docs/2.4.0/odb/index.html - trafodion-site - Git at Google

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 <body class="book toc2 toc-left">
 <div id="header">
 <h1>odb User Guide</h1>
 <div class="details">
 <span id="revnumber">version 2.4.0</span>
 </div>
 <div id="toc" class="toc2">
 <div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
 <ul class="sectlevel1">
 <li><a href="#_about_this_document">1. About This Document</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel2">
 <li><a href="#_intended_audience">1.1. Intended Audience</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_new_and_changed_information">1.2. New and Changed Information</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_notation_conventions">1.3. Notation Conventions</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_comments_encouraged">1.4. Comments Encouraged</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_introduction">2. Introduction</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel2">
 <li><a href="#_what_is_odb">2.1. What is odb</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_installation_and_configuration">3. Installation and Configuration</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_basic_concepts">4. Basic Concepts</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel2">
 <li><a href="#_get_help">4.1. Get Help</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_connect_to_database">4.2. Connect to Database</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_list_odbc_drivers_and_data_sources">4.3. List ODBC Drivers and Data Sources</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_obtain_database_information">4.4. Obtain Database Information</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_list_database_objects">4.5. List Database Objects</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_perform_actions_on_multiple_database_objects">4.6. Perform Actions on Multiple Database Objects</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_run_commands_and_scripts">4.7. Run Commands and Scripts</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_shell_script_here_document_syntax">4.8. Shell Script "here document" Syntax</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_parallelize_multiple_commands_and_scripts">4.9. Parallelize Multiple Commands and Scripts</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_limit_number_of_odb_threads">4.10. Limit Number of odb Threads</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_change_executions_distributed_across_threads">4.11. Change Executions Distributed Across Threads</a></li>
 <li><a href="#concepts_load_balancing">4.12. Dynamic Load Balancing</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_use_variables_in_odb_scripts">4.13. Use Variables in odb Scripts</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_thread_id_thread_execution_and_script_command">4.14. Thread ID, Thread Execution#, and Script Command#</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_validate_sql_scripts">4.15. Validate SQL Scripts</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_different_data_sources_for_different_threads">4.16. Different Data Sources for Different Threads</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_format_query_results">4.17. Format Query Results</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_extract_table_ddl">4.18. Extract Table DDL</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_load_extract_copy">5. Load, Extract, Copy</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel2">
 <li><a href="#_load_files">5.1. Load Files</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel3">
 <li><a href="#_data_loading_operators">5.1.1. Data Loading Operators</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#load_map_fields">5.2. Map Source File Fields to Target Table Columns</a></li>
 <li><a href="#load_mapfiles_ignore">5.3. Use mapfiles to Ignore and/or Transform Fields When Loading</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_use_mapfiles_to_load_fixed_format_files">5.4. Use mapfiles to Load Fixed Format Files</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_generate_and_load_data">5.5. Generate and Load Data</a></li>
 <li><a href="#load_default_values">5.6. Load Default Values</a></li>
 <li><a href="#load_binary_files">5.7. Load Binary Files</a></li>
 <li><a href="#load_xml_files">5.8. Load XML Files</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel3">
 <li><a href="#_load_xml_files_where_data_is_stored_in_element_nodes">5.8.1. Load XML Files Where Data is Stored in Element Nodes</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_load_xml_files_where_data_is_stored_in_attribute_nodes">5.8.2. Load XML Files Where Data is Stored in Attribute Nodes</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_reduce_the_odbc_buffer_size">5.9. Reduce the ODBC Buffer Size</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_extract_tables">5.10. Extract Tables</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel3">
 <li><a href="#_extraction_options">5.10.1. Extraction Options</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_extract_a_list_of_tables">5.11. Extract a List of Tables</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_copy_tables_from_one_database_to_another">5.12. Copy Tables From One Database to Another</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel3">
 <li><a href="#_copy_operators">5.12.1. Copy Operators</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_copy_a_list_of_tables">5.13. Copy a List of Tables</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_case_sensitive_table_and_column_names">5.14. Case-Sensitive Table and Column Names</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_determine_appropriate_number_of_threads_for_load_extract_copy_diff">5.15. Determine Appropriate Number of Threads for Load/Extract/Copy/Diff</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_integrating_with_hadoop">5.16. Integrating With Hadoop</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_comparing_tables_technology_preview">6. Comparing Tables (Technology Preview)</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel2">
 <li><a href="#_diff_operators">6.1. Diff Operators</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_odb_as_a_query_driver_technology_preview">7. odb as a Query Driver (Technology Preview)</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel2">
 <li><a href="#_getting_csv_output">7.1. Getting CSV Output</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_assign_label_to_a_query">7.2. Assign Label to a Query</a></li>
 <li><a href="#query_driver_all_scripts_path">7.3. Run All Scripts With a Given Path</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_randomizing_execution_order">7.4. Randomizing Execution Order</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_defining_a_timeout">7.5. Defining a Timeout</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_simulating_user_thinking_time">7.6. Simulating User Thinking Time</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_starting_threads_gracefully">7.7. Starting Threads Gracefully</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_re_looping_a_given_workload">7.8. Re-looping a Given Workload</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_odb_as_a_sql_interpreter_technology_preview">8. odb as a SQL Interpreter (Technology Preview)</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel2">
 <li><a href="#_main_odb_sql_interpreter_features">8.1. Main odb SQL Interpreter Features</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel3">
 <li><a href="#_odb_sql_interpreter_help">8.1.1. odb SQL Interpreter help</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#sql_run_commands">8.2. Run Commands When the Interpreter Starts</a></li>
 <li><a href="#sql_custom_prompt">8.3. Customizing the Interpreter Prompt</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_appendixes">9. Appendixes</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel2">
 <li><a href="#_a_troubleshooting">9.1. A. Troubleshooting</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_b_develop_and_test_odb">9.2. B. Develop and Test odb</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel3">
 <li><a href="#_develop">9.2.1. Develop</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_test">9.2.2. Test</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div id="content">
 <div id="preamble">
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>License Statement</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0" class="bare">http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0</a></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Revision History</strong></p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 50%;">
 <col style="width: 50%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Version</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Date</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2.2.0</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">TBD</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2.1.0</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">May  1, 2017</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2.0.1</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">July 7, 2016</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2.0.0</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">June 6, 2016</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">1.3.0</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">January, 2016</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_about_this_document">1. About This Document</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This guide describes how to use odb, a multi-threaded, ODBC-based command-line tool, to perform various operations on a Trafodion
 database.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 In the current release of Trafodion, only loading, extracting, and copying data operations are production ready, meaning that that have
 been fully tested and are ready to be used in a production environment.<br>
 <br>
 Other features are designated as <em>Technology Preview</em> meaning that they have not been fully tested and are not ready for production use.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_intended_audience">1.1. Intended Audience</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This guide is intended for database administrators and other users who want to run scripts that operate on a Trafodion database, primarily for
 parallel data loading.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_new_and_changed_information">1.2. New and Changed Information</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This manual guide is new.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_notation_conventions">1.3. Notation Conventions</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This list summarizes the notation conventions for syntax presentation in this manual.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>UPPERCASE LETTERS</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Uppercase letters indicate keywords and reserved words. Type these items exactly as shown. Items not enclosed in brackets are required.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">SELECT</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>lowercase letters</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Lowercase letters, regardless of font, indicate variable items that you supply. Items not enclosed in brackets are required.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">file-name</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>&#91; &#93; Brackets</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Brackets enclose optional syntax items.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">DATETIME [start-field TO] end-field</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>A group of items enclosed in brackets is a list from which you can choose one item or none.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The items in the list can be arranged either vertically, with aligned brackets on each side of the list, or horizontally, enclosed in a pair of brackets and separated by vertical lines.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>For example:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">DROP SCHEMA schema [CASCADE]
 DROP SCHEMA schema [ CASCADE | RESTRICT ]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>{ } Braces</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Braces enclose required syntax items.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">FROM { grantee [, grantee ] ... }</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>A group of items enclosed in braces is a list from which you are required to choose one item.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The items in the list can be arranged either vertically, with aligned braces on each side of the list, or horizontally, enclosed in a pair of braces and separated by vertical lines.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>For example:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">INTERVAL { start-field TO end-field }
 { single-field }
 INTERVAL { start-field TO end-field | single-field }</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>| Vertical Line</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>A vertical line separates alternatives in a horizontal list that is enclosed in brackets or braces.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">{expression | NULL}</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>&#8230; Ellipsis</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>An ellipsis immediately following a pair of brackets or braces indicates that you can repeat the enclosed sequence of syntax items any number of times.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">ATTRIBUTE[S] attribute [, attribute] ...
 {, sql-expression } ...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>An ellipsis immediately following a single syntax item indicates that you can repeat that syntax item any number of times.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>For example:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">expression-n ...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Punctuation</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Parentheses, commas, semicolons, and other symbols not previously described must be typed as shown.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">DAY (datetime-expression)
 @script-file</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Quotation marks around a symbol such as a bracket or brace indicate the symbol is a required character that you must type as shown.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>For example:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">&quot;{&quot; module-name [, module-name] ... &quot;}&quot;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Item Spacing</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Spaces shown between items are required unless one of the items is a punctuation symbol such as a parenthesis or a comma.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">DAY (datetime-expression) DAY(datetime-expression)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If there is no space between two items, spaces are not permitted. In this example, no spaces are permitted between the period and any other items:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">myfile.sh</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Line Spacing</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If the syntax of a command is too long to fit on a single line, each continuation line is indented three spaces and is separated from the preceding line by a blank line.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This spacing distinguishes items in a continuation line from items in a vertical list of selections.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">match-value [NOT] LIKE _pattern
    [ESCAPE esc-char-expression]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_comments_encouraged">1.4. Comments Encouraged</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>We encourage your comments concerning this document. We are committed to providing documentation that meets your
 needs. Send any errors found, suggestions for improvement, or compliments to <a href="mailto:user@trafodion.apache.org">user@trafodion.apache.org</a>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Include the document title and any comment, error found, or suggestion for improvement you have concerning this document.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_introduction">2. Introduction</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_what_is_odb">2.1. What is odb</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb is a platform independent, multi-threaded, ODBC command-line tool you can use as a:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Parallel data loader/extractor</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Query driver (Technology Preview)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>SQL interpreter (Technology Preview)</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb is written in ANSI C. Currently, odb is available only in a 64-bit version for the Linux platform,
 linked to the unixODBC driver manager.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb executables use the following naming convention, <code><strong><em>odbAABCC</em></strong></code>, where:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code><strong>AA</strong></code> can be 64 (bit) (32 bit is not currently supported).</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code><strong>B</strong></code> identifies the platform/compiler:</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>l</code> = Linux/gcc</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>w</code> = Windows/MS Visual Studio (not yet tested)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code><strong>CC</strong></code> identifies the ODBC Driver Manager to which odb was linked:</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>uo</code> = unixODBC Driver Manager</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>ms</code> = Microsoft ODBC Driver Manager (not yet tested)</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>So, for example:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code><strong>odb64luo</strong></code> is the 64-bit executable for Linux linked with the unixODBC Driver Manager.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This document contains examples run with the <code><strong>odb64luo</strong></code> executable.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_installation_and_configuration">3. Installation and Configuration</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>See the <a href="http://trafodion.apache.org/docs/odb/index.html">Trafodion Client Installation Guide</a> for install instructions.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Refer to the <a href="http://www.unixodbc.org/doc/">unixODBC documentation</a> for additional
 information for <code>unixODBC</code>.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_basic_concepts">4. Basic Concepts</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_get_help">4.1. Get Help</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following command shows the odb help:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -h
 odb version 1.3.0
 Build: linux, amd64, gcc generic m64, uodbc, mreadline, dynamic gzip, dynamic libhdfs, dynamic libxml2 [Mar 30 2015 00:29:25]
    -h: print this help
    -version: print odb version and exit
    -lsdrv: list available drivers @ Driver Manager level
    -lsdsn: list available Data Sources
 Connection related options. You can connect using either:
    -u User: (default $ODB_USER variable)
    -p Password: (default $ODB_PWD variable)
    -d Data_Source_Name: (default $ODB_DSN variable)
    -ca Connection_Attributes (normally used instead of -d DSN)
    -U sets SQL_TXN_READ_UNCOMMITTED isolation level
    -ndsn [+]&lt;number&gt;: adds 1 to &lt;number&gt; to DSN
    -nps &lt;nbytes&gt;[:&lt;nbytes&gt;]: specify source[:target] network packet size
 SQL interpreter options:
    -I [$ODB_INI SECTION]: interactive mode shell
    -noconnect: do not connect on startup General options:
    -q [cmd|res|all|off]: do not print commands/results/both
    -i [TYPE[MULT,WIDE_MULT]:CATALOG.SCHEMA[.TABLE]]: lists following object types:
       (t)ables, (v)iews, s(y)nonyns, (s)chemas, (c)atalogs, syst(e)m tables
       (l)ocal temp, (g)lobal temp, (m)at views, (M)mat view groups, (a)lias
       (A)ll object types, (T)table desc, (D)table DDL, (U) table DDL with multipliers
    -r #rowset: rowset to be used insert/selects (default 100)
    -soe: Stop On Error (script execution/loading task)
    -N : Null run. Doesn't SQLExecute statements
    -v : be verbose
    -vv : Print execution table
    -noschema : do not use schemas: CAT.OBJ instead of CAT.SCH.OBJ
    -nocatalog : do not use catalogs: SCH.OBJ instead of CAT.SCH.OBJ
    -nocatnull : like -nocatalog but uses NULL instead of empty CAT strings
    -ucs2toutf8 : set UCS-2 to UTF-8 conversion in odb
    -var var_name var_value: set user defined variables
    -ksep char/code: Thousands Separator Character (default ',')
    -dsep char/code: Decimal Separator Character (default '.')
 SQL execution options [connection required]:
    -x [#inst:]'command': runs #inst (default 1) command instances
    -f [#inst:]'script': runs #inst (default 1) script instances
    -P script_path_regexp: runs in parallel scripts_path_regexp if script_path_regexp ends with / all files in that dir
    -S script_path_regexp: runs serially scripts_path_regexp if script_path_regexp ends with / all files in that dir
    -L #loops: runs everything #loops times
    -T max_threads: max number of execution threads
    -dlb: use Dynamic Load Balancing
    -timeout #seconds: stops everything after #seconds (no Win32)
    -delay #ms: delay (ms) before starting next thread
    -ldelay #ms: delay (ms) before starting next loop in a thread
    -ttime #ms[:ms]: delay (ms) before starting next command in a thread random delay if a [min:max] range is specified
    -F #records: max rows to fetch
    -c : output in csv format
    -b : print start time in the headers when CSV output
    -pcn: Print Column Names
    -plm: Print Line Mode
    -fs char/code: Field Sep &lt;char&gt; ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
    -rs char/code: Rec Sep &lt;char&gt; ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
    -sq char/code: String Qualifier (default none)
    -ec char/code: Escape Character (default '\')
    -ns nullstring: print nullstring when a field is NULL
    -trim: Trim leading/trailing white spaces from txt cols
    -drs: describe result set (#cols, data types...) for each Q)
    -hint: do not remove C style comments (treat them as hints)
    -casesens: set case sensitive DB
    -Z : shuffle the execution table randomizing Qs start order
 Data loading options [connection required]:
    -l src=[-]file:tgt=table[:map=mapfile][:fs=fieldsep][:rs=recsep][:soe]
       [:skip=linestoskip][:ns=nullstring][:ec=eschar][:sq=stringqualifier]
       [:pc=padchar][:em=embedchar][:errmax=#max_err][:commit=auto|end|#rows|x#rs]
       [:rows=#rowset][:norb][:full][:max=#max_rec][:truncate][:show][:bpc=#][:bpwc=#]
       [:nomark][:parallel=number][:iobuff=#size][:buffsz=#size]][:fieldtrunc={0-4}]
       [:pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:ifempty]
       [:direct][:bad=[+]badfile][:tpar=#tables][:maxlen=#bytes][:time][:loadcmd=IN|UP|UL]
       [:xmltag=[+]element][:xmlord][:xmldump]
       Defaults/notes:
       * src file: local file or {hdfs,mapr}[@host,port[,huser]].&lt;HDFS_PATH&gt;
       * fs: default ','. Also &lt;ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
       * rs: default '\n'. Also &lt;ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
       * ec: default '\'. Also &lt;ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
       * pc: no default. Also &lt;ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
       * direct: only for Vertica databases
       * bpc: default 1,bpwc: default 4
       * loadcmd: default IN. only for {project-name} databases
 Data extraction options [connection required]:
    -e {src={table|-file}|sql=&lt;custom sql&gt;}:tgt=[+]file[:pwhere=where_cond]
       [:fs=fieldsep][:rs=recsep][:sq=stringqualifier][:ec=escape_char][:soe]
       [:ns=nullstring][es=emptystring][:rows=#rowset][:nomark][:binary][:bpc=#][:bpwc=#]
       [:max=#max_rec][:[r]trim[+]][:cast][:multi][parallel=number][:gzip[=lev]]
       [:splitby=column][:uncommitted][:iobuff=#size][hblock=#size][:ucs2toutf8]
       [:pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}[:mpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}[:post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}]
       [tpar=#tables][:time][:cols=[-]columns]][:maxlen=#bytes][:xml]
       Defaults/notes:
       * tgt file: local file or {hdfs,mapr}.[@host,port[,huser]].&lt;HDFS_PATH&gt;
       * fs: default ','. Also &lt;ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
       * rs: default '\n'. Also &lt;ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
       * ec: default '\'. Also &lt;ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
       * sq: no default. Also &lt;ASCII_dec&gt; 0&lt;ASCII_OCT&gt; X&lt;ASCII_HEX&gt;
       * gzip compression level between 0 and 9
       * bpc: default 1,bpwc: default 4
 Data copy options [connection required]:
    -cp src={table|-file:tgt=schema[.table][pwhere=where_cond][:soe][:roe=#][:roedel=#ms]
        [:truncate][:rows=#rowset][:nomark][:max=#max_rec][:bpc=#][:bpwc=#][:[r]trim[+]]
        [:parallel=number][errmax=#max_err][:commit=auto|end|#rows|x#rs][:time] ][:cast]
        [:direct][:uncommitted][:norb][:splitby=column][:pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}]
        [:post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:mpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:ifempty]
        [:loaders=#loaders][:tpar=#tables][:cols=[-]columns][:errdmp=file] ][:loadcmd=IN|UP|UL]
        [sql={[sqlcmd]|@sqlfile|-file}[:bind=auto|char|cdef][:seq=field#[,start]]
        [tmpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:ucs2toutf8=[skip,force,cpucs2,qmark]]
        Defaults/notes:
        * loaders: default 2 load threads for each 'extractor'
        * direct: only work if target database is Vertica
        * ucs2toutf8: default is 'skip'
        * roe: default 3 if no arguments
        * bpc: default 1,bpwc: default 4
        * loadcmd: default IN. only for {project-name} databases
 Data pipe options [connection required]:
    -pipe sql={[sqlcmd]|@sqlscript|-file}:tgtsql={@sqlfile|[sqlcmd]}[:soe]
       [:rows=#rowset][:nomark][:max=#max_rec][:bpc=#][:bpwc=#][:errdmp=file]
       [:parallel=number][errmax=#max_err][:commit=auto|end|#rows|x#rs][:time]
       [:pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}]
       [:mpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:tmpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}]
       [:loaders=#loaders][:tpar=#tables][:bind=auto|char|cdef]
       Defaults/notes:
       * loaders: default 1 load threads for each extraction thread
       * bpc: default 1,bpwc: default 4</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">Table diff options [connection required]:
    -diff src={table|-file}:tgt=table:[key=columns][:output=[+]file][:pwhere=where_cond]
       [:pwhere=where_cond][:nomark][:rows=#rowset][:odad][:fs=fieldsep][:time][trim[+]]
       [:rs=recsep][:quick][:splitby=column][:parallel=number][:max=#max_rec]
       [:print=[I][D][C]][:ns=nullstring][:es=emptystring][:bpc=#][:bpwc=#][:uncommitted]
       [:pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][tpar=#tables]
       Defaults/notes:
       * bpc: default 1,bpwc: default 4
       * print: default is Inserted Deleted Changed</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_connect_to_database">4.2. Connect to Database</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb uses standard ODBC APIs to connect to a database.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Normally you have to provide the following information: user, password and ODBC data source.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ./odb64luo –u user –p password –d dsn ...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can provide Driver-specific connection attributes using th <code>-ca</code> command line option.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 Command-line passwords are protected against <code>ps -ef</code> sniffing attacks under *nix. You can safely pass your
 password via <code>–p</code>. An alternative approach is to use environment variables or the odb password prompt (see below).
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb will use the following environment variables (if defined):</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 15.7894%;">
 <col style="width: 52.6315%;">
 <col style="width: 31.5791%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Variable</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Corresponding Command-Line Option</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ODB_USER</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">User name to use for database connections</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-u &lt;user&gt;</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ODB_PWD</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Password for database connections</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-p &lt;passwd&gt;</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ODB_DSN</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">DSN for database connection</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-d &lt;dsn&gt;</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ODB_INI</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Init file for interactive shell</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ODB_HIST</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">history file name to save command history on exit</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 Command-line options take precedence over environment variables.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_list_odbc_drivers_and_data_sources">4.3. List ODBC Drivers and Data Sources</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can list available drivers with <code>-lsdrv</code>:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -lsdrv
 Trafodion - Description=Trafodion ODBC Stand Alone Driver
 ...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can list locally configured data sources with <code>-lsdsn</code>:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -lsdsn
 traf - Trafodion
 VMFELICI – Vertica
 ...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_obtain_database_information">4.4. Obtain Database Information</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The <code>-i</code> option allows you to get information about the database you’re connecting to as well as the ODBC driver.
 It’s a simple way to check your credentials and database connection.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/mauro/odb $ ./odb64luo -u xxx -p xxx -d traf -i

