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Cleaning includes with include-what-you-use (IWYU)
</a>
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<div>
<div class="section" id="development-guidelines">
<h1>Development Guidelines<a class="headerlink" href="#development-guidelines" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>This section provides information for developers who wish to contribute to the
C++ codebase.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>Since most of the project’s developers work on Linux or macOS, not all
features or developer tools are uniformly supported on Windows. If you are
on Windows, have a look at <a class="reference internal" href="windows.html#developers-cpp-windows"><span class="std std-ref">Developing on Windows</span></a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="compiler-warning-levels">
<h2>Compiler warning levels<a class="headerlink" href="#compiler-warning-levels" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">BUILD_WARNING_LEVEL</span></code> CMake option switches between sets of predetermined
compiler warning levels that we use for code tidiness. For release builds, the
default warning level is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PRODUCTION</span></code>, while for debug builds the default is
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CHECKIN</span></code>.</p>
<p>When using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">CHECKIN</span></code> for debug builds, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-Werror</span></code> is added when using gcc
and clang, causing build failures for any warning, and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/WX</span></code> is set with MSVC
having the same effect.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="running-unit-tests">
<h2>Running unit tests<a class="headerlink" href="#running-unit-tests" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DARROW_BUILD_TESTS=ON</span></code> CMake option enables building of unit test
executables. You can then either run them individually, by launching the
desired executable, or run them all at once by launching the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctest</span></code>
executable (which is part of the CMake suite).</p>
<p>A possible invocation is something like:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ctest -j16 --output-on-failure
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>where the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-j16</span></code> option runs up to 16 tests in parallel, taking advantage
of multiple CPU cores and hardware threads.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="running-benchmarks">
<h2>Running benchmarks<a class="headerlink" href="#running-benchmarks" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS=ON</span></code> CMake option enables building of benchmark
executables. You can then run benchmarks individually by launching the
corresponding executable from the command line, e.g.:</p>
<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>$ ./build/release/arrow-builder-benchmark
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="admonition-title">Note</p>
<p>For meaningful benchmark numbers, it is very strongly recommended to build
in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Release</span></code> mode, so as to enable compiler optimizations.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="code-style-linting-and-ci">
<h2>Code Style, Linting, and CI<a class="headerlink" href="#code-style-linting-and-ci" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>This project follows <a class="reference external" href="https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html">Google’s C++ Style Guide</a> with minor exceptions:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>We relax the line length restriction to 90 characters.</p></li>
<li><p>We use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULLPTR</span></code> macro in header files (instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">nullptr</span></code>) defined
in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">src/arrow/util/macros.h</span></code> to support building C++/CLI (ARROW-1134)</p></li>
<li><p>We relax the guide’s rules regarding structs. For public headers we should
use struct only for objects that are principally simple data containers where
it is OK to expose all the internal members and any methods are primarily
conveniences. For private headers the rules are relaxed further and structs
can be used where convenient for types that do not need access control even
though they may not be simple data containers.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>Our continuous integration builds on GitHub Actions run the unit test
suites on a variety of platforms and configuration, including using
Address Sanitizer and Undefined Behavior Sanitizer to check for various
patterns of misbehaviour such as memory leaks. In addition, the
codebase is subjected to a number of code style and code cleanliness checks.</p>
<p>In order to have a passing CI build, your modified git branch must pass the
following checks:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>C++ builds with the project’s active version of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clang</span></code> without
compiler warnings with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DBUILD_WARNING_LEVEL=CHECKIN</span></code>. Note that
there are classes of warnings (such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-Wdocumentation</span></code>, see more
on this below) that are not caught by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gcc</span></code>.</p></li>
<li><p>CMake files pass style checks, can be fixed by running
