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| <section id="adbc-arrow-database-connectivity"> |
| <h1>ADBC: Arrow Database Connectivity<a class="headerlink" href="#adbc-arrow-database-connectivity" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1> |
| <p>Full Documentation on ADBC can be found at <a class="reference external" href="https://arrow.apache.org/adbc/">https://arrow.apache.org/adbc/</a>.</p> |
| <section id="rationale"> |
| <h2>Rationale<a class="headerlink" href="#rationale" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>The Arrow ecosystem lacks standard database interfaces built around |
| Arrow data, especially for efficiently fetching large datasets |
| (i.e. with minimal or no serialization and copying). Without a common |
| API, the end result is a mix of custom protocols (e.g. BigQuery, |
| Snowflake) and adapters (e.g. <a class="reference external" href="https://turbodbc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">Turbodbc</a>) scattered across languages. |
| Consumers must laboriously wrap individual systems (as <a class="reference external" href="https://r-dbi.github.io/dbi3/articles/dbi3.html">DBI is |
| contemplating</a> and <a class="reference external" href="https://trino.io/docs/current/connector.html">Trino does with connectors</a>).</p> |
| <p>ADBC aims to provide a minimal database client API standard, based on |
| Arrow, for C, Go, and Java (with bindings for other languages). |
| Applications code to this API standard (in much the same way as they |
| would with JDBC or ODBC), but fetch result sets in Arrow format |
| (e.g. via the <a class="reference internal" href="CDataInterface.html"><span class="doc">C Data Interface</span></a>). They then |
| link to an implementation of the standard: either directly to a |
| vendor-supplied driver for a particular database, or to a driver |
| manager that abstracts across multiple drivers. Drivers implement the |
| standard using a database-specific API, such as Flight SQL.</p> |
| <section id="goals"> |
| <h3>Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p>Provide a cross-language, Arrow-based API to standardize how clients |
| submit queries to and fetch Arrow data from databases.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Support both SQL dialects and the emergent <a class="reference external" href="https://substrait.io">Substrait</a> standard.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Support explicitly partitioned/distributed result sets to work |
| better with contemporary distributed systems.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Allow for a variety of implementations to maximize reach.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| </section> |
| <section id="non-goals"> |
| <h3>Non-goals<a class="headerlink" href="#non-goals" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p>Replacing JDBC/ODBC in all use cases, particularly <a class="reference external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processing">OLTP</a> use |
| cases.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Requiring or enshrining a particular database protocol for the Arrow |
| ecosystem.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| </section> |
| <section id="example-use-cases"> |
| <h3>Example use cases<a class="headerlink" href="#example-use-cases" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>A C or C++ application wishes to retrieve bulk data from a Postgres |
| database for further analysis. The application is compiled against |
| the ADBC header, and executes queries via the ADBC APIs. The |
| application is linked against the ADBC libpq driver. At runtime, the |
| driver submits queries to the database via the Postgres client |
| libraries, and retrieves row-oriented results, which it then converts |
| to Arrow format before returning them to the application.</p> |
| <p>If the application wishes to retrieve data from a database supporting |
| Flight SQL instead, it would link against the ADBC Flight SQL driver. |
| At runtime, the driver would submit queries via Flight SQL and get |
| back Arrow data, which is then passed unchanged and uncopied to the |
| application. (The application may have to edit the SQL queries, as |
| ADBC does not translate between SQL dialects.)</p> |
| <p>If the application wishes to work with multiple databases, it would |
| link against the ADBC driver manager, and specify the desired driver |
| at runtime. The driver manager would pass on API calls to the correct |
| driver, which handles the request.</p> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| <section id="adbc-api-standard-1-0-0"> |
| <h2>ADBC API Standard 1.0.0<a class="headerlink" href="#adbc-api-standard-1-0-0" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>ADBC is a language-specific set of interface definitions that can be |
| implemented directly by a vendor-specific “driver” or a vendor-neutral |
| “driver manager”.</p> |
| <p>Version 1.0.0 of the standard corresponds to tag adbc-1.0.0 of the |
| repository <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">apache/arrow-adbc</span></code>, which is commit |
| <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/arrow-adbc/commit/f044edf5256abfb4c091b0ad2acc73afea2c93c0">f044edf5256abfb4c091b0ad2acc73afea2c93c0</a>. Note that is separate |
| from releases of the actual implementations.</p> |
| <p>See the language-specific pages for details:</p> |
| <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> |
| <ul> |
| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ADBC/C.html">ADBC C API Specification</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ADBC/Go.html">ADBC Go API Specification</a></li> |
| <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ADBC/Java.html">ADBC Java API Specification</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </div> |
