k">from</span> <span class="nn">libc.stdlib</span> <span class="k">cimport</span> <span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">free</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">cdef</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">release_arrow_schema_py_capsule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span> <span class="n">schema_capsule</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="k">cdef</span> <span class="kt">ArrowSchema</span>* <span class="nf">schema</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ArrowSchema</span><span class="o">*></span><span class="n">cpython</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PyCapsule_GetPointer</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="n">schema_capsule</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'arrow_schema'</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">release</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="bp">NULL</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">release</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="n">free</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">cdef</span> <span class="kt">object</span> <span class="nf">export_arrow_schema_py_capsule</span><span class="p">():</span> |
| <span class="k">cdef</span> <span class="kt">ArrowSchema</span>* <span class="nf">schema</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ArrowSchema</span><span class="o">*></span><span class="n">malloc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sizeof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ArrowSchema</span><span class="p">))</span> |
| <span class="c"># It's recommended to immediately wrap the struct in a capsule, so</span> |
| <span class="c"># if subsequent lines raise an exception memory will not be leaked.</span> |
| <span class="n">schema</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">release</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="bp">NULL</span> |
| <span class="n">capsule</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cpython</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PyCapsule_New</span><span class="p">(</span> |
| <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">void</span><span class="o">*></span><span class="n">schema</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'arrow_schema'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">release_arrow_schema_py_capsule</span> |
| <span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="c"># Fill in ArrowSchema fields:</span> |
| <span class="c"># schema.format = ...</span> |
| <span class="c"># ...</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">capsule</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| <section id="consume-a-pycapsule"> |
| <h3>Consume a PyCapsule<a class="headerlink" href="#consume-a-pycapsule" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>To consume a PyCapsule, use the <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.python.org/3/c-api/capsule.html#c.PyCapsule_GetPointer">PyCapsule_GetPointer</a> function |
| to get the pointer to the underlying struct. Import the struct using your |
| system’s Arrow C Data Interface import function. Only after that should the |
| capsule be freed.</p> |
| <p>The below example shows how to consume a PyCapsule for an <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowSchema</span></code>. The |
| code for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowArray</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ArrowArrayStream</span></code> is similar.</p> |
| <div class="sd-tab-set docutils"> |
| <input checked="checked" id="sd-tab-item-2" name="sd-tab-set-1" type="radio"> |
| </input><label class="sd-tab-label" for="sd-tab-item-2"> |
| C</label><div class="sd-tab-content docutils"> |
| <div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="cp">#include</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="cpf"><Python.h></span> |
| |
| <span class="c1">// If the capsule is not an ArrowSchema, will return NULL and set an exception.</span> |
| <span class="k">struct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">ArrowSchema</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GetArrowSchemaPyCapsule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">capsule</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> |
| <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyCapsule_GetPointer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">capsule</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"arrow_schema"</span><span class="p">);</span> |
| <span class="p">}</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| <input id="sd-tab-item-3" name="sd-tab-set-1" type="radio"> |
| </input><label class="sd-tab-label" for="sd-tab-item-3"> |
| Cython</label><div class="sd-tab-content docutils"> |
| <div class="highlight-cython notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">cimport</span> <span class="nn">cpython</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">cdef</span> <span class="kt">ArrowSchema</span>* <span class="nf">get_arrow_schema_py_capsule</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">object</span> <span class="n">capsule</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">except</span> <span class="bp">NULL</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="o"><</span><span class="n">ArrowSchema</span><span class="o">*></span><span class="n">cpython</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PyCapsule_GetPointer</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">capsule</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'arrow_schema'</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| <section id="backwards-compatibility-with-pyarrow"> |
| <h3>Backwards Compatibility with PyArrow<a class="headerlink" href="#backwards-compatibility-with-pyarrow" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>When interacting with PyArrow, the PyCapsule interface should be preferred over |
| the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_export_to_c</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_import_from_c</span></code> methods. However, many libraries will |
| want to support a range of PyArrow versions. This can be done via Duck typing.</p> |
| <p>For example, if your library had an import method such as:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># OLD METHOD</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">from_arrow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arr</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">pa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="n">array_import_ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_array_import_ptr</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">schema_import_ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_schema_import_ptr</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">arr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_export_to_c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array_import_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema_import_ptr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">import_c_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array_import_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema_import_ptr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You can rewrite this method to support both PyArrow and other libraries that |
| implement the PyCapsule interface:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># NEW METHOD</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">from_arrow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="c1"># Newer versions of PyArrow as well as other libraries with Arrow data</span> |
| <span class="c1"># implement this method, so prefer it over _export_to_c.</span> |