 odb [2015-04-20 21:20:47]: starting ODBC connection(s)... 0
        [odb version 1.3.0]
        Build: linux, amd64, gcc generic m64, uodbc, mreadline, dynamic gzip, dynamic libhdfs, dynamic libxml2 [Apr 8 2015 16:47:49]

        DBMS product name (SQL_DBMS_NAME)            : Trafodion
        DBMS product version (SQL_DBMS_VER)          : 01.03.0000
        Database name (SQL_DATABASE_NAME)            : TRAFODION
        Server name (SQL_SERVER_NAME)                : --name--
        Data source name (SQL_DATA_SOURCE_NAME)      : traf
        Data source RO (SQL_DATA_SOURCE_READ_ONLY)   : N
        ODBC Driver name (SQL_DRIVER_NAME)           : libhpodbc64.so
        ODBC Driver version (SQL_DRIVER_VER)         : 03.00.0000
        ODBC Driver level (SQL_DRIVER_ODBC_VER)      : 03.51
        ODBC Driver Manager version (SQL_DM_VER)     : 03.52.0002.0002
        ODBC Driver Manager level (SQL_ODBC_VER)     : 03.52
        Connection Packet Size (SQL_ATTR_PACKET_SIZE): 0
 odb [2015-04-20 21:20:48]: exiting. Session Elapsed time 0.229 seconds (00:00:00.229)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_list_database_objects">4.5. List Database Objects</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The previous section used the <code>-i</code> option without any argument.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This option accepts arguments with the following syntax:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">[TYPE:][CATALOG.SCHEMA][.OBJECT]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>where type can be:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 40%;">
 <col style="width: 60%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Type</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>&lt;missing&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">All database object types</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>A:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">All database object types</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>t:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Tables</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>v:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Views</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>a:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Aliases</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>y:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Synonyms</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>l:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Local Temporary</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>g:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Global Temporary</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>m:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Materialized views</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>M:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Materialized view groups</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>s:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Schemas</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>c:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Catalogs</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>T:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Table descriptions</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>D:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Table DDL</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>U[x,y]:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Table DDL multiplying wide columns by Y and non-wide columns by X</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 40%;">
 <col style="width: 60%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Example</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Action</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-i c:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">List all catalogs.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-i s:</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">List all schemas.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-i TRAFODION.MFTEST</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">List all objects in <code>TRAFODION.MFTEST</code> schema.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-i t:TRAFODION.MFTEST</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">List all tables in <code>TRAFODION.MFTEST</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-i t:TRAFODION.MFTEST.A%</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">List all tables in <code>TRAFODION.MFTEST</code> schema staring with <code>A</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-i v:TRAFODION.MFTEST</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">List all views in <code>TRAFODION.MFTEST</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-i v:TRAFODION.MFTEST.%_V</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">List all views in <code>TRAFODION.MFTEST</code> ending with <code>_V</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>-i T:TRAFODION.MFTEST.STG%</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Describe all tables starting with <code>STG</code> in <code>TRAFODION.MFTEST</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Extended Examples</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/mauro/odb $ ./odb64luo -u MFELICI -p xxx -d MFELICI -i T:TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.T%

