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| <section id="thread-management"> |
| <span id="cpp-thread-management"></span><h1>Thread Management<a class="headerlink" href="#thread-management" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1> |
| <div class="admonition seealso"> |
| <p class="admonition-title">See also</p> |
| <p><a class="reference internal" href="api/thread.html"><span class="doc">Thread management API reference</span></a></p> |
| </div> |
| <section id="thread-pools"> |
| <h2>Thread Pools<a class="headerlink" href="#thread-pools" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <p>Many Arrow C++ operations distribute work across multiple threads to take |
| advantage of underlying hardware parallelism. For example, when <a class="reference internal" href="api/formats.html#_CPPv4N7parquet5arrow10FileReader15set_use_threadsEb" title="parquet::arrow::FileReader::set_use_threads"><code class="xref cpp cpp-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reading</span> <span class="pre">a</span> |
| <span class="pre">Parquet</span> <span class="pre">file</span></code></a> we can decode each |
| column in parallel. To achieve this we submit tasks to an executor of some kind.</p> |
| <p>Within Arrow C++ we use thread pools for parallel scheduling and an event loop |
| when the user has requested serial execution. It is possible for |
| users to provide their own custom implementation, though that is an advanced |
| concept and not covered here.</p> |
| <section id="cpu-vs-i-o"> |
| <h3>CPU vs. I/O<a class="headerlink" href="#cpu-vs-i-o" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>In order to minimize the overhead of context switches our default thread pool |
| for CPU-intensive tasks has a fixed size, defaulting to |
| <a class="reference external" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/thread/hardware_concurrency">std::thread::hardware_concurrency</a>. |
| This means that CPU tasks should never block for long periods of time because this |
| will result in under-utilization of the CPU. To achieve this we have a separate |
| thread pool which should be used for tasks that need to block. Since these tasks |
| are usually associated with I/O operations we call this the I/O thread pool. This |
| model is often associated with asynchronous computation.</p> |
| <p id="io-thread-pool">The size of the I/O thread pool currently defaults to 8 threads and should |
| be sized according to the parallel capabilities of the I/O hardware. For example, |
| if most reads and writes occur on a typical HDD then the default of 8 will probably |
| be sufficient. On the other hand, when most reads and writes occur on a remote |
| filesystem such as S3, it is often possible to benefit from many concurrent reads |
| and it may be possible to increase I/O performance by increasing the size of the |
| I/O thread pool. The size of the default I/O thread pool can be managed with |
| the <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="env_vars.html#envvar-ARROW_IO_THREADS"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ARROW_IO_THREADS</span></code></a> environment variable or |
| with the <a class="reference internal" href="api/thread.html#_CPPv4N5arrow2io23SetIOThreadPoolCapacityEi" title="arrow::io::SetIOThreadPoolCapacity"><code class="xref cpp cpp-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::io::SetIOThreadPoolCapacity()</span></code></a> function.</p> |
| <p>Increasing the size of the CPU thread pool is not likely to have any benefit. In |
| some cases it may make sense to decrease the size of the CPU thread pool in order |
| to reduce the impact that Arrow C++ has on hardware shared with other processes or user |
| threads. The size of the default CPU thread pool can be managed with the |
| <span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="reference internal" href="env_vars.html#envvar-OMP_NUM_THREADS"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OMP_NUM_THREADS</span></code></a> environment variable or with the |
| <a class="reference internal" href="api/thread.html#_CPPv4N5arrow24SetCpuThreadPoolCapacityEi" title="arrow::SetCpuThreadPoolCapacity"><code class="xref cpp cpp-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::SetCpuThreadPoolCapacity()</span></code></a> function.</p> |
| </section> |
| <section id="serial-execution"> |
| <h3>Serial Execution<a class="headerlink" href="#serial-execution" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>Operations in Arrow C++ that may use threads can usually be configured to run serially |
| via some kind of parameter. In this case we typically replace the CPU executor with |
| an event loop operated by the calling thread. However, many operations will continue |
| to use the I/O thread pool. This means that some parallelism may still occur even when |
| serial execution is requested.</p> |
| </section> |
| <section id="jemalloc-background-threads"> |
| <h3>Jemalloc Background Threads<a class="headerlink" href="#jemalloc-background-threads" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>When using the <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#cpp-memory-pool"><span class="std std-ref">jemalloc allocator</span></a> a small number of |
| background threads will be created by jemalloc to manage the pool. These threads |
| should have minimal impact but can show up as a memory leak when running analysis |
| tools like Valgrind. This is harmless and can be safely suppressed or Arrow C++ can |
| be compiled without jemalloc.</p> |
| </section> |
| </section> |
| <section id="asynchronous-utilities"> |
| <h2>Asynchronous Utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#asynchronous-utilities" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2> |
| <section id="future"> |
| <h3>Future<a class="headerlink" href="#future" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3> |
| <p>Arrow C++ uses <a class="reference internal" href="api/async.html#_CPPv4I0EN5arrow6FutureE" title="arrow::Future"><code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::Future</span></code></a> to communicate results between threads. Typically |
| an <a class="reference internal" href="api/async.html#_CPPv4I0EN5arrow6FutureE" title="arrow::Future"><code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::Future</span></code></a> will be created when an operation needs to perform some kind |
| of long running task that will block for some period of time. <a class="reference internal" href="api/async.html#_CPPv4I0EN5arrow6FutureE" title="arrow::Future"><code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::Future</span></code></a> |
| objects are mainly meant for internal use and any method that returns an |
| <a class="reference internal" href="api/async.html#_CPPv4I0EN5arrow6FutureE" title="arrow::Future"><code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::Future</span></code></a> will usually have a synchronous variant as well.</p> |
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