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<div>
<section id="thread-management">
<span id="cpp-thread-management"></span><h1>Thread Management<a class="headerlink" href="#thread-management" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h1>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="admonition-title">See also</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="api/thread.html"><span class="doc">Thread management API reference</span></a></p>
</div>
<section id="thread-pools">
<h2>Thread Pools<a class="headerlink" href="#thread-pools" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>Many Arrow C++ operations distribute work across multiple threads to take
advantage of underlying hardware parallelism. For example, when <a class="reference internal" href="api/formats.html#_CPPv4N7parquet5arrow10FileReader15set_use_threadsEb" title="parquet::arrow::FileReader::set_use_threads"><code class="xref cpp cpp-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reading</span> <span class="pre">a</span>
<span class="pre">Parquet</span> <span class="pre">file</span></code></a> we can decode each
column in parallel. To achieve this we submit tasks to an executor of some kind.</p>
<p>Within Arrow C++ we use thread pools for parallel scheduling and an event loop
when the user has requested serial execution. It is possible for
users to provide their own custom implementation, though that is an advanced
concept and not covered here.</p>
<section id="cpu-vs-i-o">
<h3>CPU vs. I/O<a class="headerlink" href="#cpu-vs-i-o" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>In order to minimize the overhead of context switches our default thread pool
for CPU-intensive tasks has a fixed size, defaulting to
<a class="reference external" href="https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/thread/hardware_concurrency">std::thread::hardware_concurrency</a>.
This means that CPU tasks should never block for long periods of time because this
will result in under-utilization of the CPU. To achieve this we have a separate
thread pool which should be used for tasks that need to block. Since these tasks
are usually associated with I/O operations we call this the I/O thread pool. This
model is often associated with asynchronous computation.</p>
<p id="io-thread-pool">The size of the I/O thread pool currently defaults to 8 threads and should
be sized according to the parallel capabilities of the I/O hardware. For example,
if most reads and writes occur on a typical HDD then the default of 8 will probably
be sufficient. On the other hand, when most reads and writes occur on a remote
filesystem such as S3, it is often possible to benefit from many concurrent reads
and it may be possible to increase I/O performance by increasing the size of the
I/O thread pool. The size of the default I/O thread pool can be managed with
the <span class="target" id="index-0"></span><a class="reference internal" href="env_vars.html#envvar-ARROW_IO_THREADS"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ARROW_IO_THREADS</span></code></a> environment variable or
with the <a class="reference internal" href="api/thread.html#_CPPv4N5arrow2io23SetIOThreadPoolCapacityEi" title="arrow::io::SetIOThreadPoolCapacity"><code class="xref cpp cpp-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::io::SetIOThreadPoolCapacity()</span></code></a> function.</p>
<p>Increasing the size of the CPU thread pool is not likely to have any benefit. In
some cases it may make sense to decrease the size of the CPU thread pool in order
to reduce the impact that Arrow C++ has on hardware shared with other processes or user
threads. The size of the default CPU thread pool can be managed with the
<span class="target" id="index-1"></span><a class="reference internal" href="env_vars.html#envvar-OMP_NUM_THREADS"><code class="xref std std-envvar docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">OMP_NUM_THREADS</span></code></a> environment variable or with the
<a class="reference internal" href="api/thread.html#_CPPv4N5arrow24SetCpuThreadPoolCapacityEi" title="arrow::SetCpuThreadPoolCapacity"><code class="xref cpp cpp-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::SetCpuThreadPoolCapacity()</span></code></a> function.</p>
</section>
<section id="serial-execution">
<h3>Serial Execution<a class="headerlink" href="#serial-execution" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Operations in Arrow C++ that may use threads can usually be configured to run serially
via some kind of parameter. In this case we typically replace the CPU executor with
an event loop operated by the calling thread. However, many operations will continue
to use the I/O thread pool. This means that some parallelism may still occur even when
serial execution is requested.</p>
</section>
<section id="jemalloc-background-threads">
<h3>Jemalloc Background Threads<a class="headerlink" href="#jemalloc-background-threads" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>When using the <a class="reference internal" href="memory.html#cpp-memory-pool"><span class="std std-ref">jemalloc allocator</span></a> a small number of
background threads will be created by jemalloc to manage the pool. These threads
should have minimal impact but can show up as a memory leak when running analysis
tools like Valgrind. This is harmless and can be safely suppressed or Arrow C++ can
be compiled without jemalloc.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="asynchronous-utilities">
<h2>Asynchronous Utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#asynchronous-utilities" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<section id="future">
<h3>Future<a class="headerlink" href="#future" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>Arrow C++ uses <a class="reference internal" href="api/async.html#_CPPv4I0EN5arrow6FutureE" title="arrow::Future"><code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::Future</span></code></a> to communicate results between threads. Typically
an <a class="reference internal" href="api/async.html#_CPPv4I0EN5arrow6FutureE" title="arrow::Future"><code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::Future</span></code></a> will be created when an operation needs to perform some kind
of long running task that will block for some period of time. <a class="reference internal" href="api/async.html#_CPPv4I0EN5arrow6FutureE" title="arrow::Future"><code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::Future</span></code></a>
objects are mainly meant for internal use and any method that returns an
<a class="reference internal" href="api/async.html#_CPPv4I0EN5arrow6FutureE" title="arrow::Future"><code class="xref cpp cpp-class docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">arrow::Future</span></code></a> will usually have a synchronous variant as well.</p>
</section>
</section>
</section>
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