 odb [2011-12-07 14:43:51]: starting (1) ODBC connection(s)... 1
 Describing: TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.T1
 +------+--------------+----+-------+-------+
 |COLUMN|TYPE          |NULL|DEFAULT|INDEX  |
 +------+--------------+----+-------+-------+
 |ID    |INTEGER SIGNED|YES |       |       |
 |NAME  |CHAR(10)      |YES |       |       |
 |LASTN |VARCHAR(20)   |YES |       |       |
 +------+--------------+----+-------+-------+
 Describing: TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.T11
 +------+--------------+----+-------+-------+
 |COLUMN|TYPE          |NULL|DEFAULT|INDEX  |
 +------+--------------+----+-------+-------+
 |ID    |INTEGER SIGNED|NO  |       |T11 1 U|
 |NAME  |CHAR(10)      |YES |       |       |
 +------+--------------+----+-------+-------+</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The <code>INDEX</code> column (when using type <code>T</code>) contains the following information:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code>name</code> of the <code>INDEX</code> (in Trafodion indexes having the same name as the table are Primary Keys).</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>ordinal number</code> to identify the order of that field in the index.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>(U)nique o (M)ultiple</code> values allowed.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>(+)</code> means that more than one index includes that field.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_perform_actions_on_multiple_database_objects">4.6. Perform Actions on Multiple Database Objects</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb uses extended SQL syntax to execute actions on multiple objects: <code>&amp;&lt;type&gt;:&lt;path&gt;</code> - where <code>&lt;type&gt;</code> is one
 of the object types listed in the previous section.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 60%;">
 <col style="width: 40%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Example</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Action</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>delete from &amp;t:MF%</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Purge ALL tables (t:) staring with <code>M”</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>drop view &amp;v:mftest.%vw</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Drop ALL views (v:) ending with <code>_VW</code> in the schema <code>MFTEST</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>UPDATE STATISTICS FOR TABLE &amp;t:TRAFODION.MFTEST.%</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Update Stats for ALL tables in <code>TRAFODION.MFTEST</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can use this <em>extended</em> SQL syntax in the SQL Interpreter or generic SQL scripts.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_run_commands_and_scripts">4.7. Run Commands and Scripts</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The <code>–x</code> switch can be used to run generic SQL commands. You can also use <code>–f</code> to run SQL scripts:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p><code>-x "SQL command"</code> to run a specific SQL command.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>-f &lt;script&gt;</code> to run a script file.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -x &quot;select count(*) from customer&quot;

 150000
 [0.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.137s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.137s, 1st fetch 0.000s,
 fetch 0.000s)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The meaning of <code>[0.0.0]</code> will be explained later.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ cat script.sql

 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T1;
 -- This is a comment
 SELECT
         L_RETURNFLAG
       , L_LINESTATUS
       , SUM(L_QUANTITY) AS SUM_QTY
       , SUM(L_EXTENDEDPRICE) AS SUM_BASE_PRICE
       , SUM(L_EXTENDEDPRICE*(1-L_DISCOUNT)) AS SUM_DISC_PRICE
       , SUM(L_EXTENDEDPRICE*(1-L_DISCOUNT)*(1+L_TAX)) AS SUM_CHARGE
       , AVG(L_QUANTITY) AS AVG_QTY
       , AVG(L_EXTENDEDPRICE) AS AVG_PRICE
       , AVG(L_DISCOUNT) AS AVG_DISC
       , COUNT(*) AS COUNT_ORDER
 FROM
         LINEITEM
 WHERE
         L_SHIPDATE &lt;= DATE '1998-12-01' - INTERVAL '90' DAY
 GROUP BY
         L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS
 ORDER BY
         L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS
 ;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -f script.sql

 [0.0.0]Executing: 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T1;'
 5
 [0.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.015s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.015s, 1st fetch -0.000s,
 fetch -0.000s)
 [0.0.1]Executing: 'SELECT L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS, SUM(L_QUANTITY) AS SUM_QTY,
 SUM(L_EXTENDEDPRICE) AS SUM_BASE_PRICE, SUM(L_EXTENDEDPRICE*(1-L_DISCOUNT)) AS
 SUM_DISC_PRICE, SUM(L_EXTENDEDPRICE*(1- L_DISCOUNT)*(1+L_TAX)) AS SUM_CHARGE,
 AVG(L_QUANTITY) AS AVG_QTY, AVG(L_EXTENDEDPRICE) AS AVG_PRICE, AVG(L_DISCOUNT) AS
 AVG_DISC, COUNT(*) AS COUNT_ORDER FROM LINEITEM WHERE L_SHIPDATE &lt;= DATE '1998-12-01'
 - INTERVAL '90' DAY GROUP BY L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS ORDER BY L_RETURNFLAG,
 L_LINESTATUS;'
 A,F,37734107.00,56586554400.73,53758257134.8700,55909065222.827692,25.522006,
 38273.129735,0.049985,1478493
 ...
 R,F,37719753.00,56568041380.90,53741292684.6040,55889619119.831932,25.505794,
 38250.854626,0.050009,1478870
 [0.0.1]--- 4 row(s) selected in 21.344s (prep 0.000s, exec 21.344s, 1st fetch 0.000s, fetch 0.000s)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can use the <code>-q</code> switch to omit selected output components.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>–q</code> cmd will not print the <strong><em>commands</em></strong> being executed:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -f script.sql –q cmd

 5
 [0.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.015s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.015s, 1st fetch -0.000s,
 fetch -0.000s)

 A,F,37734107.00,56586554400.73,53758257134.8700,55909065222.827692,25.522006,
 38273.129735,0.049985,1478493
 ...
 R,F,37719753.00,56568041380.90,53741292684.6040,55889619119.831932,25.505794,
 38250.854626,0.050009,1478870
 [0.0.1]--- 4 row(s) selected in 21.344s (prep 0.000s, exec 21.344s, 1st fetch 0.000s,
 fetch 0.000s)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>While <code>-q</code> res will nit print the <strong><em>results</em></strong>:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -f script.sql –q res

 [0.0.0]Executing: 'SELECT COUNT(*) FROM T1;'
 [0.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.015s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.015s, 1st fetch -0.000s,
 fetch -0.000s)
 [0.0.1]Executing: 'SELECT L_RETURNFLAG,L_LINESTATUS, SUM(L_QUANTITY) AS
 SUM_QTY, SUM(L_EXTENDEDPRICE) AS SUM_BASE_PRICE, SUM(L_EXTENDEDPRICE*(1-L_DISCOUNT))
 AS SUM_DISC_PRICE, SUM(L_EXTENDEDPRICE*(1-L_DISCOUNT)*(1+L_TAX)) AS SUM_CHARGE,
 AVG(L_QUANTITY) AS AVG_QTY, AVG(L_EXTENDEDPRICE) AS AVG_PRICE, AVG(L_DISCOUNT) AS
 AVG_DISC, COUNT(*) AS COUNT_ORDER FROM LINEITEM WHERE L_SHIPDATE &lt;= DATE '1998-12-01'
 - INTERVAL '90' DAY GROUP BY L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS ORDER BY L_RETURNFLAG,
 L_LINESTATUS;'
 [0.0.1]--- 4 row(s) selected in 21.344s (prep 0.000s, exec 21.344s, 1st fetch 0.000s,
 fetch 0.000s)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>-q all</code> (or just <code>-q</code>) will not print neither the <strong><em>commands</em></strong> nor the <strong><em>results</em></strong>:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -f script.sql -q all

 [0.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.015s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.015s, 1st fetch -0.000s,
 fetch -0.000s)
 [0.0.1]--- 4 row(s) selected in 21.344s (prep 0.000s, exec 21.344s, 1st fetch 0.000s,
 fetch 0.000s)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This is often used with odb as query driver.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 Even when odb doesn’t print query results (<code>-q res</code>), the result set will be fetched and data is
 transferred from the database server to the client. In other words, <code>-q res</code> is somehow similar (but
 not exactly equivalent) to a <code>/dev/null</code> output redirection.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>A special file name you can use with <code>-f</code> is <code>-</code> (dash).</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>It means: read the script to be executed from the <em>standard input</em>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following command will <em>copy</em> table definitions from one system to
 another recreating, on the target system, the same table structures as in the source system:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u u1 -p p1 -d SRC -i t:TRAFODION.CIV04 -x &quot;SHOWDDL &amp;1&quot; \
 | odb64luo –u u2 –p p2 -d TGT -f -</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_shell_script_here_document_syntax">4.8. Shell Script "here document" Syntax</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Commonly, there&#8217;s a need to <em>embed</em> SQL commands in shell scripts.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Use the <code>-f -</code> (read commands from standard input) odb syntax.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">odb64luo -f - &lt;&lt;-EOF 2&gt;&amp;1 | tee -a $\{LOG}
    drop table &amp;t:TRAFODION.maurizio.ml%;
    create table ml2
    (
      id integer
    , fname char(10)
    , bdate date
    , lname char(10) default 'Felici'
    , comment char(20)
    , city char(10)
    ) no partitions;
 EOF</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_parallelize_multiple_commands_and_scripts">4.9. Parallelize Multiple Commands and Scripts</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb uses threads to run multiple commands in parallel. Each command (<code>-x</code>) or
 script (<code>-f</code>) will be executed, independently from the others, using a different thread.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Running scripts in parallel.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -x &quot;select count(*) from types&quot; -f script1.sql</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Uses two <em>independent</em> threads executed in parallel. The first thread will run <code>select count(*) from types</code> and the other <code>script1.sql</code>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can also run <strong><em>multiple copies</em></strong> of the same command by adding <code>&lt;num&gt;:</code> before
 <code>-x</code> or <code>-f</code> arguments.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following command runs the instances of <code>select count(*) from types `, five instances
 of `script1.sql</code> and three instances of <code>script2.sql</code> in parallel using <code>3 + 5 + 3 = 11</code> threads in total:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Running eleven commands and scripts in parallel</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -x 3:&quot;select count(*) from types&quot; -f 5:script1.sql \
 -f 3:script2.sql -q

 [1.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [0.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [2.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [4.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.001s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.001s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [6.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [5.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [3.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.001s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.001s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [8.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.001s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.001s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [7.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [9.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [10.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.001s prep 0.000s, exec 0.001s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The first number in <code>[<strong>1</strong>.0.0]</code> is the <strong><em>thread ID</em></strong>. Thread IDs are assigned by odb starting from zero.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can limit the maximum number of threads with <code>-T</code> option.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following command runs the same 11 commands/scripts limiting the number of threads (<strong>and ODBC connections</strong>) to 4:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -x 3:&quot;select count(*) from types&quot; -f 5:script1.sql \
 -f 3:script2.sql -q -T 4