| <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"__arrow_c_array__"</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="n">schema_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">array_ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">arr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">__arrow_c_array__</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">import_c_capsule_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">schema_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">array_ptr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">elif</span> <span class="nb">isinstance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">pa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="c1"># Deprecated method, used for older versions of PyArrow</span> |
| <span class="n">array_import_ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_array_import_ptr</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">schema_import_ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_schema_import_ptr</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">arr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_export_to_c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array_import_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema_import_ptr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">import_c_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array_import_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema_import_ptr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="k">raise</span> <span class="ne">TypeError</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">"Cannot import </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arr</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> as Arrow array data."</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You may also wish to accept objects implementing the protocol in your |
| constructors. For example, in PyArrow, the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array()</span></code> and <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">record_batch()</span></code> |
| constructors accept any object that implements the <a class="reference internal" href="#arrow_c_array__" title="__arrow_c_array__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_array__()</span></code></a> method |
| protocol. Similarly, the PyArrow’s <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">schema()</span></code> constructor accepts any object |
| that implements the <a class="reference internal" href="#arrow_c_schema__" title="__arrow_c_schema__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_schema__()</span></code></a> method.</p> |
| <p>Now if your library has an export to PyArrow function, such as:</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># OLD METHOD</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">to_arrow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">pa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">array_export_ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_array_export_ptr</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">schema_export_ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_schema_export_ptr</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">export_c_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array_export_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema_export_ptr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">pa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_import_from_c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array_export_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema_export_ptr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| <p>You can rewrite this function to use the PyCapsule interface by passing your |
| object to the <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">array()</span></code> constructor, which accepts any object that |
| implements the protocol. An easy way to check if the PyArrow version is new |
| enough to support this is to check whether <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pa.Array</span></code> has the |
| <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_c_array__</span></code> method.</p> |
| <div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">warnings</span> |
| |
| <span class="c1"># NEW METHOD</span> |
| <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">to_arrow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">-></span> <span class="n">pa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="c1"># PyArrow added support for constructing arrays from objects implementing</span> |
| <span class="c1"># __arrow_c_array__ in the same version it added the method for it's own</span> |
| <span class="c1"># arrays. So we can use hasattr to check if the method is available as</span> |
| <span class="c1"># a proxy for checking the PyArrow version.</span> |
| <span class="k">if</span> <span class="nb">hasattr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">pa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Array</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">"__arrow_c_array__"</span><span class="p">):</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">pa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span> |
| <span class="n">array_export_ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_array_export_ptr</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="n">schema_export_ptr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">make_schema_export_ptr</span><span class="p">()</span> |
| <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">export_c_data</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array_export_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema_export_ptr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">pa</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">_import_from_c</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">array_export_ptr</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">schema_export_ptr</span><span class="p">)</span> |
| </pre></div> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| <section id="comparison-with-other-protocols"> |
| <h2>Comparison with Other Protocols<a class="headerlink" href="#comparison-with-other-protocols" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <section id="comparison-to-dataframe-interchange-protocol"> |
| <h3>Comparison to DataFrame Interchange Protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#comparison-to-dataframe-interchange-protocol" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p><a class="reference external" href="https://data-apis.org/dataframe-protocol/latest/">The DataFrame Interchange Protocol</a> |
| is another protocol in Python that allows for the sharing of data between libraries. |
| This protocol is complementary to the DataFrame Interchange Protocol. Many of |
| the objects that implement this protocol will also implement the DataFrame |
| Interchange Protocol.</p> |
| <p>This protocol is specific to Arrow-based data structures, while the DataFrame |
| Interchange Protocol allows non-Arrow data frames and arrays to be shared as well. |
| Because of this, these PyCapsules can support Arrow-specific features such as |
| nested columns.</p> |
| <p>This protocol is also much more minimal than the DataFrame Interchange Protocol. |
| It just handles data export, rather than defining accessors for details like |
| number of rows or columns.</p> |
| <p>In summary, if you are implementing this protocol, you should also consider |
| implementing the DataFrame Interchange Protocol.</p> |
| </section> |
| <section id="comparison-to-arrow-array-protocol"> |
| <h3>Comparison to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__arrow_array__</span></code> protocol<a class="headerlink" href="#comparison-to-arrow-array-protocol" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../../python/extending_types.html#arrow-array-protocol"><span class="std std-ref">Controlling conversion to pyarrow.Array with the __arrow_array__ protocol</span></a> protocol is a dunder method that |
| defines how PyArrow should import an object as an Arrow array. Unlike this |
| protocol, it is specific to PyArrow and isn’t used by other libraries. It is |
| also limited to arrays and does not support schemas, tabular structures, or streams.</p> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| |
| |
| </article> |
| |
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