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<chapter id="ugr.tools.uimafit.typesystem">
  <title>Type System Detection</title>
  <para>UIMA requires that types that are used in the CAS are defined in XML files - so-called
      <emphasis>type system descriptions</emphasis> (TSD). Whenever a UIMA component is created, it
    must be associated with such a type system. While it is possible to manually load the type
    system descriptors and pass them to each UIMA component and to each created CAS, it is quite
    inconvenient to do so. For this reason, uimaFIT supports the automatic detection of such files
    in the classpath. Thus is becomes possible for a UIMA component provider to have component's
    type automatically detected and thus the components becomes immediately usable by adding it to
    the classpath.</para>
  <section>
    <title>Making types auto-detectable</title>
    <para>The provider of a type system should create a file
        <filename>META-INF/org.apache.uima.fit/types.txt</filename> in the classpath. This file
      should define the locations of the type system descriptions. Assume that a type
        <classname>org.apache.uima.fit.type.Token</classname> is specified in the TSD
        <filename>org/apache/uima/fit/type/Token.xml</filename>, then the file should have the
      following contents:</para>
    <programlisting>classpath*:org/apache/uima/fit/type/Token.xml</programlisting>
    <note>
      <para>Mind that the file <filename>types.txt</filename> is must be located in
          <filename>META-INF/org.apache.uima.fit</filename> where
          <filename>org.apache.uima.fit</filename> is the name of a sub-directory inside
          <filename>META-INF</filename>. <emphasis>We are not using the Java package notation
          here!</emphasis></para>
    </note>
    <para>To specify multiple TSDs, add additonal lines to the file. If you have a large number of
      TSDs, you may prefer to add a pattern. Assume that we have a large number of TSDs under
        <filename>org/apache/uima/fit/type</filename>, we can use the following pattern which
      recursively scans the package <package>org.apache.uima.fit.type</package> and all sub-packages
      for XML files and tries to load them as TSDs.</para>
    <programlisting>classpath*:org/apache/uima/fit/type/**/*.xml</programlisting>
    <para>Try to design your packages structure in a way that TSDs and JCas wrapper classes
      generated from them are separate from the rest of your code.</para>
    <para>If it is not possible or inconvenient to add the `types.txt` file, patterns can also be
      specified using the system property
        <parameter>org.apache.uima.fit.type.import_pattern</parameter>. Multiple patterns may be
      specified separated by semicolon:</para>
    <programlisting>-Dorg.apache.uima.fit.type.import_pattern=\
  classpath*:org/apache/uima/fit/type/**/*.xml</programlisting>
    <note>
      <para>The <literal>\</literal> in the example is used as a line-continuation indicator. It
        and all spaces following it should be ommitted.</para>
    </note>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Making index definitions and type priorities auto-detectable</title>
    <para>Auto-detection also works for index definitions and type priority definitions. For
    index definitions, the respective file where to register the index definition XML files is
    <filename>META-INF/org.apache.uima.fit/fsindexes.txt</filename> and for type priorities, it
    is <filename>META-INF/org.apache.uima.fit/typepriorities.txt</filename>.</para>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Using type auto-detection </title>
    <para>The auto-detected type system can be obtained from the
        <classname>TypeSystemDescriptionFactory</classname>:</para>
    <programlisting>TypeSystemDescription tsd = 
  TypeSystemDescriptionFactory.createTypeSystemDescription()</programlisting>
    <para>Popular factory methods also support auto-detection:</para>
    <programlisting>AnalysisEngine ae = createEngine(MyEngine.class);</programlisting>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Multiple META-INF/org.apache.uima.fit/types.txt files</title>
    <para>uimaFIT supports multiple <filename>types.txt</filename> files in the classpath (e.g. in differnt JARs). The
        <filename>types.txt</filename> files are located via Spring using the classpath search
      pattern: </para>
    <programlisting>TYPE_MANIFEST_PATTERN = "classpath*:META-INF/org.apache.uima.fit/types.txt" </programlisting>
    <para>This resolves to a list URLs pointing to ALL <filename>types.txt</filename> files. The
      resolved URLs are unique and will point either to a specific point in the file system or into
      a specific JAR. These URLs can be handled by the standard Java URL loading mechanism.