 [1.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [0.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [2.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [1.3.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [2.1.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [0.1.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [3.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.001s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.001s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [2.2.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [3.1.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.001s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.001s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [0.2.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [1.2.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The thread ID is now in the 0-3 range because the 11 <strong><em>executions</em></strong> were <strong><em>queued</em></strong> into four threads.
 odb offers several alternatives to queue <code>M</code> executions in <code>N(&lt;M)</code> threads. See below.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_limit_number_of_odb_threads">4.10. Limit Number of odb Threads</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>By default, odb creates as many threads as the numbers of executions.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The command in the following example creates <code>1 + 3 + 3 = 7</code> threads. Each thread will start its own ODBC connection.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/src/C/odb $ ./odb64luo -f script1.sql -f 3:script2.sql -x 3:&quot;&lt;mysqlcmd&gt;&quot;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can limit the max number of threads using <code>–T</code>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/src/C/odb $ ./odb64luo -f script1.sql -f 3:script2.sql -x 3:&quot;&lt;mysqlcmd&gt;&quot; -T 2</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This command creates just two threads to execute the seven commands/scripts. odb will never create
 more threads than needed:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="exampleblock">
 <div class="content">
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -f 2:script1.sql -f 3:script2.sql -T 8 -c -q
 odb [main(1017)] - Warning: won&#8217;t be created more thread (8) than needed (5).</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_change_executions_distributed_across_threads">4.11. Change Executions Distributed Across Threads</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>By default, executions are distributed in round-robin across threads.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/src/C/odb $ ./odb64luo -f script1.sql -f 3:script2.sql -x 3:&quot;&lt;mysqlcmd&gt;&quot; -T 3</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Using the command above, the execution queue will be as follows:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 25%;">
 <col style="width: 25%;">
 <col style="width: 25%;">
 <col style="width: 25%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread 1</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread 2</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread3</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Third Execution</p></th>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>mysqlcmd</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Second Execution</p></th>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>mysqlcmd</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>mysqlcmd</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">First Execution</p></th>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script1.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.sql</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This (standard) behavior can be modified using the following options:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code>–Z</code> (shuffle):  This option <strong><em>randomizes</em></strong> the execution order.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong><em>factor sign</em></strong> with <code>–P</code> option: See <a href="#query_driver_all_scripts_path">Run All Scripts With a Given Path</a>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>-dlb</code> (Dynamic Load Balancing): See <a href="#concepts_load_balancing">Dynamic Load Balancing</a>.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="concepts_load_balancing">4.12. Dynamic Load Balancing</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>As discussed in the previous section, executions are normally <em>pre-assigned</em> to threads using a simple
 round-robin algorithm. This way, the total elapsed time for each thread depends on the complexity of
 <strong>its own</strong> <em>executions</em>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Suppose you have two threads and two <em>executions</em> per thread:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 33.3333%;">
 <col style="width: 33.3333%;">
 <col style="width: 33.3334%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread 1</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread 2</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Second Execution</p></th>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script1.2</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.2</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">First Execution</p></th>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script1.3</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.1</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If thread 2.1 and 2.2 require a very short time to be executed you can have a situation where Thread2 has
 nothing to do (it will be terminated) while Thread1 is still busy with <strong>its own</strong> Script1.3 and Script1.2.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>In some cases, for example during data extractions (see <a href="#load_binary_files">Load Binary Files</a>), you might want to keep all
 threads busy at any given time. In these cases you can use Dynamic Load Balancing (<code>-dlb</code>). With Dynamic
 Load Balancing jobs are not <strong>pre-assigned</strong> to threads when odb starts; each thread will pick the
 next job to run from the job list <em>at run-time</em>.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_use_variables_in_odb_scripts">4.13. Use Variables in odb Scripts</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb let you to use two kinds of variables:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Internal Variables</strong> defined through the <code>set param</code> command and identified by the ampersand character;</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Environment variables</strong> defined at operating system level and identified by a dollar sign;</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can mix internal and environment variables in your scripts. If a variable is not expanded to a valid
 Internal/Environment variable the text will remain unchanged.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ cat scr.sql set param region1 ASIA

 -- region1 is defined as an internal odb parameter
 select * from tpch.region where r_name = '&amp;region1';
 -- region2 is defined as an environment variable
 select * from tpch.region where r_name = '$region2';
 -- you can mix internal and environment variables
 select * from tpch.region where r_name = '$region2' or r_name = '&amp;region1';
 -- region3 variable does not exists so it won’t be not expanded
 select * from tpch.region where r_name = '&amp;region3';</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>After you define <code>region2</code> at operating system level:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ export region2=AMERICA</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Output:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -u mauro -p xx -d pglocal -f scr.sql

 odb [2011-12-12 08:01:31]: starting (1) ODBC connection(s)... 1 [0.0.0]Executing:
 'select * from tpch.region where r_name = 'ASIA';' 2,ASIA,ges. thinly even pinto beans ca
 [0.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, 1st fetch 0.000s, fetch 0.000s)
 [0.0.1]Executing: 'select * from tpch.region where r_name = 'AMERICA';' 1,AMERICA,hs use ironic, even requests. s
 [0.0.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, 1st fetch 0.000s, fetch 0.000s)
 [0.0.2]Executing: 'select * from tpch.region where r_name = 'AMERICA' or r_name = 'ASIA';' 1,AMERICA,hs use ironic,
 even requests.s2,ASIA,ges. thinly even pinto beans ca
 [0.0.2]--- 2 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, 1st fetch 0.000s, fetch 0.000s)
 [0.0.3]Executing: 'select * from tpch.region where r_name = '&amp;region3';'
 [0.0.3]--- 0 row(s) selected in 0.000s (prep 0.000s, exec 0.000s, 1st fetch 0.000s, fetch 0.000s)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_thread_id_thread_execution_and_script_command">4.14. Thread ID, Thread Execution#, and Script Command#</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Consider a script containing two commands:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/odb $ cat script.sql

 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ORDERS;
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM SUPPLIER;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Running this script ten times using two threads yields:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/odb $ ./odb64luo -f 10:script.sql -q -T 2

 [0.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.102s (prep 0.022s, exec 0.044s, 1st fetch 0.037s, fetch 0.037s)
 [1.0.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.125s (prep 0.022s, exec 0.068s, 1st fetch 0.036s, fetch 0.036s)
 [0.0.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.520s (prep 0.022s, exec 0.048s, 1st fetch 0.450s, fetch 0.450s)
 [1.0.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.564s (prep 0.017s, exec 0.480s, 1st fetch 0.067s, fetch 0.067s)
 [0.1.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.131s (prep 0.022s, exec 0.060s, 1st fetch 0.048s, fetch 0.048s)
 [0.1.3]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.086s (prep 0.022s, exec 0.057s, 1st fetch 0.007s, fetch 0.007s)
 [1.3.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.136s (prep 0.035s, exec 0.058s, 1st fetch 0.042s, fetch 0.042s)
 [0.2.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.123s (prep 0.029s, exec 0.068s, 1st fetch 0.026s, fetch 0.026s)
 [1.3.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.119s (prep 0.016s, exec 0.082s, 1st fetch 0.021s, fetch 0.021s)
 [0.2.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.089s (prep 0.031s, exec 0.054s, 1st fetch 0.004s, fetch 0.004s)
 [1.2.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.138s (prep 0.023s, exec 0.041s, 1st fetch 0.073s, fetch 0.073s)
 [0.3.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.144s (prep 0.038s, exec 0.045s, 1st fetch 0.061s, fetch 0.061s)
 [1.2.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.127s (prep 0.016s, exec 0.041s, 1st fetch 0.070s, fetch 0.070s)
 [0.3.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.136s (prep 0.033s, exec 0.056s, 1st fetch 0.048s, fetch 0.048s)
 [1.3.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.131s (prep 0.023s, exec 0.037s, 1st fetch 0.071s, fetch 0.071s)
 [0.4.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.111s (prep 0.033s, exec 0.045s, 1st fetch 0.033s, fetch 0.033s)
 [0.4.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.076s (prep 0.033s, exec 0.037s, 1st fetch 0.005s, fetch 0.006s)
 [1.3.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.098s (prep 0.016s, exec 0.065s, 1st fetch 0.017s, fetch 0.017s)
 [1.4.0]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.133s (prep 0.023s, exec 0.074s, 1st fetch 0.035s, fetch 0.035s)
 [1.4.1]--- 1 row(s) selected in 0.098s (prep 0.017s, exec 0.064s, 1st fetch 0.016s, fetch 0.016s)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The numbers between square brackets have the following meaning:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>The first digit is the <strong><em>thread ID</em></strong>. The example above has two threads; the ID is either 0 or 1.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>The second digit is the <strong><em>execution#</em></strong> for a given thread. The example above has ten script executions
 for two threads, each thread will have to execute this script five times.; <strong><em>execution#</em></strong>, is between 0 and 4.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>The third (last) digit is the <strong><em>command#</em></strong> in a given script. The script in the example above contains two
 commands; this value is 0 or 1.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code><strong>[0.3.1]</strong></code> means that the <strong>first thread</strong> (<em>thread id=0</em>) was executing its <strong>fourth job</strong>
 (<em>thread execution#=3</em>) and &#8212; more specifically <mark>&amp;8212; the <strong>second command</strong> in that script
 (<em>script command</mark>=1</em>).</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_validate_sql_scripts">4.15. Validate SQL Scripts</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can check commands and SQL scripts with odb using the <code>-N</code> (null run) flag. This will just <code>prepare</code>
 (compile) the commands without executing them and fetching the results.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_different_data_sources_for_different_threads">4.16. Different Data Sources for Different Threads</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Normally all ODBC connections started by odb will use the same Data Source. However, there could be
 special cases where you want to use different DSN for different threads. In these cases you can use the
 <code>–ndsn &lt;number&gt;</code> option. This will append to the Data Source name specified via <code>–d</code> a suffix from <code>1</code> to <code>-ndsn</code> argument.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ./odb64luo ... –d MYDSN –ndsn 4</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>It will use the following (round-robin) DSN/thread association: <code>MYDSN1</code> for the first thread, <code>MYDSN2</code> for the
 second thread and so on. The fifth thread (if any) will use <code>MYDSN1</code> again. You can use a sequential
 DSN/thread association by using a <code>+</code> sign in front of the <code>–ndsn</code> argument.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If you have 16 threads and <code>–d MYDSN</code>:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 33.3333%;">
 <col style="width: 33.3333%;">
 <col style="width: 33.3334%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread ID</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">DSN with <code>–ndsn 8</code></th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">DSN with <code>–ndsn +8</code></th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>0</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN1</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN1</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>1</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN2</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN1</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>2</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN3</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN2</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>3</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN4</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN2</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>4</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN5</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN3</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>5</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN6</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN3</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>6</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN7</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN4</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>7</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN8</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN4</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>8</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN1</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN5</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>9</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN2</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN5</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>10</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN3</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN6</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>11</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN4</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN6</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>12</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN5</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN7</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>13</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN6</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN7</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>14</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN7</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN8</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>15</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN8</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>MYDSN8</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This technique has been used to maximize extraction throughput from a multi-segment Trafodion system.
 Each (local) Data Source was <strong>linked</strong> to a corresponding remote Data Source extracting its own data through its
 own network interface card.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_format_query_results">4.17. Format Query Results</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Normally odb prints query results using a very basic CSV format.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ./odb64luo -x &quot;select s_suppkey, s_name, s_phone from tpch.supplier limit 5

 1,Supplier#000000001,27-918-335-1736
 2,Supplier#000000002,15-679-861-2259
 3,Supplier#000000003,11-383-516-1199
 4,Supplier#000000004,25-843-787-7479
 5,Supplier#000000005,21-151-690-3663</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Adding the option <code>-pad</code> you generates the output in table format:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ./odb64luo -x &quot;select s_suppkey, s_name, s_phone from tpch.supplier limit 5&quot; -pad

 s_suppkey      |s_name                   |s_phone
 ---------------+-------------------------+---------------
 1              |Supplier#000000001       |27-918-335-1736
 2              |Supplier#000000002       |15-679-861-2259
 3              |Supplier#000000003       |11-383-516-1199
 4              |Supplier#000000004       |25-843-787-7479
 5              |Supplier#000000005       |21-151-690-3663</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_extract_table_ddl">4.18. Extract Table DDL</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can extract DDL from one or several tables using either the <code>-i D…</code> or
 <code>-i U…</code> option.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ./odb64luo -u xxx -p xxx -d traf -i D:TRAFODION.SEABASE.REGIONS

 odb [2015-04-20 21:25:35]: starting ODBC connection(s)... 0
 Connected to Trafodion