| </section> |
| <section id="updating-this-specification"> |
| <h2>Updating this specification<a class="headerlink" href="#updating-this-specification" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>ADBC is versioned separately from the core Arrow project. The API |
| standard and components (driver manager, drivers) are also versioned |
| separately, but both follow semantic versioning.</p> |
| <p>For example: components may make backwards-compatible releases as |
| 1.0.0, 1.0.1, 1.1.0, 1.2.0, etc. They may release |
| backwards-incompatible versions such as 2.0.0, but which still |
| implement the API standard version 1.0.0.</p> |
| <p>Similarly, this documentation describes the ADBC API standard version |
| 1.0.0. If/when an ABI-compatible revision is made |
| (e.g. new standard options are defined), the next version would be |
| 1.1.0. If incompatible changes are made (e.g. new API functions), the |
| next version would be 2.0.0.</p> |
| </section> |
| <section id="related-work"> |
| <h2>Related work<a class="headerlink" href="#related-work" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>In the initial proposal, a survey of existing solutions and systems |
| was included, which is reproduced below for context, though note the |
| descriptions are only kept up-to-date on a best-effort basis.</p> |
| <section id="comparison-with-arrow-flight-sql"> |
| <h3>Comparison with Arrow Flight SQL<a class="headerlink" href="#comparison-with-arrow-flight-sql" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>Flight SQL is a <strong>client-server protocol</strong> oriented at database |
| developers. By implementing Flight SQL, a database can support |
| clients that use ADBC, JDBC, and ODBC.</p> |
| <p>ADBC is an <strong>API specification</strong> oriented at database clients. By |
| coding to ADBC, an application can get Arrow data from a variety of |
| databases that use different client technologies underneath.</p> |
| <p>Hence, the two projects complement each other. While Flight SQL |
| provides a client that can be used directly, we expect applications |
| would prefer to use ADBC instead of tying themselves to a particular |
| database.</p> |
| </section> |
| <section id="comparison-with-jdbc-odbc"> |
| <h3>Comparison with JDBC/ODBC<a class="headerlink" href="#comparison-with-jdbc-odbc" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>JDBC is a row-based API, so bridging JDBC to Arrow is hard to do |
| efficiently.</p> |
| <p>ODBC provides support for bulk data with <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/develop-app/block-cursors?view=sql-server-ver15">block cursors</a>, and |
| <a class="reference external" href="https://turbodbc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">Turbodbc</a> demonstrates that a performant Arrow-based API can be built |
| on top. However, it is still an awkward fit for Arrow:</p> |
| <ul class="simple"> |
| <li><p>Nulls (‘indicator’ values) are <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/develop-app/using-length-and-indicator-values?view=sql-server-ver15">represented as integers</a>, requiring |
| conversion.</p></li> |
| <li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/develop-app/allocating-and-freeing-buffers?view=sql-server-ver15">Result buffers are caller-allocated</a>. This can force unnecessarily |
| copying data. ADBC uses the C Data Interface instead, eliminating |
| copies when possible (e.g. if the driver uses Flight SQL).</p></li> |
| <li><p>Some data types are represented differently, and require |
| conversion. <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/appendixes/transferring-data-in-its-binary-form?view=sql-server-ver15">SQL_C_BINARY</a> can sidestep this for drivers and |
| applications that cooperate, but then applications would have to |
| treat Arrow-based and non-Arrow-based data sources differently.</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/develop-app/character-data-and-c-strings?view=sql-server-ver15">Strings must be null-terminated</a>, which would require a copy |
| into an Arrow array, or require that the application handle null |
| terminated strings in an array.</p></li> |
| <li><p>It is implementation-defined whether strings may have embedded |
| nulls, but Arrow specifies UTF-8 strings for which 0x00 is a valid |
| byte.</p></li> |
| <li><p>Because buffers are caller-allocated, the driver and application |
| must cooperate to handle large strings; <a class="reference external" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/develop-app/data-length-buffer-length-and-truncation?view=sql-server-ver15">the driver must truncate |
| the value</a>, and the application can try to fetch the value again.</p></li> |
| <li><p>ODBC uses length buffers rather than offsets, requiring another |
| conversion to/from Arrow string arrays.</p></li> |
| <li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/odbc/reference/appendixes/c-interval-structure?view=sql-server-ver15">Time intervals use different representations</a>.</p></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>Hence, we think just extending ODBC is insufficient to meet the goals |
| of ADBC. ODBC will always be valuable for wider database support, and |
| providing an Arrow-based API on top of ODBC is useful. ADBC would |
| allow implementing/optimizing this conversion in a common library, |
| provide a simpler interface for consumers, and would provide an API |
| that Arrow-native or otherwise columnar systems can implement to |
| bypass this wrapper.</p> |
| <figure class="align-default" id="id1"> |
| <img alt="../_images/ADBCQuadrants.svg" src="../_images/ADBCQuadrants.svg" /><figcaption> |
| <p><span class="caption-text">ADBC, JDBC, and ODBC are database-agnostic. They define the |
| API that the application uses, but not how that API is implemented, |