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">archery</span> <span class="pre">lint</span> <span class="pre">--cmake-format</span> <span class="pre">--fix</span></code>. This requires Python
3 and <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/cheshirekow/cmake_format">cmake_format</a> (note:
this currently does not work on Windows)</p></li>
<li><p>Passes various C++ (and others) style checks, checked with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">lint</span></code>
subcommand to <a class="reference internal" href="../archery.html#archery"><span class="std std-ref">Archery</span></a>. This can also be fixed locally
by running <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">archery</span> <span class="pre">lint</span> <span class="pre">--cpplint</span> <span class="pre">--fix</span></code>.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>In order to account for variations in the behavior of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clang-format</span></code> between
major versions of LLVM, we pin the version of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clang-format</span></code> used (current
LLVM 8).</p>
<p>Depending on how you installed clang-format, the build system may not be able
to find it. You can provide an explicit path to your LLVM installation (or the
root path for the clang tools) with the environment variable
<cite>$CLANG_TOOLS_PATH</cite> or by passing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DClangTools_PATH=$PATH_TO_CLANG_TOOLS</span></code> when
invoking CMake.</p>
<p>To make linting more reproducible for everyone, we provide a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">docker-compose</span></code>
target that is executable from the root of the repository:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>docker-compose run ubuntu-lint
</pre></div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="cleaning-includes-with-include-what-you-use-iwyu">
<h3>Cleaning includes with include-what-you-use (IWYU)<a class="headerlink" href="#cleaning-includes-with-include-what-you-use-iwyu" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>We occasionally use Google’s <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/include-what-you-use/include-what-you-use">include-what-you-use</a> tool, also
known as IWYU, to remove unnecessary imports.</p>
<p>To begin using IWYU, you must first build it by following the instructions in
the project’s documentation. Once the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">include-what-you-use</span></code> executable is in
your <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$PATH</span></code>, you must run CMake with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON</span></code>
in a new out-of-source CMake build directory like so:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>mkdir -p <span class="nv">$ARROW_ROOT</span>/cpp/iwyu
<span class="nb">cd</span> <span class="nv">$ARROW_ROOT</span>/cpp/iwyu
cmake -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_PYTHON<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_PARQUET<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_FLIGHT<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_PLASMA<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_GANDIVA<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_BUILD_BENCHMARKS_REFERENCE<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_BUILD_TESTS<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_BUILD_UTILITIES<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_S3<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_WITH_BROTLI<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_WITH_BZ2<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_WITH_LZ4<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_WITH_SNAPPY<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_WITH_ZLIB<span class="o">=</span>ON <span class="se">\</span>
-DARROW_WITH_ZSTD<span class="o">=</span>ON ..
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In order for IWYU to run on the desired component in the codebase, it must be
enabled by the CMake configuration flags. Once this is done, you can run IWYU
on the whole codebase by running a helper <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">iwyu.sh</span></code> script:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="nv">IWYU_SH</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$ARROW_ROOT</span>/cpp/build-support/iwyu/iwyu.sh
./<span class="nv">$IWYU_SH</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Since this is very time consuming, you can check a subset of files matching
some string pattern with the special “match” option</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>./<span class="nv">$IWYU_SH</span> match <span class="nv">$PATTERN</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>For example, if you wanted to do IWYU checks on all files in
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">src/arrow/array</span></code>, you could run</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>./<span class="nv">$IWYU_SH</span> match arrow/array
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="checking-for-abi-and-api-stability">
<h3>Checking for ABI and API stability<a class="headerlink" href="#checking-for-abi-and-api-stability" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>To build ABI compliance reports, you need to install the two tools
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abi-dumper</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">abi-compliance-checker</span></code>.</p>
<p>Build Arrow C++ in Debug mode, alternatively you could use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-Og</span></code> which also
builds with the necessary symbols but includes a bit of code optimization.