 CREATE TABLE TRAFODION.SEABASE.&quot;REGIONS&quot; ( REGION_ID INTEGER NOT NULL
 , REGION_NAME VARCHAR(25)
 );</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The <code>&amp;</code> wild card allows you to extract the DDL for multiple objects.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following command will extract the DDL for all tables in schema <code>tpch</code> starting with <code>P</code>:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ./odb64luo -u xxx -p xxx -d traf -i D:TRAFODION.TPCH.P%

 odb [2015-04-20 21:33:43]: starting ODBC connection(s)... 0
 Connected to Trafodion

 CREATE TABLE TRAFODION.TPCH.&quot;PART&quot; ( P_PARTKEY BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,P_NAME VARCHAR(55) NOT NULL
 ,P_MFGR CHAR(25) NOT NULL
 ,P_BRAND CHAR(10) NOT NULL
 ,P_TYPE VARCHAR(25) NOT NULL
 ,P_SIZE INTEGER NOT NULL
 ,P_CONTAINER CHAR(10) NOT NULL
 ,P_RETAILPRICE BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,P_COMMENT VARCHAR(23) NOT NULL
 ,PRIMARY KEY (P_PARTKEY)
 );

 CREATE TABLE TRAFODION.TPCH.&quot;PARTSUPP&quot; ( PS_PARTKEY BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,PS_SUPPKEY BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,PS_AVAILQTY INTEGER NOT NULL
 ,PS_SUPPLYCOST BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,PS_COMMENT VARCHAR(199) NOT NULL
 ,PRIMARY KEY (PS_PARTKEY,PS_SUPPKEY)
 );

 odb [2015-04-20 21:33:45]: exiting. Session Elapsed time 2.069 seconds (00:00:02.069)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You should consider possible differences in text column length semantic when porting DDLs from one database to another;
 some databases use "character oriented" text columns length while others use a "byte oriented" semantic.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can ask odb to multiply text column length when printing DDL using the switch
 <code>–U[non-wide_char_multiplier,wide_char_multiplier]</code>.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ./odb64luo -u xxx -p xxx -d traf -i U2,4:TRAFODION.TPCH.P%

 odb [2015-04-20 21:35:17]: starting ODBC connection(s)... 0
 Connected to Trafodion

 CREATE TABLE TRAFODION.TPCH.&quot;PART&quot; ( P_PARTKEY BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,P_NAME VARCHAR(110) NOT NULL
 ,P_MFGR CHAR(50) NOT NULL
 ,P_BRAND CHAR(20) NOT NULL
 ,P_TYPE VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL
 ,P_SIZE INTEGER NOT NULL
 ,P_CONTAINER CHAR(20) NOT NULL
 ,P_RETAILPRICE BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,P_COMMENT VARCHAR(46) NOT NULL
 ,PRIMARY KEY (P_PARTKEY)
 );

 CREATE TABLE TRAFODION.TPCH.&quot;PARTSUPP&quot; ( PS_PARTKEY BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,PS_SUPPKEY BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,PS_AVAILQTY INTEGER NOT NULL
 ,PS_SUPPLYCOST BIGINT NOT NULL
 ,PS_COMMENT VARCHAR(398) NOT NULL
 ,PRIMARY KEY (PS_PARTKEY,PS_SUPPKEY)
 );

