regress/sql/pgvector.sql - age - Git at Google

 /*
  * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
  * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
  * distributed with this work for additional information
  * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
  * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
  * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
  * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  *
  * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  *
  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
  * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
  * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
  * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
  * specific language governing permissions and limitations
  * under the License.
  */

 LOAD 'age';
 SET search_path=ag_catalog;

 SELECT create_graph('graph');

 -- Should error out
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN cosine_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n agtype);

 -- Create the extension in the public schema
 CREATE EXTENSION vector SCHEMA public;

 -- Should error out
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN cosine_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n agtype);

 -- Should work
 SET search_path=ag_catalog, public;

 SELECT create_graph('graph');
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN "[1.22,2.22,3.33]"::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN "[1.22,2.22,3.33]"::vector $$) AS (n halfvec);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN "[1.22,2.22,3.33]"::vector $$) AS (n sparsevec);

 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n halfvec);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n sparsevec);

 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n vector(3));
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n halfvec(3));
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n sparsevec(3));

 -- Should error out
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n vector(2));
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n halfvec(2));
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n sparsevec(2));

 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector(3) $$) AS (n vector(4));
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector(3) $$) AS (n halfvec(4));
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector(3) $$) AS (n sparsevec(4));

 --
 -- Test functions
 --
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN l2_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN inner_product("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN cosine_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN l1_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN vector_dims("[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN vector_norm("[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN l2_normalize("[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN l2_normalize("[1,2,3]")::text $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN subvector("[1,2,3,4,5,6]", 2, 4) $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN subvector("[1,2,3,4,5,6]", 2, 4)::text $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN binary_quantize("[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n bit(3));

 --
 -- Test operators
 --
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector + [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector - [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector * [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector || [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector <#> [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector <=> [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector <+> [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
 --
 -- Due to issues with pattern matching syntax, '-' is not allowed
 -- as an operator character, so we have to use the OPERATOR syntax.
 --
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (`<->`) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);

 -- Using OPERATOR () syntax
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (+) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (-) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (*) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (||) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (`<->`) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (<#>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (<=>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (<+>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);

 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.+) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.-) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.*) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.||) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.`<->`) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.<#>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.<=>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.<+>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);

 --
 -- An example usage
 --
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$
     CREATE (:Movie {title: "The Matrix", year: 1999, genre: "Action", plot: "A computer hacker learns about the true nature of reality and joins a rebellion to free humanity from a simulated world controlled by machines.", embedding: [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]}),
            (:Movie {title: "The Matrix Reloaded", year: 2003, genre: "Action", plot: "The rebels continue their fight against the machines, uncovering deeper truths about the Matrix and the nature of their mission.", embedding: [0.30228977, -0.22839354, 0.35070436, 0.01262819]}),
            (:Movie {title: "The Matrix Revolutions", year: 2003, genre: "Action", plot: "The final battle between humans and machines reaches its climax as the fate of both worlds hangs in the balance.", embedding: [ 0.12240622, -0.29752459, 0.22620453, 0.24454723]}),
            (:Movie {title: "The Matrix Resurrections", year: 2021, genre: "Action", plot: "Neo returns to a new version of the Matrix and must once again fight to save the people from the control of the machines.", embedding: [ 0.34717246, -0.13820869, 0.29214213, 0.08090488]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Inception", year: 2010, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A skilled thief is given a chance at redemption if he can successfully perform an inception: planting an idea into someone’s subconscious.", embedding: [ 0.03923657, 0.39284106, -0.20927092, -0.17770818]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Interstellar", year: 2014, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A group of explorers travel through a wormhole in space in an attempt to ensure humanity’s survival.", embedding: [-0.29302418, -0.39615033, -0.23393948, -0.09601383]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Avatar", year: 2009, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A paraplegic Marine is sent to the moon Pandora, where he becomes torn between following orders and protecting the world he feels is his home.", embedding: [-0.13663386, 0.00635589, -0.03038832, -0.08252723]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Blade Runner", year: 1982, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A blade runner must pursue and terminate four replicants who have stolen a ship in space and returned to Earth.", embedding: [ 0.27215557, -0.1479577, -0.09972772, -0.08234394]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Blade Runner 2049", year: 2017, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A new blade runner unearths a long-buried secret that has the potential to plunge what’s left of society into chaos.", embedding: [ 0.21560573, -0.07505179, -0.01331814, 0.13403069]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Minority Report", year: 2002, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "In a future where a special police unit can arrest murderers before they commit their crimes, a top officer is accused of a future murder.", embedding: [ 0.24008012, 0.44954908, -0.30905488, 0.15195407]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Total Recall", year: 1990, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A construction worker discovers that his memories have been implanted and becomes embroiled in a conspiracy on Mars.", embedding: [-0.17471036, 0.14695261, -0.06272433, -0.21795064]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Elysium", year: 2013, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "In a future where the rich live on a luxurious space station while the rest of humanity lives in squalor, a man fights to bring equality.", embedding: [-0.33280967, 0.07733926, 0.11015328, 0.53382836]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Gattaca", year: 1997, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "In a future where genetic engineering determines social class, a man defies his fate to achieve his dreams.", embedding: [-0.21629286, 0.31114665, 0.08303899, 0.46199759]}),
            (:Movie {title: "The Fifth Element", year: 1997, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "In a futuristic world, a cab driver becomes the key to saving humanity from an impending cosmic threat.", embedding: [-0.11528205, -0.0208782, -0.0735215, 0.14327449]}),
            (:Movie {title: "The Terminator", year: 1984, genre: "Action", plot: "A cyborg assassin is sent back in time to kill the mother of the future resistance leader.", embedding: [ 0.33666933, 0.18040994, -0.01075103, -0.11117851]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Terminator 2: Judgment Day", year: 1991, genre: "Action", plot: "A reprogrammed Terminator is sent to protect the future leader of the human resistance from a more advanced Terminator.", embedding: [ 0.34698868, 0.06439331, 0.06232323, -0.19534876]}),
            (:Movie {title: "Jurassic Park", year: 1993, genre: "Adventure", plot: "Scientists clone dinosaurs to create a theme park, but things go awry when the creatures escape.", embedding: [ 0.01794725, -0.11434246, -0.46831815, -0.01049593]}),
            (:Movie {title: "The Avengers", year: 2012, genre: "Action", plot: "Superheroes assemble to face a global threat from an alien invasion led by Loki.", embedding: [ 0.00546514, -0.37005171, -0.42612838, 0.07968612]})
 $$) AS (result agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m.title, (m.embedding)::vector $$) AS (title agtype, embedding vector);