Once the build has finished, you can generate ABI reports using:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>abi-dumper -lver <span class="m">9</span> debug/libarrow.so -o ABI-9.dump
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above version number is freely selectable. As we want to compare versions,
you should now <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">git</span> <span class="pre">checkout</span></code> the version you want to compare it to and re-run
the above command using a different version number. Once both reports are
generated, you can build a comparison report using</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>abi-compliance-checker -l libarrow -d1 ABI-PY-9.dump -d2 ABI-PY-10.dump
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The report is then generated in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">compat_reports/libarrow</span></code> as a HTML.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="api-documentation">
<h2>API Documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#api-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>We use Doxygen style comments (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">///</span></code>) in header files for comments
that we wish to show up in API documentation for classes and
functions.</p>
<p>When using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">clang</span></code> and building with
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DBUILD_WARNING_LEVEL=CHECKIN</span></code>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-Wdocumentation</span></code> flag is
used which checks for some common documentation inconsistencies, like
documenting some, but not all function parameters with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">\param</span></code>. See
the <a class="reference external" href="https://releases.llvm.org/7.0.1/tools/clang/docs/DiagnosticsReference.html#wdocumentation">LLVM documentation warnings section</a>
for more about this.</p>
<p>While we publish the API documentation as part of the main Sphinx-based
documentation site, you can also build the C++ API documentation anytime using
Doxygen. Run the following command from the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">cpp/apidoc</span></code> directory:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>doxygen Doxyfile
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This requires <a class="reference external" href="https://www.doxygen.org">Doxygen</a> to be installed.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="apache-parquet-development">
<h2>Apache Parquet Development<a class="headerlink" href="#apache-parquet-development" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>To build the C++ libraries for Apache Parquet, add the flag
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DARROW_PARQUET=ON</span></code> when invoking CMake.
To build Apache Parquet with encryption support, add the flag
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DPARQUET_REQUIRE_ENCRYPTION=ON</span></code> when invoking CMake. The Parquet libraries and unit tests
can be built with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">parquet</span></code> make target:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>make parquet
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>On Linux and macOS if you do not have Apache Thrift installed on your system,
or you are building with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DThrift_SOURCE=BUNDLED</span></code>, you must install
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">bison</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flex</span></code> packages. On Windows we handle these build dependencies
automatically when building Thrift from source.</p>
<p>Running <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctest</span> <span class="pre">-L</span> <span class="pre">unittest</span></code> will run all built C++ unit tests, while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ctest</span> <span class="pre">-L</span>
<span class="pre">parquet</span></code> will run only the Parquet unit tests. The unit tests depend on an
environment variable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PARQUET_TEST_DATA</span></code> that depends on a git submodule to the
repository <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/apache/parquet-testing">https://github.com/apache/parquet-testing</a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>git submodule update --init
<span class="nb">export</span> <span class="nv">PARQUET_TEST_DATA</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nv">$ARROW_ROOT</span>/cpp/submodules/parquet-testing/data
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Here <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$ARROW_ROOT</span></code> is the absolute path to the Arrow codebase.</p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="arrow-flight-rpc">
<h2>Arrow Flight RPC<a class="headerlink" href="#arrow-flight-rpc" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>In addition to the Arrow dependencies, Flight requires:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>gRPC (&gt;= 1.14, roughly)</p></li>
<li><p>Protobuf (&gt;= 3.6, earlier versions may work)</p></li>
<li><p>c-ares (used by gRPC)</p></li>
</ul>
<p>By default, Arrow will try to download and build these dependencies
when building Flight.</p>
<p>The optional <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flight</span></code> libraries and tests can be built by passing
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-DARROW_FLIGHT=ON</span></code>.</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>cmake .. -DARROW_FLIGHT<span class="o">=</span>ON -DARROW_BUILD_TESTS<span class="o">=</span>ON
make
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also use existing installations of the extra dependencies.
When building, set the environment variables <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gRPC_ROOT</span></code> and/or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Protobuf_ROOT</span></code> and/or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">c-ares_ROOT</span></code>.</p>
<p>We are developing against recent versions of gRPC, and the versions. The
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">grpc-cpp</span></code> package available from <a class="reference external" href="https://conda-forge.org/">https://conda-forge.org/</a> is one reliable
way to obtain gRPC in a cross-platform way. You may try using system libraries
for gRPC and Protobuf, but these are likely to be too old. On macOS, you can
try <a class="reference external" href="https://brew.sh/">Homebrew</a>:</p>
<div class="highlight-shell notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>brew install grpc
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
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