 odb [2015-04-20 21:35:18]: exiting. Session Elapsed time 1.620 seconds (00:00:01.620)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The command in the above example  multiplies the length of "non-wide" text fields by 2 and
 the length of wide text fields by 4.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_load_extract_copy">5. Load, Extract, Copy</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_load_files">5.1. Load Files</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can load a data file using <code>-l</code> option.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u user –p xx –d dsn –l src=customer.tbl:tgt=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.CUSTOMER \
 :fs=\|:rows=1000:loadcmd=UL:truncate:parallel=4</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This command:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Loads the file named <code>customer.tbl</code> (<code>src=customer.tbl</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>in the table <code>TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.CUSTOMER</code> (<code>tgt=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.CUSTOMER</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>using <code>|</code> (vertical bar) as a field separator (<code>fs=\|</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>using <code>1000 rows</code> as row-set buffer (<code>rows=1000</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>using <code>UPSERT USING LOAD</code> syntax to achieve better throughput as described in
 <a href="http://trafodion.apache.org/docs/load_transform/index.html">Trafodion Load and Transform Guide</a></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>truncating the target table before loading (<code>truncate</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>using <code>4 parallel threads</code> to load the target table (<code>parallel=4</code>)</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
 <h4 id="_data_loading_operators">5.1.1. Data Loading Operators</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">-l src=[-]file:tgt=table[:map=mapfile][:fs=fieldsep][:rs=recsep][:soe]
    [:skip=linestoskip][:ns=nullstring][:ec=eschar][:sq=stringqualifier]
    [:pc=padchar][:em=embedchar][:errmax=#max_err][:commit=auto|end|#rows|x#rs]
    [:rows=#rowset][:norb][:full][:max=#max_rec][:truncate][:show][:bpc=#][:bpwc=#]
    [:nomark][:parallel=number][:iobuff=#size][:buffsz=#size]][:fieldtrunc=\{0-4}]
    [:pre=\{@sqlfile}|\{[sqlcmd]}][:post=\{@sqlfile}|\{[sqlcmd]}][:ifempty]
    [:direct][:bad=[+]badfile][:tpar=#tables][:maxlen=#bytes][:time]
    [:xmltag=[+]element][:xmlord][:xmldump][:loadcmd=IN|UP|UL]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following table describes each data loading operator:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 35%;">
 <col style="width: 65%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Load option</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>src=&lt;file&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Input file. You can use the following keywords for this field:<br>
 <br>
 - <code>%t</code> expand to the (lower case) table name<br>
 - <code>%T</code> expand to the (upper case) table name<br>
 - <code>%s/%S</code> expand to the schema name<br>
 - <code>%c/%C</code> expand to the catalog name<br>
 - <code>stdin</code> load reading from the standard input<br>
 - <code>-&lt;file&gt;</code> to load all files listed in <code>&lt;file&gt;</code><br>
 - <code>[hdfs][@host,port[,user]].&lt;hdfspath&gt;</code> to load files from Hadoop File System (via <code>libhdfs.so</code>)<br>
 - <code>[mapr][@host,port[,user]].&lt;maprpath&gt;</code> to load files from MapR File System (via <code>libMapRClient.so</code>)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tgt=&lt;CAT.SCH.TAB&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This is the target table</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>fs=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This is the field separator. You can define the field separator:<br>
 <br>
 - as normal character (for example <code>fs=,</code>)<br>
 - as ASCII decimal (for example <code>fs=44</code> &#8212; <code>44</code> means comma)<br>
 - as ASCII octal value (for example <code>fs=054</code> &#8212; <code>054</code> means comma)<br>
 - as ASCII hex value (for example <code>fs=x2C</code> &#8212; <code>x2C</code> means comma)<br>
 <br>
 Default field separator is <code>,</code> (comma)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>rs=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This is the record separator. You can define the record separator the
 same way as the field separator. Default record separator is <code>\n</code> (new line)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>pc=&lt;char|code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Pad character used when loading fixed format files. You can use the same
 notation as the field separator.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>map=&lt;mapfile&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Uses mapfile to map source file to target table columns. See <a href="#load_map_fields">Map Source File Fields to Target Table Columns</a>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>skip=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Skips a given number of lines when loading. This can be useful to skip headers in the source file.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>max=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The max number of records to load. Default is to load all records in the input file</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ns=&lt;nullstring&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb inserts NULL when it finds nullstring in the input file. By default the nullstring is the empty string</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>sq=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The string qualifier character used to enclose strings. You can define the escape character the same way as the field separator.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ec=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The character used as escape character. You can define the escape character the same way as the field separator.<br>
 <br>
 Default is <code>\</code> (back slash).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>rows=&lt;num&gt;|k&lt;num&gt;|m&lt;num&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This defines the size of the I/O buffer for each loading thread.<br>
 <br>
 You can define the size of this buffer in two different ways:<br>
 <br>
 1. number of rows (for example: <code>rows=100</code> means 100 rows as IO buffer)<br>
 2.* buffer size in KB or MB (for example: <code>rows=k512</code> (512 KB buffer) or <code>rows=m20</code> (20MB buffer))<br>
 <br>
 Default value is <code>100</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>bad=[+]file</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Where to write rejected rows. If you omit this parameter, then rejected rows is printed to standard error together with the error returned by
 the ODBC Driver.<br>
 <br>
 If you add a <code>+</code> sign in front of the file-name, odb  <strong>appends</strong> to <code>&lt;file&gt;`instead of <strong>create</strong> the `&lt;file&gt;</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>truncate</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Truncates the target table before loading.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ifempty</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Loads the target table only if it contains no records.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>norb</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Loads <code>WITH NO ROLLBACK</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>nomark</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Don’t print the number of records loaded so far during loads.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>soe</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Stop On Error &#8212; stop as soon as odb encounters an error.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>parallel=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Number of loading threads. odb uses:<br>
 <br>
 - one thread to read from the input file and<br>
 - as many threads as the parallel argument to write via ODBC. This option is database independent.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>errmax=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb prints up to num error messages per rowset. Normally used with soe to limit the number of error messages printed to the standard error stream.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>commit=auto|end|#rows|x#rs</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Defines how odb commits the inserts. You have the following choices:<br>
 <br>
 - <code>auto</code> (default): Commit every single insert (see also rows load operator).<br>
 - <code>end</code>: Commit when all rows (assigned to a given thread) have been inserted.<br>
 - <code>#rows</code>: Commit every <code>#rows</code> inserted rows.<br>
 - <code>x#rs</code>: Commit every <code>#rs</code> rowset (see <code>rows</code>)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>direct</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Adds <code>/*+ DIRECT */</code>* hint to the insert statement. To be used with Vertica databases in order to store inserted rows <strong>directly</strong> into
 the Read-Only Storage (ROS). See Vertica’s documentation.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>fieldtrunc={0-4}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Defines how odb manages fields longer than the destination target column:<br>
 <br>
 - <code>fieldtrunc=0</code> (default): Truncates input string, print a warning and load the truncated field if the target column is a text field.<br>
 - <code>fieldtrunc=1</code>: Like <code>fieldtrunc=0</code> but no warning message is printed.<br>
 - <code>fieldtrunc=2</code>: Prints an error message and does NOT load the row.<br>
 - <code>fieldtrunc=3</code>: Like <code>fieldtrunc=0</code> but tries to load the field even if the target column is NOT a text field.<br>
 - <code>fieldtrunc=4</code>: Like fieldtrunc=3 but no warnings are printed.<br>
 <br>
 WARNING: the last two options could bring to unwanted results. For example, an input string like <code>2001-10-2345</code> is loaded as a valid
 2001-10-23 if the target field is a <code>DATE</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>em=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Character used to embed binary files. See <a href="#load_default_values">Load Default Values</a>. You can define
 the embed character the same way as the field separator. No default value.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb runs a <strong>single instance</strong> of either <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code> (enclosed between square brackets)
 on the <strong>target system</strong> immediately before loading the target table. You can, for example, CREATE the target table before loading it.<br>
 <br>
 Target table is not loaded if SQL execution fails and <code>Stop On Error (soe)</code> is set.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb runs a <strong>single instance</strong> of either <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code> (enclosed between square brackets)
 on the <strong>target system</strong> immediately after the target table has been loaded. You can, for example, update database stats after loading a table.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tpar=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb loads <code>num</code> tables in parallel when <code>src</code> is a list of files to be loaded.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>show</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb prints what would be loaded in each column but no data is actually loaded. This is useful if you want to see how the input file
 <em>fits</em> into the target tables, Normally used to analyze the first few rows of CSV files (use <code>:max</code>). This option forces:<br>
 <br>
 - <code>parallel</code> to <code>1</code>.<br>
 - <code>rows</code> to <code>1</code>.<br>
 - <code>ifempty</code> to <code>false</code>.<br>
 - <code>truncate</code> to <code>false</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>maxlen=#bytes</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb limits the amount of memory allocated in the ODBC buffers for CHAR/VARCHAR fields to <code>#bytes</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>time</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb prints a <strong>time line</strong> (milliseconds from start) for each insert.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>bpc=#</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Bytes allocated in the ODBC buffer for each (non wide) CHAR/VARCHAR column length unit. (Default: 1)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>bwpc=#</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Bytes allocated in the ODBC buffer for each (wide) CHAR/VARCHAR column length unit. (Default: 4)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Xmltag=[+]tag</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Input file is XML. Load all <em>XML nodes</em> under the one specified with this option. If a plus sign is
 specified, then odb loads node-attributes values.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>xmlord</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">By default, odb <em>matches</em> target table columns with XML node or attributes using their names. If this option is specified, then
 odb loads the first node/attribute to the first column, the second node/attribute to the second column and so on without checking node/attribute names.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>xmldump</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb does not load the XML file content. Instead, XML attribute/tage names are printed to standard output so you can check
 what is going to be loaded.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>loadcmd</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SQL operation to be used for load. (Default: <code>INSERT</code>). <code>UPSERT</code> and <code>UPSERT USING LOAD</code> are also available for Trafodion.</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can load multiple files using different <code>-l</code> options. By default odb creates as many threads (and ODBC connections) as the sum of
 parallel load threads. You can limit this number using <code>-T</code> option.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u user –p xx –d dsn –T 5 \
 -l src=./data/%t.tbl.gz:tgt=TRAFODION.MAURO.CUSTOMER:fs=\
 |:rows=m2:truncate:norb:parallel=4 \
 -l src=./data/%t.tbl.gz:tgt=TRAFODION.MAURO.ORDERS:fs=\
 |:rows=1000:truncate:norb:parallel=4 \
 -l src=./data/%t.tbl.gz:tgt=TRAFODION.MAURO.LINEITEM:fs=\
 |:rows=m10:truncate:norb:parallel=4</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The above command truncates and loads the CUSTOMER, ORDERS and LINEITEM tables. The input files have the same name as the
 target tables -– in lower case). Loads are distributed among available threads this way:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 10%;">
 <col style="width: 18%;">
 <col style="width: 18%;">
 <col style="width: 18%;">
 <col style="width: 18%;">
 <col style="width: 18%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Load Order</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread 0</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread 1</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread2</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread3</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread4</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Third</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Read <code>lineitem.tbl</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.LINEITEM</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.LINEITEM</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.LINEITEM</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.LINEITEM</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Second</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Read <code>orders.tbl</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.ORDERS</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.ORDERS</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.ORDERS</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.ORDERS</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">First</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Read <code>customer.tbl</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.CUSTOMER</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.CUSTOMER</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.CUSTOMER</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load <code>TRAFODION.MAURO.CUSTOMER</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If you want to load more than one table in parallel you should use a number of threads defined as:
 <code>(parallel + 1) * tables_to_load_in_parallel</code></p>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 You can load gzipped files without any special option. odb automatically checks input files and decompress them on the fly when
 needed.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb using one single loading thread (<code>parallel=1</code>) is faster than without parallel &#8212; if you do not specify
 parallel, odb uses one thread to both read from file and write into the target table:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>Read buffer #1&gt;Write Buffer #1&gt;Read Buffer #2&gt;Write Buffer #2&gt;Read Buffer #3&gt;Write Buffer#3&gt;&#8230;</code></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>parallel=1</code> defines that there is one thread to read from file and one thread to write:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code>Read buffer #1&gt;Read Buffer #2&gt;Read Buffer #3&gt;&#8230;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>Write Buffer #1&gt;Write Buffer #2&gt;Write Buffer #3&gt;&#8230;</code></p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Reading from file is <strong>normally</strong> much faster than writing via ODBC so a single <em>reading thread</em> can serve different <em>loading threads</em>.
 One could ask: what the <em>right</em> number of loading threads is?</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>In order to define the right number of loading threads you should run a few test and monitor the <em>Wait Cycles</em> reported by odb.
 Wait Cycles represent the number of times the <em>reading thread</em> had to wait for one <em>loading thread</em> to become available.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>When you have high <em>Wait Cycles/Total Cycles” ratio&#8230;</em> it’s better to increase the number of writers.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>When the <em>Wait Cycles/Total Cycles</em> is less than 5%, adding more loading threads is useless or counterproductive.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="load_map_fields">5.2. Map Source File Fields to Target Table Columns</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb, <em>by default</em>, assumes that input files contain as many fields as the target table columns, and that file fields and target
 table columns are in the same order. This means that the first field in the input file is loaded in the first table column,
 second input field goes to the second column and so on.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If this basic assumption is not true and you need more flexibility to <em>link</em> input fields to target table columns, then