 -- Check the dimension of the embedding
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m.title, vector_dims(m.embedding) $$) AS (title agtype, dimension int);

 -- Get top 4 most similar movies to The Terminator using cosine distance
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Terminator"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY cosine_distance(m.embedding, search.embedding)
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Terminator"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector <=> search.embedding::vector
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);

 -- Get top 4 most similar movies to The Matrix using cosine distance
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY cosine_distance(m.embedding, search.embedding)
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector <=> search.embedding::vector
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);

 -- l2 norm of the embedding
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie) set m.embedding=l2_normalize(m.embedding)::agtype return m.title, m.embedding $$) AS (title agtype, embedding agtype);

 -- Get top 4 most similar movies to The Terminator using l2 distance
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Terminator"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY l2_distance(m.embedding, search.embedding) ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Terminator"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector OPERATOR (`<->`) search.embedding::vector
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);

 -- Get top 4 most similar movies to The Matrix using l2 distance
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY l2_distance(m.embedding, search.embedding) ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector OPERATOR (`<->`) search.embedding::vector
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);

 --
 -- Test vector index
 --

 -- This function will be used to check if index scan
 -- is used successfully. We cannot simply have EXPLAIN
 -- in the upcoming queries because it produces some
 -- hardcoded oids in sort node, which may change in
 -- future and break the tests.
 CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION plan_has_index_scan(sql text)
 RETURNS boolean
 LANGUAGE plpgsql AS
 $$
 DECLARE
     plan_lines text[];
     plan_text text;
 BEGIN
     EXECUTE format('EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON, COSTS OFF) %s', sql) INTO plan_text;

     -- Return true if 'Index Scan' appears anywhere
     RETURN position('"Index Scan"' in plan_text) > 0;
 END;
 $$;

 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> search.embedding::vector(4)
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);

 -- The index expression below matches the expression
 -- seen in the EXPLAIN plan of above query
 DO $$
 DECLARE
     graph_oid oid;
 BEGIN
     SELECT graphid INTO graph_oid
     FROM ag_catalog.ag_graph
     WHERE name = 'graph';

     EXECUTE format($f$
         CREATE INDEX movie_vector_idx ON graph._ag_label_vertex
         USING hnsw (((
           agtype_access_operator(
             VARIADIC ARRAY[
               _agtype_build_vertex(id, _label_name_from_table_oid(labels), properties),
               '"embedding"'::agtype
             ]
           )::text
         )::vector(4)) vector_cosine_ops);
     $f$, graph_oid);
 END;
 $$;