      Example:</para>
    <programlisting>jar:/path/to/syntax-types.jar!/META-INF/org.apache.uima.fit/types.txt 
jar:/path/to/token-types.jar!/META-INF/org.apache.uima.fit/types.txt</programlisting>
    <para>uimaFIT then reads all patters from all of these URLs and uses these to search the
      classpath again. The patterns now resolve to a list of URLs pointing to the individual type
      system XML descriptors. All of these URLs are collected in a set to avoid duplicate loading
      (for performance optimization - not strictly necessary because the UIMA type system merger can
      handle compatible duplicates). Then the descriptors are loaded into memory and merged using
      the standard UIMA type system merger
        (<methodname>CasCreationUtils.mergeTypeSystems()</methodname>). Example:</para>
    <programlisting>jar:/path/to/syntax-types.jar!/desc/types/Syntax.xml 
jar:/path/to/token-types.jar!/org/foobar/typesystems/Tokens.xml </programlisting>
    <para>Voilá, the result is a type system covering all types could be found in the
      classpath.</para>
    <para>It is recommended <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>to put type system descriptors into packages resembling a namespace you "own" and to
            use a package-scoped wildcard
            search<programlisting>classpath*:org/apache/uima/fit/type/**/*.xml`</programlisting></para>
        </listitem>
        <listitem>
          <para>or when putting descriptors into a "well-known" package like
              <package>desc.type</package>, that <filename>types.txt</filename> file should
            explicitly list all type system descriptors instead of using a wildcard
            search<programlisting>classpath*:desc/type/Token.xml 
classpath*:desc/type/Syntax.xml </programlisting></para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>Method 1 should be preferred. Both methods can be mixed. </para>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Performance note and caching</title>
    <para>Currently uimaFIT evaluates the patterns for TSDs once and caches the locations, but not
      the actual merged type system description. A rescan can be forced using
        <methodname>TypeSystemDescriptionFactory.forceTypeDescriptorsScan()</methodname>. This may
      change in future.</para>
  </section>
  <section>
    <title>Potential problems</title>
    <para>The mechanism works fine. However, there are specific issues with Java in general that one
      should be aware of.</para>
    <section>
      <title>m2eclipse fails to copy descriptors to target/classes</title>
      <para>There seems to be a bug in some older versions of m2eclipse that causes resources not
        always to be copied to <filename>target/classes</filename>. If UIMA complains about type
        definitions missing at runtime, try to <emphasis>clean/rebuild</emphasis> your project and
        carefully check the m2eclipse console in the console view for error messages that might
        cause m2eclipse to abort.</para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Class version conflicts</title>
      <para>A problem can occur if you end up having multiple incompatible versions of the same type
        system in the classpath. This is a general problem and not related to the auto-detection
        feature. It is the same as when you have incompatible version of a particular class (e.g.
          <interfacename>JCas</interfacename> wrapper or some third-party-library) in the classpath.
        The behavior of the Java Classloader is undefined in that case. The detection will do its
        best to try and load everything it can find, but the UIMA type system merger may barf or you
        may end up with undefined behavior at runtime because one of the class versions is used at
        random. </para>
    </section>
    <section>
      <title>Classes and resources in the default package</title>
      <para>It is bad practice to place classes into the default (unnamed) package. In fact it is
        not possible to import classes from the default package in another class. Similarly it is a
        bad idea to put resources at the root of the classpath. The Spring documentation on
        resources <ulink
          url="http://static.springsource.org/spring/docs/3.0.x/reference/resources.html#resources-app-ctx-wildcards-in-resource-paths"
          >explains this in detail</ulink>.</para>
      <para>For this reason the <filename>types.txt</filename> resides in
          <filename>/META-INF/org.apache.uima.fit</filename> and it is suggest that type system
        descriptors reside either in a proper package like
          <filename>/org/foobar/typesystems/XXX.xml</filename> or in
          <filename>/desc/types/XXX.xml</filename>. </para>
    </section>
  </section>
</chapter>