 odb provides mapping/transformation capabilities though <strong>mapfiles</strong>. By specifying <code>map=&lt;mapfile&gt;</code> load option you can:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Associate any input file field to any table column</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Skip input file fields</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Generate sequences</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Insert constants</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Transform dates/timestamps formats</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Extract substrings</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Replace input file strings. For example: insert <code>Maurizio Felici</code> when you read <code>MF</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Generate random values</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>&#8230; and much more</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>A generic <em>mapfile</em> contains:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Comments</strong> (line starting with <code>#</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Mappings</strong> to link input file fields to the corresponding target table columns.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Mappings use the following syntax:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>&lt;colname&gt;:&lt;field&gt;[:transformation operator]</code></p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Where:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code>&lt;colname&gt;</code> is the target table column name. (Case sensitive)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>&lt;field&gt;</code> is one of the following:</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>The ordinal position (<code><em>starting from zero</em></code>) of the input file field.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>First input field is <code>0</code> (zero), second input field is <code>1</code> and so on</p>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>CONST:&lt;CONSTANT&gt;</code> to load a constant value</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>SEQ:&lt;START&gt;</code> to generate/load a sequence starting from <code>&lt;START&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>IRAND:&lt;MIN&gt;:&lt;MAX&gt;</code> to generate/load a random integer between <code>&lt;MIN&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;MAX&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code>DRAND:&lt;MIN_YEAR&gt;:&lt;MAX_YEAR&gt;</code> to generate/load a random date (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>) between <code>&lt;MIN_YEAR&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;MAX_YEAR&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>TMRAND</code>: to generate/load a random time (<code>hh:mm:ss</code>) between <code>00:00:00</code> and <code>23:59:59</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>TSRAND</code>: to generate/load a random timestamp (<code>YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss</code>) between midnight UTC –- 01 Jan 1970 and the current timestamp</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>CRAND:&lt;LENGTH&gt;</code> generates/loads a string of <code>&lt;LENGTH&gt;</code> characters randomly selected in the following ranges: <code>a-z</code>, <code>A-Z</code>, <code>0-9</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>NRAND:&lt;PREC&gt;:&lt;SCALE&gt;</code> generates/loads a random NUMERIC field with precision <code>&lt;PREC&gt;</code> and scale <code>&lt;SCALE&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>DSRAND:&lt;file&gt;</code> selects and loads a random line from <code>&lt;file&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>TXTRAND:&lt;MIN_LENGTH&gt;:&lt;MAX_LENGTH&gt;:&lt;file&gt;:</code> selects and loads a random portion of test from <code>&lt;file&gt;</code> with length between <code>&lt;MIN_LENGTH&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;MAX_LENGTH&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>LSTRAND:&lt;VALUE1,VALUE2,&#8230;&gt;</code> selects and loads a random value from <code>&lt;VALUE1,VALUE2,&#8230;&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>EMRAND:&lt;MIN_ULENGTH&gt;:&lt;MAX_ULENGTH&gt;:&lt;MIN_DLENGTH&gt;:&lt;MAX_DLENGTH&gt;:&lt;SUFFIX1,SUFFIX2,&#8230;&gt;</code> generates and loads a string made of <code>local@domain.suffix</code> where:</p>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>local is a string of random characters (<code>a-z</code>, <code>A-Z</code>, <code>0-9</code>) with length between <code>&lt;MIN_ULENGTH&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;MAX_ULENGTH&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>domain is a string of random characters (<code>a-z</code>, <code>A-Z</code>, <code>0-9</code>) with length between <code>&lt;MIN_DLENGTH&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;MAX_DLENGTH&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>suffix is a randomly selected suffix from <code>&lt;SUFFIX1,SUFFIX2,&#8230;&gt;</code></p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>CDATE</code>: to load the current date (<code>YYYY-MM-DD</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>CTIME</code>: to load the current time (<code>hh:mm:ss</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>CTSTAMP</code>: to load the current timestamp (<code>YYYY-MM-SS hh:mm:ss</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>FIXED:&lt;START&gt;:&lt;LENGTH&gt;</code> to load fixed format fields made of <code>&lt;LENGTH&gt;</code> characters starting at <code>&lt;START&gt;</code>.</p>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <code>&lt;START&gt;</code> starts from zero.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>EMPTYASEMPTY</code>: loads empty strings in the input file as empty strings (default is to load empty string as NULLs).</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>EMPTYASCONST:&lt;CONSTANT&gt;</code>: loads empty fields in the input file as <code>&lt;CONSTANT&gt;</code>.</p>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 Currently, only <code>EMPTYASEMPTY</code> and <code>EMPTYASCONST</code> are valid empty mapping options. If the empty mapping option is specified in the mapfile, then an empty string is treated as an empty string or a constant.<br>
 If <code>ns</code> option is specified, then an empty string is treated as an empty string.<br>
 odb always prefers to use the empty mapping option if it conflicts with the <code>ns</code> option.<br>
 If both the empty mapping option and the <code>ns</code> option are not specified, then an empty string is treated as NULL.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>NULL</code>: inserts <code>NULL</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>:transformation operators</code> (optional):</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>SUBSTR:&lt;START&gt;:&lt;END&gt;</code>. For example, if you have an input field containing <code>Tib:student</code> a transformation rule
 like <code>SUBSTR:3:6`m then `Tib</code> is loaded into the database.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>TSCONV:&lt;FORMAT&gt;</code>. Converts timestamps from the input file format defined through <code>&lt;FORMAT&gt;</code> to
 <code>YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS</code> before loading. The input format is defined through any combination of the following characters:</p>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 15%;">
 <col style="width: 85%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Char</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>b</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">abbreviated month name</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>B</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">full month name</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>d</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">day of the month</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>H</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">hour (24 hour format)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>m</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">month number</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>M</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Minute</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>S</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Second</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>y</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">year (four digits)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>D#</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">#decimal digits</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>.</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ignore a single char</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>_</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ignore up to the next digit</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>DCONV:&lt;FORMAT&gt;</code>. Converts dates from the input file format defined through <code>&lt;FORMAT&gt;</code> to <code>YYYY-MM-DD</code> (see <code>TSCONV</code> operator).<br>
 <br>
 Example: <code>DCONV:B.d.y</code> converts <code>August,24 1991</code> to <code>1991-08-24</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>TCONV:&lt;FORMAT&gt;</code>. Converts times from the input file format defined through <code>&lt;FORMAT&gt;</code> to <code>HH:MM:SS</code> (see <code>TSCONV</code> operator).</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>REPLACE:&lt;READ&gt;:&lt;WRITTEN&gt;</code>. Loads the string <code>&lt;WRITTEN&gt;</code> when the input file fields contains <code>&lt;READ&gt;</code>.
 If the input file string doesn&#8217;t match <code>&lt;READ&gt;</code>, then it is loaded as is.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>See <a href="#load_mapfiles_ignore">Use mapfiles to Ignore and/or Transform Fields When Loading</a></p>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>TOUPPER</code>. Converts the string read from the input file to uppercase before loading.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Example: <code>proGRAmMEr &#8212;&gt; PROGRAMMER</code></p>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>TOLOWER</code>. Converts the string read from the input file to lowercase before loading.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Example: <code>proGRAmMEr &#8212;&gt; programmer</code></p>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>FIRSTUP</code>. Converts the first character of the string read from the input file to uppercase and
 the remaining characters to lowercase before loading.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Example: <code>proGRAmMEr &#8212;&gt; Programmer</code></p>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code>TRANSLIT:&lt;LIST OF CHARS&gt;:&lt;LIST OF CHARS&gt;</code>. Lets you to delete or change any character with another.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code>WORK:7:translit:Gp:HP</code> loads the seventh input field into the target column named <code>WORK</code> and replaces all <code>G</code>
 with <code>H</code> and all <code>p</code> with <code>P</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>WORK:7:translit:Gp\r:HP\d</code> behaves like the previous example but also deletes all <code>carriage returns</code> (<code>\r</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>CSUBSTR</code>. This operator is somehow similar to <code>SUBSTR</code> but instead of using fixed position to extract substrings
 will use delimiting characters. For example, suppose your input fields (comma is the field separator) are:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">... other fields...,name_Maurizio.programmer,...other fields
 ... other fields...,_name_Lucia.housewife, ...other fields...
 ... other fields...,first_name_Giovanni.farmer,... other fields...
 ... other fields...,_Antonella,... other fields...
 ... other fields...,Martina,...other fields...
 ... other fields...,Marco.student, ...other fields...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Using a transformation like: <code>NAME:4:CSUBSTR:95:46</code> (where <code>95</code> is the ASCII code for <code>_</code> and 46 is the ASCII code for <code>.</code>)
 results in loading the following values into the target (<code>NAME</code>) column:<br></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">Maurizio
 Lucia
 Giovanni
 Antonella
 Martina
 Marco</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>COMP</code>. Transform a packed binary <code>COMP</code> into a target database number.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>For example: <code>hex 80 00 00 7b</code> is loaded as <code>-123</code></p>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>COMP3:PRECISION:SCALE</code>. Transform a packed binary <code>COMP-3</code> format into a target database number.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>For example: <code>hex 12 34 56 78 90 12 34 56 78 9b</code> is loaded as <code>-1234567890123456.789</code></p>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>ZONED:PRECISION:SCALE</code>. Transform a packed binary <code>ZONED</code> format into a target database number.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>For example: <code>hex 31 32 33 34 35 36</code> is loaded as <code>+.123456</code></p>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="load_mapfiles_ignore">5.3. Use mapfiles to Ignore and/or Transform Fields When Loading</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following example explains mapfile usage to skip/transform or generate fields. Suppose you have a target table like this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">+------+---------------+----+-------+------------+
 |COLUMN|TYPE           |NULL|DEFAULT|INDEX       |
 +------+---------------+----+-------+------------+
 |ID    |INTEGER SIGNED |NO  |       |mf_pkey 1 U |
 |NAME  |CHAR(10)       |YES |       |            |
 |AGE   |SMALLINT SIGNED|YES |       |            |
 |BDATE |DATE           |YES |       |            |
 +------+---------------+----+-------+------------+</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>And an input file like this:</p>
 </div>
 <hr>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>uno,00,<strong>51</strong>,due,<em>Maurizio</em>,tre,<span class="underline">07 Mar 1959</span>, ignore,remaining, fields<br>
 uno,00,<strong>46</strong>,due,<em>Lucia</em>,tre,<span class="underline">13 Oct 1964</span>, ignore, this<br>
 uno,00,<strong>34</strong>,due,<em>Giovanni</em>,tre,<span class="underline">30 Mar 1976</span><br>
 uno,00,<strong>48</strong>,due,<em>Antonella</em>,tre,<span class="underline">24 Apr 1962</span>
 <strong>*</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Bold text</strong> represents age.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><em>Italics  text</em> represents name.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><span class="underline">Underline text</span> represents birth date.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You want to load the marked fields into the appropriate column, <strong><em>generate</em></strong> a unique key for ID and ignore the remaining fields.
 In addition: you need to <strong><em>convert date format</em></strong> and replace all occurrences of <code>Lucia</code> with <code>Lucy</code>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following map file accomplishes these goals:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ cat test/load_map/ml1.map
 # Map file to load TRAFODION.MFTEST.FRIENDS from friends.dat
 ID:seq:1                  # Inserts into ID column a sequence starting from 1
 NAME:4:REPLACE:Lucia:Lucy # Loads field #4 into NAME and replace all occurrences of Lucia with Lucy
 AGE:2                     # Loads field #2 (they start from zero) into AGE
 BDATE:6:DCONV:d.b.y       # Loads field #6 into BDATE converting date format from dd mmm yyyy</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Load as follows:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u user –p xx –d dsn \
   -l src=friends.dat:tgt=TRAFODION.MFTEST.FRIENDS:map=ml1.map:fs=,</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_use_mapfiles_to_load_fixed_format_files">5.4. Use mapfiles to Load Fixed Format Files</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Suppose you have a target table like this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">+------+---------------+----+-------+------------+
 |COLUMN|TYPE           |NULL|DEFAULT|INDEX       |
 +------+---------------+----+-------+------------+
 |NAME  |CHAR(10)       |YES |       |            |
 |JOB   |CHAR(10)       |YES |       |            |
 |BDATE |DATE           |YES |       |            |
 +------+---------------+----+-------+------------+</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>And an input file like this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">GiovanniXXX30 Mar 1976YFarmer
 Lucia   XXX13 Oct 1964YHousewife
 Martina XXX28 Oct 1991Y?
 Marco   XXX06 Nov 1994Y?
 MaurizioXXX07 Mar 1959YProgrammer</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You want to load the fixed-position fields into the appropriate columns and to <strong><em>convert date format</em></strong>.
 Null values in the input file are represented by question marks. In this case you can use a mapfile like
 this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ cat test/fixed/ff.map
 NAME:FIXED:0:8                &lt;- insert into NAME characters starting at position 0, length 8
 BDATE:FIXED:11:11:DCONV:d.b.y &lt;- insert into BDATE characters starting at col 11, length 11 and convert date
 JOB:FIXED:23:10               &lt;- insert into JOB characters starting at position 23, length 10</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Load as follows:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u user –p xx –d dsn \
 -l src=frends1.dat:tgt=TRAFODION.MFTEST.FRIENDS1:map=ff.map:ns=\?:pc=32</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Where: <code>pc=32</code> identify the pad character in the input file (<code>space</code> = ASCII 32) and <code>ns=?</code> defines
 the null string in the input file.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_generate_and_load_data">5.5. Generate and Load Data</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb can generate and load data for testing purposes. The following example illustrates
 the odb capabilities in this area through an example.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Suppose you want to fill with test data a table like this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">CREATE TABLE TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.&quot;PERSON&quot;
 ( PID BIGINT SIGNED NOT NULL
 , FNAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL
 , LNAME CHAR(20) NOT NULL
 , COUNTRY VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
 , CITY VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
 , BDATE DATE NOT NULL
 , SEX CHAR(1) NOT NULL
 , EMAIL VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
 , SALARY NUMERIC(9,2) NOT NULL
 , EMPL VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
 , NOTES VARCHAR(80)
 , LOADTS TIMESTAMP(0)
 , PRIMARY KEY (PID)
 )
 ;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can use a mapfile like this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ cat person.map
 PID:SEQ:100
 FNAME:DSRAND:datasets/first_names.txt
 LNAME:DSRAND:datasets/last_names.txt
 COUNTRY:DSRAND:datasets/countries.txt
 CITY:DSRAND:datasets/cities.txt
 BDATE:DRAND:1800:2012
 SEX:LSTRAND:M,F,U
 EMAIL:EMRAND:3:12:5:8:com,edu,org,net
 SALARY:NRAND:9:2
 EMPL:DSRAND:datasets/fortune500.txt
 NOTES:TXTRAND:20:80:datasets/lorem_ipsum.txt
 LOADTS:CTSTAMP</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Where:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code>PID:SEQ:100</code> &#8212; Loads a sequence starting from <code>100</code> into <code>PID</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>FNAME:DSRAND:datasets/first_names.txt</code> &#8212; Loads <code>FNAME</code> with a randomly selected value from <code>first_names.txt</code>.
 There are plenty of sample datasets available to generate all sort of data using <em>realistic</em> values.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>LNAME:DSRAND:datasets/last_names.txt</code> &#8212; Loads <code>LNAME</code> with a random value from <code>last_names.txt</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>COUNTRY:DSRAND:datasets/countries.txt</code> &#8212; Loads <code>COUNTRY</code> with a random value from <code>countries.txt</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>CITY:DSRAND:datasets/cities.txt</code> &#8212; Loads <code>CITY</code> with a random value from <code>cities.txt</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>BDATE:DRAND:1800:2012</code> &#8212; Generates and loads into <code>BDATE</code> a random date between <code>1800-01-01</code> and <code>2012-12-31</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>SEX:LSTRAND:M,F,U</code> &#8212; Loads <code>SEX</code> with a random value in the <code>M</code>, <code>F</code>, <code>U</code> range.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>EMAIL:EMRAND:3:12:5:8:com,edu,org,net</code> &#8212; Generates and loads a <code>local@domain.suffix email</code> addresses where:</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>local</code> is made of 3 to 12 random characters.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>domain</code> is made of 5 to 8 random characters.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>suffix</code> is <code>com</code>, <code>ord</code>, <code>edu</code>, or <code>net</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>SALARY:NRAND:9:2</code> &#8212; Generate and loads a random NUMERIC(9,2).</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>EMPL:DSRAND:datasets/fortune500.txt</code> &#8212; Loads <code>EMPL</code> with a random value from <code>fortune500.txt</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>NOTES:TXTRAND:20:80:datasets/lorem_ipsum.txt</code> &#8212; Loads <code>NOTES</code> with a random section of <code>lorem_ipsum.txt</code>
 with length between 20 and 80 characters`</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code>LOADTS:CTSTAMP</code> &#8212; Loads the current timestamp into <code>LOADTS</code>.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You generate and load test data with a command like this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ bin/odb64luo -u user -p password -d traf -l src=nofile:
 tgt=traf.maurizio.person:max=1000000:
 map=person.map:rows=5000:parallel=8:loadcmd=INSERT</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Please note <code>src=nofile” (it means <em>there is no input file</em>) and `max=1000000</code> (generate and load one million rows). The above command
 has generated and loaded 1M rows of <em>realistic</em> data in about ten seconds:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">[0] odb Loading statistics:
 [0] Target table: TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.PERSON
 [0] Source: nofile
 [0] Pre-loading time: 2.911 s
 [0] Loading time: 7.466 s
 [0] Total records read: 1,000,000
 [0] Total records inserted: 1,000,000
 [0] Total number of columns: 12
 [0] Total bytes read: 3,963
 [0] Average input row size: 0.0 B
 [0] ODBC row size: 323 B (data) + 88 B (len ind) [0] Rowset size: 5,000
 [0] Rowset buffer size: 2,006.83 KiB
 [0] Load Performances (real data): 0.518 KiB/s
 [0] Load Performances(ODBC): 42,243.161 KiB/s
 [0] Reader Total/Wait Cycles: 200/16</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="load_default_values">5.6. Load Default Values</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The simpler way to load database generated defaults is to ignore the associated columns in the map file. For example, suppose you have a
 table like this under Trafodion:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">create table TRAFODION.maurizio.dtest
 ( id largeint generated by default as identity not null
 , fname char(10)
 , lname char(10) default 'Felici'
 , bdate date
 , comment varchar(100)
 )
 ;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If you have an input file containing:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">ignoreme,Maurizio,xyz,commentM, ignore,remaining, fields
 ignoreme,Lucia,xyz,commentL, ignore, this
 ignoreme,Giovanni,xyz,commentG,
 ignoreme,Antonella,xyz,commentA</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>and a map-file like this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">FNAME:2
 BDATE:CDATE
 COMMENT:4</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Then:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>First column (<code>ID</code>) is loaded with its default value (not in the map file)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Second column (<code>FNAME</code>) is loaded with the second input field from file (<code>FNAME:2</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Third column (<code>LNAME</code>) is loaded with its default value (not in the map file)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Fourth column (<code>BDATE</code>) is loaded with the Current Data generated by odb (<code>BDATE:CDATE</code>)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Fifth column (<code>COMMENT</code>) is loaded with the fourth column in the input file (<code>COMMENT:4</code>)</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>When loaded, the result will look like (your results in ID and BDATE will vary):</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">&gt;&gt;select * from trafodion.maurizio.dtest;