 -- Disable seqscan just to test the index
 SET enable_seqscan = off;
 SELECT plan_has_index_scan($f$
     SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$
         MATCH (m:Movie)
         RETURN m.title
         ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]::vector(4)
         ASC LIMIT 4
     $$) AS (title agtype);
 $f$);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie)
                                  RETURN m.title
                                  ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]::vector(4)
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);

 DROP INDEX graph.movie_vector_idx;
 SET enable_seqscan = on;

 -- Test a direct implicit cast
 CREATE CAST (agtype AS vector)
     WITH INOUT AS implicit;

 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding <=> search.embedding
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);

 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
                                  RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding OPERATOR (`<->`) search.embedding
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);

 DO $$
 DECLARE
     graph_oid oid;
 BEGIN
     SELECT graphid INTO graph_oid
     FROM ag_catalog.ag_graph
     WHERE name = 'graph';

     EXECUTE format($f$
         CREATE INDEX movie_vector_idx ON graph._ag_label_vertex
         USING hnsw ((
           agtype_access_operator(
             VARIADIC ARRAY[
               _agtype_build_vertex(id, _label_name_from_table_oid(labels), properties),
               '"embedding"'::agtype
             ]
         )::vector(4)) vector_cosine_ops);
     $f$, graph_oid);
 END;
 $$;

 -- Disable seqscan just to test the index
 SET enable_seqscan = off;
 SELECT plan_has_index_scan($f$
     SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$
         MATCH (m:Movie)
         RETURN m.title
         ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]::vector(4)
         ASC LIMIT 4
     $$) AS (title agtype);
 $f$);
 SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie)
                                  RETURN m.title
                                  ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]::vector(4)
                                  ASC LIMIT 4
 $$) AS (title agtype);

 SET enable_seqscan = on;

 --
 -- Clean up
 --
 DROP FUNCTION plan_has_index_scan(text);
 DROP CAST (agtype AS vector);
 SELECT drop_graph('graph', true);
 DROP EXTENSION vector CASCADE;
	/*
	* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
	* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
	* distributed with this work for additional information
	* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
	* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
	* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
	* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
	*
	* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	*
	* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
	* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
	* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
	* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
	* specific language governing permissions and limitations
	* under the License.
	*/

	LOAD 'age';
	SET search_path=ag_catalog;

	SELECT create_graph('graph');

	-- Should error out
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN cosine_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n agtype);

	-- Create the extension in the public schema
	CREATE EXTENSION vector SCHEMA public;

	-- Should error out
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN cosine_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n agtype);

	-- Should work
	SET search_path=ag_catalog, public;

	SELECT create_graph('graph');
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN "[1.22,2.22,3.33]"::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN "[1.22,2.22,3.33]"::vector $$) AS (n halfvec);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN "[1.22,2.22,3.33]"::vector $$) AS (n sparsevec);

	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n halfvec);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n sparsevec);

	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n vector(3));
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n halfvec(3));
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n sparsevec(3));

	-- Should error out
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n vector(2));
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n halfvec(2));
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector $$) AS (n sparsevec(2));

	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector(3) $$) AS (n vector(4));
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector(3) $$) AS (n halfvec(4));
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1.22,2.22,3.33]::vector(3) $$) AS (n sparsevec(4));

	--
	-- Test functions
	--
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN l2_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN inner_product("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN cosine_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN l1_distance("[1,2,3]", "[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN vector_dims("[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN vector_norm("[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN l2_normalize("[1,2,3]") $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN l2_normalize("[1,2,3]")::text $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN subvector("[1,2,3,4,5,6]", 2, 4) $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN subvector("[1,2,3,4,5,6]", 2, 4)::text $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN binary_quantize("[1,2,4]") $$) AS (n bit(3));

	--
	-- Test operators
	--
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector + [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector - [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector * [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector \|\| [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector <#> [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector <=> [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector <+> [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
	--
	-- Due to issues with pattern matching syntax, '-' is not allowed
	-- as an operator character, so we have to use the OPERATOR syntax.
	--
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (`<->`) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);

	-- Using OPERATOR () syntax
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (+) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (-) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (*) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (\|\|) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (`<->`) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (<#>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (<=>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (<+>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);

	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.+) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.-) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.*) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.\|\|) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n vector);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.`<->`) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.<#>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.<=>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ RETURN [1,2,3]::vector OPERATOR (public.<+>) [1,2,4]::vector $$) AS (n agtype);