| instead deferring to drivers to fulfill requests using the protocol |
| of their choice. JDBC and (generally) ODBC offer results in a |
| row-oriented format, while ADBC offers columnar Arrow data.</span><a class="headerlink" href="#id1" title="Permalink to this image">#</a></p> |
| <div class="legend"> |
| <p>Protocols/libraries like libpq (Postgres) and TDS (SQL Server) are |
| database-specific and row-oriented. Multiple databases may |
| implement the same protocol to try to reuse each other’s work, |
| e.g. several databases implement the Postgres wire protocol to |
| benefit from its driver implementations. But the protocol itself |
| was not designed with multiple databases in mind, nor are the |
| protocols generally meant to be used directly by applications.</p> |
| <p>Some database-specific protocols are Arrow-native, like those of |
| BigQuery and ClickHouse. Flight SQL additionally is meant to be |
| database-agnostic, but it defines both the client-facing API and |
| the underlying protocol, so it’s hard for applications to use it as |
| the API for databases that don’t already implement Flight SQL.</p> |
| </div> |
| </figcaption> |
| </figure> |
| </section> |
| <section id="existing-database-client-apis"> |
| <h3>Existing database client APIs<a class="headerlink" href="#existing-database-client-apis" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <dl class="simple"> |
| <dt><a class="reference internal" href="FlightSql.html"><span class="doc">Arrow Flight SQL</span></a></dt><dd><p>A standard building on top of Arrow Flight, defining how to use |
| Flight to talk to databases, retrieve metadata, execute queries, and |
| so on. Provides a single client in C++ and Java language that talks |
| to any database servers implementing the protocol. Models its API |
| surface (though not API design) after JDBC and ODBC.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.r-dbi.org/">DBI for R</a></dt><dd><p>An R package/ecosystem of packages for database access. Provides a |
| single interface with “backends” for specific databases. While |
| row-oriented, <a class="reference external" href="https://r-dbi.github.io/dbi3/articles/dbi3.html#using-arrowparquet-as-an-exchange-format">integration with Arrow is under consideration</a>, |
| including a sketch of effectively the same idea as ADBC.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=221">JDBC</a></dt><dd><p>A Java library for database access, providing row-based |
| APIs. Provides a single interface with drivers for specific |
| databases.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/microsoft/ODBC-Specification">ODBC</a></dt><dd><p>A language-agnostic standard from the ISO/IEC for database access, |
| associated with Microsoft. Feature-wise, it is similar to JDBC (and |
| indeed JDBC can wrap ODBC drivers), but it offers columnar data |
| support through fetching buffers of column values. (See above for |
| caveats.) Provides a single C interface with drivers for specific |
| databases.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0249/">PEP 249</a> (DBAPI 2.0)</dt><dd><p>A Python standard for database access providing row-based APIs. Not |
| a singular package, but rather a set of interfaces that packages |
| implement.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </section> |
| <section id="existing-libraries"> |
| <h3>Existing libraries<a class="headerlink" href="#existing-libraries" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>These are libraries which either 1) implement columnar data access for |
| a particular system; or 2) could be used to implement such access.</p> |
| <dl class="simple"> |
| <dt><a class="reference internal" href="Flight.html"><span class="doc">Arrow Flight</span></a></dt><dd><p>An RPC framework optimized for transferring Arrow record batches, |
| with application-specific extension points but without any higher |
| level semantics.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><a class="reference internal" href="../java/jdbc.html"><span class="doc">Arrow JDBC</span></a></dt><dd><p>A Java submodule, part of Arrow/Java, that uses the JDBC API to |
| produce Arrow data. Internally, it can read data only row-at-a-time.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/pacman82/arrow-odbc">arrow-odbc</a></dt><dd><p>A Rust community project that uses the ODBC API to produce Arrow |
| data, using ODBC’s buffer-based API to perform bulk copies. (See |
| also: Turbodbc.)</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/jorgecarleitao/arrowdantic/">Arrowdantic</a></dt><dd><p>Python bindings for an implementation of ODBC<>Arrow in Rust.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/0x0L/pgeon">pgeon</a></dt><dd><p>A client that manually parses the Postgres wire format and produces |
| Arrow data, bypassing JDBC/ODBC. While it attempts to optimize this |
| case, the Postgres wire protocol is still row-oriented.</p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><a class="reference external" href="https://turbodbc.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">Turbodbc</a></dt><dd><p>A set of Python ODBC bindings, implementing PEP 249, that also |
| provides APIs to fetch data as Arrow batches, optimizing the |
| conversion internally.</p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| </section> |
| <section id="papers"> |
| <h3>Papers<a class="headerlink" href="#papers" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>Raasveldt, Mark, and Hannes Mühleisen. <a class="reference external" href="https://ir.cwi.nl/pub/26415">“Don’t Hold My Data Hostage - |
| A Case for Client Protocol Redesign”</a>. In <em>Proceedings of the VLDB |
| Endowment</em>, 1022–1033, 2017.</p> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| |
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