	--
	-- An example usage
	--
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$
	CREATE (:Movie {title: "The Matrix", year: 1999, genre: "Action", plot: "A computer hacker learns about the true nature of reality and joins a rebellion to free humanity from a simulated world controlled by machines.", embedding: [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]}),
	(:Movie {title: "The Matrix Reloaded", year: 2003, genre: "Action", plot: "The rebels continue their fight against the machines, uncovering deeper truths about the Matrix and the nature of their mission.", embedding: [0.30228977, -0.22839354, 0.35070436, 0.01262819]}),
	(:Movie {title: "The Matrix Revolutions", year: 2003, genre: "Action", plot: "The final battle between humans and machines reaches its climax as the fate of both worlds hangs in the balance.", embedding: [ 0.12240622, -0.29752459, 0.22620453, 0.24454723]}),
	(:Movie {title: "The Matrix Resurrections", year: 2021, genre: "Action", plot: "Neo returns to a new version of the Matrix and must once again fight to save the people from the control of the machines.", embedding: [ 0.34717246, -0.13820869, 0.29214213, 0.08090488]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Inception", year: 2010, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A skilled thief is given a chance at redemption if he can successfully perform an inception: planting an idea into someone’s subconscious.", embedding: [ 0.03923657, 0.39284106, -0.20927092, -0.17770818]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Interstellar", year: 2014, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A group of explorers travel through a wormhole in space in an attempt to ensure humanity’s survival.", embedding: [-0.29302418, -0.39615033, -0.23393948, -0.09601383]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Avatar", year: 2009, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A paraplegic Marine is sent to the moon Pandora, where he becomes torn between following orders and protecting the world he feels is his home.", embedding: [-0.13663386, 0.00635589, -0.03038832, -0.08252723]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Blade Runner", year: 1982, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A blade runner must pursue and terminate four replicants who have stolen a ship in space and returned to Earth.", embedding: [ 0.27215557, -0.1479577, -0.09972772, -0.08234394]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Blade Runner 2049", year: 2017, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A new blade runner unearths a long-buried secret that has the potential to plunge what’s left of society into chaos.", embedding: [ 0.21560573, -0.07505179, -0.01331814, 0.13403069]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Minority Report", year: 2002, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "In a future where a special police unit can arrest murderers before they commit their crimes, a top officer is accused of a future murder.", embedding: [ 0.24008012, 0.44954908, -0.30905488, 0.15195407]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Total Recall", year: 1990, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "A construction worker discovers that his memories have been implanted and becomes embroiled in a conspiracy on Mars.", embedding: [-0.17471036, 0.14695261, -0.06272433, -0.21795064]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Elysium", year: 2013, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "In a future where the rich live on a luxurious space station while the rest of humanity lives in squalor, a man fights to bring equality.", embedding: [-0.33280967, 0.07733926, 0.11015328, 0.53382836]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Gattaca", year: 1997, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "In a future where genetic engineering determines social class, a man defies his fate to achieve his dreams.", embedding: [-0.21629286, 0.31114665, 0.08303899, 0.46199759]}),
	(:Movie {title: "The Fifth Element", year: 1997, genre: "Sci-Fi", plot: "In a futuristic world, a cab driver becomes the key to saving humanity from an impending cosmic threat.", embedding: [-0.11528205, -0.0208782, -0.0735215, 0.14327449]}),
	(:Movie {title: "The Terminator", year: 1984, genre: "Action", plot: "A cyborg assassin is sent back in time to kill the mother of the future resistance leader.", embedding: [ 0.33666933, 0.18040994, -0.01075103, -0.11117851]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Terminator 2: Judgment Day", year: 1991, genre: "Action", plot: "A reprogrammed Terminator is sent to protect the future leader of the human resistance from a more advanced Terminator.", embedding: [ 0.34698868, 0.06439331, 0.06232323, -0.19534876]}),
	(:Movie {title: "Jurassic Park", year: 1993, genre: "Adventure", plot: "Scientists clone dinosaurs to create a theme park, but things go awry when the creatures escape.", embedding: [ 0.01794725, -0.11434246, -0.46831815, -0.01049593]}),
	(:Movie {title: "The Avengers", year: 2012, genre: "Action", plot: "Superheroes assemble to face a global threat from an alien invasion led by Loki.", embedding: [ 0.00546514, -0.37005171, -0.42612838, 0.07968612]})
	$$) AS (result agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m.title, (m.embedding)::vector $$) AS (title agtype, embedding vector);

	-- Check the dimension of the embedding
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m.title, vector_dims(m.embedding) $$) AS (title agtype, dimension int);

	-- Get top 4 most similar movies to The Terminator using cosine distance
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Terminator"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY cosine_distance(m.embedding, search.embedding)
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Terminator"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector <=> search.embedding::vector
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);

	-- Get top 4 most similar movies to The Matrix using cosine distance
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY cosine_distance(m.embedding, search.embedding)
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector <=> search.embedding::vector
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);

	-- l2 norm of the embedding
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie) set m.embedding=l2_normalize(m.embedding)::agtype return m.title, m.embedding $$) AS (title agtype, embedding agtype);

	-- Get top 4 most similar movies to The Terminator using l2 distance
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Terminator"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY l2_distance(m.embedding, search.embedding) ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Terminator"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector OPERATOR (`<->`) search.embedding::vector
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);

	-- Get top 4 most similar movies to The Matrix using l2 distance
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY l2_distance(m.embedding, search.embedding) ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector OPERATOR (`<->`) search.embedding::vector
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);

	--
	-- Test vector index
	--

	-- This function will be used to check if index scan
	-- is used successfully. We cannot simply have EXPLAIN
	-- in the upcoming queries because it produces some
	-- hardcoded oids in sort node, which may change in
	-- future and break the tests.
	CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION plan_has_index_scan(sql text)
	RETURNS boolean
	LANGUAGE plpgsql AS
	$$
	DECLARE
	plan_lines text[];
	plan_text text;
	BEGIN
	EXECUTE format('EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON, COSTS OFF) %s', sql) INTO plan_text;

	-- Return true if 'Index Scan' appears anywhere
	RETURN position('"Index Scan"' in plan_text) > 0;
	END;
	$$;

	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> search.embedding::vector(4)
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);

	-- The index expression below matches the expression
	-- seen in the EXPLAIN plan of above query
	DO $$
	DECLARE
	graph_oid oid;
	BEGIN
	SELECT graphid INTO graph_oid
	FROM ag_catalog.ag_graph
	WHERE name = 'graph';

	EXECUTE format($f$
	CREATE INDEX movie_vector_idx ON graph._ag_label_vertex
	USING hnsw (((
	agtype_access_operator(
	VARIADIC ARRAY[
	_agtype_build_vertex(id, _label_name_from_table_oid(labels), properties),
	'"embedding"'::agtype
	]
	)::text
	)::vector(4)) vector_cosine_ops);
	$f$, graph_oid);
	END;
	$$;

	-- Disable seqscan just to test the index
	SET enable_seqscan = off;
	SELECT plan_has_index_scan($f$
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$
	MATCH (m:Movie)
	RETURN m.title
	ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]::vector(4)
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);
	$f$);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie)
	RETURN m.title
	ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]::vector(4)
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);

	DROP INDEX graph.movie_vector_idx;
	SET enable_seqscan = on;

	-- Test a direct implicit cast
	CREATE CAST (agtype AS vector)
	WITH INOUT AS implicit;

	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding <=> search.embedding
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);

	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie), (search:Movie {title: "The Matrix"})
	RETURN m.title ORDER BY m.embedding OPERATOR (`<->`) search.embedding
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);

	DO $$
	DECLARE
	graph_oid oid;
	BEGIN
	SELECT graphid INTO graph_oid
	FROM ag_catalog.ag_graph
	WHERE name = 'graph';

	EXECUTE format($f$
	CREATE INDEX movie_vector_idx ON graph._ag_label_vertex
	USING hnsw ((
	agtype_access_operator(
	VARIADIC ARRAY[
	_agtype_build_vertex(id, _label_name_from_table_oid(labels), properties),
	'"embedding"'::agtype
	]
	)::vector(4)) vector_cosine_ops);
	$f$, graph_oid);
	END;
	$$;

	-- Disable seqscan just to test the index
	SET enable_seqscan = off;
	SELECT plan_has_index_scan($f$
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$
	MATCH (m:Movie)
	RETURN m.title
	ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]::vector(4)
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);
	$f$);
	SELECT * FROM cypher('graph', $$ MATCH (m:Movie)
	RETURN m.title
	ORDER BY m.embedding::vector(4) <=> [-0.07594558, 0.04081754, 0.29592122, -0.11921061]::vector(4)
	ASC LIMIT 4
	$$) AS (title agtype);

	SET enable_seqscan = on;

	--
	-- Clean up
	--
	DROP FUNCTION plan_has_index_scan(text);
	DROP CAST (agtype AS vector);
	SELECT drop_graph('graph', true);
	DROP EXTENSION vector CASCADE;