 ID                    FNAME       LNAME       BDATE       COMMENT
 --------------------  ----------  ----------  ----------  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                    6  Maurizio    Felici      2019-08-06  commentM
                    7  Lucia       Felici      2019-08-06  commentL
                    8  Giovanni    Felici      2019-08-06  commentG
                    9  Antonella   Felici      2019-08-06  commentA

 --- 4 row(s) selected.
 &gt;&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="load_binary_files">5.7. Load Binary Files</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Assuming that your back-end database (and your ODBC Driver) supports BLOB data types, or equivalent,
 you can use odb to directly load binary (or any other) files into a database column using the <code>[:em=char]</code> symbol
 to identify the file to be loaded into that specific database field.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Suppose you have a table like this (MySQL):</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">create table pers.myphotos
 ( id integer
 , image mediumblob
 , phts timestamp
 )
 ;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Then, you can load a file like this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ cat myphotos.csv

 001,@/home/mauro/images/image1.jpg,2012-10-21 07:31:21
 002,@/home/mauro/images/image2.jpg,2012-10-21 07:31:21
 003,@/home/mauro/images/image3.jpg,2012-10-21 07:31:21</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>by running a command like this:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u user –p xx –d dsn -l src=myphotos.csv:tgt=pers.myphotos:em=\@</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb considers the string following the “em” character as the path of the file to be loaded in that specific field.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 odb does not load rows where the size of the input file is greater than the target database column.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="load_xml_files">5.8. Load XML Files</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Trafodion odb supports loading XML files into tables, the key construct for XML files can be an element or an attribute.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
 <h4 id="_load_xml_files_where_data_is_stored_in_element_nodes">5.8.1. Load XML Files Where Data is Stored in Element Nodes</h4>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>Create a table.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">./odb64luo -x &quot;create table testxmlload(id int, name char(20))&quot;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic" start="2">
 <li>
 <p>Suppose you have a xml file where data is stored in element nodes like the following.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">-bash-4.1$ cat test.xml
 &lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?&gt;
 &lt;data&gt;
 &lt;id&gt;1&lt;/id&gt;
 &lt;name&gt;hello&lt;/name&gt;
 &lt;/data&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock tip">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 To check what will be loaded before loading XML file into table, run the following command
 <code>./odb64luo -l src=test.xml :tgt=testxmlload:xmltag=data:xmldump</code>
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic" start="3">
 <li>
 <p>Load the test.xml file into the table, run the following command.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">./odb64luo -l  src=test.xml:tgt=testxmlload:xmltag=data</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock tip">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <code>xmltag=data</code> means odb  will load data from the element nodes. For more information, see <a href="#_data_loading_operators">Data Loading Operators</a>.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
 <h4 id="_load_xml_files_where_data_is_stored_in_attribute_nodes">5.8.2. Load XML Files Where Data is Stored in Attribute Nodes</h4>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>Create a table.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">./odb64luo -x &quot;create table testxmlload(id int, name char(20))&quot;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic" start="2">
 <li>
 <p>Suppose you have a XML file where data is stored in attribute nodes like the following.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">-bash-4.1$ cat test.xml
 &lt;?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot;?&gt;
 &lt;data id=&quot;1&quot; name=&quot;hello&quot;&gt;&lt;/data&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock tip">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 To check what will be loaded before loading XML file into table, run the following command.
 <code>./odb64luo -l src=test.xml:tgt=testxmlload:xmltag=data:xmldump</code>
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic" start="3">
 <li>
 <p>Load the test.xml file into the table, run the following command.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">./odb64luo -l src=test.xml:tgt=testxmlload:xmltag=+data</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock tip">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <code>xmltag=+data</code> (with a plus sign specified) means odb will load data from the attribute nodes. For more information, see <a href="#_data_loading_operators">Data Loading Operators</a>.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_reduce_the_odbc_buffer_size">5.9. Reduce the ODBC Buffer Size</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb allocates memory for the ODBC buffers during load/extract operations based on the max possible length of the
 source/target columns.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If you have a column defined as <code>VARCHAR(2000</code>), then odb allocates enough space for 2,000 characters in the ODBC buffer.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If you know in advance that you never will load/extract 2,000 characters, then you can limit the amount of space allocated by odb.
 This reduces memory usage and increase performances because of the reduced network traffic.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Given the following table:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -u xxx -p xxx -d traf -i D:TRAFODION.USR.TMX
 odb [2015-04-20 21:41:38]: starting ODBCconnection(s)... 0
 Connected to Trafodion
 CREATE TABLE TRAFODION.USR.&quot;TMX&quot;
 ( ID INTEGER NOT NULL
 , NAME VARCHAR(400)
 , PRIMARY KEY (ID)
 )
 ;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>And an input file that contains:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ cat tmx.dat

 1,Maurizio
 2,Lucia
 3,Martina
 4,Giovanni
 5,Marco
 6,Roland
 7,Randy
 8,Paul
 9,Josef
 10,Some other name</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The max length of the second field in this file is:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ awk -F\, 'BEGIN\{max=0} \{if(NF==2)\{len=length($i);if(len&gt;max)max=len}}
 END\{print max}' tmx.dat
 15</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>In this case you can use <code>:maxlen=15</code> to limit the amount of the ODBC buffer:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -u xxx -p xxx -d traf -l src=tmx.dat:tgt=usr.tmx:truncate:maxlen=15

 odb [2015-04-20 21:46:11]:starting ODBC connection(s)... 0
 Connected to Trafodion
 [0.0.0]--- 0 row(s) deleted in 0.052s (prep 0.012s, exec 0.040s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [0] 10 records inserted [commit]
 [0] odb version 1.3.0 Load(2) statistics:
        [0] Target table: (null).USR.TMX
        [0] Source: tmx.dat
        [0] Pre-loading time: 1.254 s (00:00:01.254)
        [0] Loading time: 0.026 s(00:00:00.026)
        [0] Total records read: 10
        [0] Total records inserted: 10
        [0] Total number of columns: 2
        [0] Total bytes read: 99
        [0] Average input row size: 9.9 B
        [0] ODBC row size: *26 B (data) + 16 B (len ind)*
        [0] Rowset size: 100
        [0] Rowset buffer size: *4.10 KiB*
        [0] Load throughput (real data): 3.718 KiB/s
        [0] Load throughput (ODBC): 9.766 KiB/s
 odb [2015-04-20 21:46:12]: exiting. Session Elapsed time 1.294 seconds (00:00:01.294)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If you do not specify this parameter odb allocates the buffer for the max possible length of each field:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -u xxx -p xxx -d traf -l src=tmx.dat:tgt=usr.tmx:truncate

 odb [2015-04-20 21:47:13]: starting ODBC connection(s)... 0
 Connected to Trafodion
 [0.0.0]--- 10 row(s) deleted in 0.107s (prep 0.012s, exec 0.095s, fetch 0.000s/0.000s)
 [0] 10 records inserted [commit]
 [0] odb version 1.3.0 Load(2) statistics:
        [0] Target table: (null).USR.TMX
        [0] Source: tmx.dat
        [0] Pre-loading time: 1.330 s (00:00:01.330)
        [0] Loading time: 0.032 s(00:00:00.032)
        [0] Total records read: 10
        [0] Total records inserted: 10
        [0] Total number of columns: 2
        [0] Total bytes read: 99
        [0] Average input row size: 9.9 B
        [0] ODBC row size: 411 B (data) + 16 B (len ind)
        [0] Rowset size: 100
        [0] Rowset buffer size: 41.70 KiB
        [0] Load throughput (real data): 3.021 KiB/s
        [0] Load throughput (ODBC): 125.427 KiB/s
 odb [2015-04-20 21:47:14]: exiting. Session Elapsed time 1.373 seconds (00:00:01.373)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_extract_tables">5.10. Extract Tables</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can use odb to extract tables from a database and write them to standard files (or named pipes).</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u user –p xx –d dsn –T 3 \
 -e src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.LIN%:tgt=$\{DATA}/ext_%t.csv.gz:rows=m10:fs=\|:trim:gzip: \
 -e src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.REGION:tgt=$\{DATA}/ext_%t.csv.gz:rows=m10:fs=\|:trim:gzip \
 -e src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.NATION:tgt=$\{DATA}/ext_%t.csv.gz:rows=m10:fs=\|:trim:gzip</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The example above:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Extracts tables <code>REGION</code>, <code>NATION</code>, and all tables starting with <code>LIN</code> from <code>TRAFODION.MAURIZIO</code> schema.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Saves data into files <code>ext_%t.csv.gz</code> (<code>%t</code> is expanded to the real table name).</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Compresses the output file (gzip) on the fly (uncompressed data never lands to disk).</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Trims text fields.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Uses a 10 MB IO buffer.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Uses three threads (ODBC connection) for the extraction process.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
 <h4 id="_extraction_options">5.10.1. Extraction Options</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">-e {src={table|-file}|sql=&lt;customsql&gt;}:tgt=[+]file[:pwhere=where_cond]
    [:fs=fieldsep][:rs=recsep][:sq=stringqualifier][:ec=escape_char][:soe]
    [:ns=nullstring][es=emptystring][:rows=#rowset][:nomark][:binary][:fwc]
    [:max=#max_rec][:trim=[cCvVdt]][:rtrim][:cast][:multi][:efs=string]
    [:parallel=number][:gzip][:gzpar=wb??][:uncommitted][:splitby=column]
    [:pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}[:mpre=\{@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}[:post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}]
    [tpar=#tables][:time][:nts][:cols=[-]columns]][:maxlen=#bytes][:xml]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following table describes each extract operator:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 30%;">
 <col style="width: 70%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Extract option</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>src=&lt;CAT.SCH.TAB&gt;|-file</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Defines the source table(s). You can use:<br>
 <br>
 - a single table name (for example TRAFODION.MFTEST.LINEITEM)<br>
 - a group of tables (for example TRAFODION.MFTEST.LIN%)<br>
 - a file containing a list of tables to extract (<code>-</code> should precede the filename)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>sql=&lt;sql&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">A custom SQL command you can use to extract data. This is <strong>alternative</strong> to <code>src=</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tgt=[+]file</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Output file. You can use the following keywords for this field:<br>
 <br>
 - <code>%t/%T</code> expands to the (lower/upper case) table name<br>
 - <code>%s/%S</code> expands to the (lower/upper case) schema name<br>
 - <code>%c/%C</code> expands to the (lower/upper case) catalog name<br>
 - <code>%d</code> expands to the extraction date (YYYYMMDD format)<br>
 - <code>%D</code> expands to the extraction date (YYYY-MM-DD format)<br>
 - <code>%m</code> expands to the extraction time (hhmmss format)<br>
 - <code>%M</code> expands to the extraction time (hh:mm:ss format)<br>
 - <code>stdout</code> prints the extracted records to the standard output.<br>
 <br>
 If you add a <code>+</code> sign in front of the file-name, then odb <strong>appends</strong> to <code>file</code> instead of <strong>creates</strong> <code>file</code>.<br>
 <br>
 <code>hdfs./&lt;hdfspath&gt;/&lt;file&gt;</code> to write exported table under the Hadoop File Distributed System (HDFS).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>fs=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Field separator. You can define the field separator as:<br>
 <br>
 - a normal character (for example <code>fs=,</code>)<br>
 - ASCII decimal (for example <code>fs=44</code> - 44 means comma)<br>
 - ASCII octal value (for example <code>fs=054</code> – 054 means comma)<br>
 - ASCII hex value (for example <code>fs=x2C</code> – x2C means comma)<br>
 <br>
 The default field separator is <code>,</code> (comma)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>rs=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Record separator. You can define the record separator the same way as the field separator.<br>
 <br>
  The default record separator is <code>\n</code> (new line)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>max=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Max number of records to extract.<br>
 <br>
  The default is to extract all records</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>sq=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The string qualifier character used to enclose strings. You can
 define the string qualifier the same way as the field separator</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ec=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Character used as escape character. You can define the
 escape character the same way as the field separator.<br>
 <br>
  Default is <code>\</code> (back slash).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>rows=&lt;num&gt;|k&lt;num&gt;|m&lt;num&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Defines the size of the I/O buffer for each extraction thread. You
 can define the size of this buffer in two different ways:<br>
 <br>
 - number of rows (for example: <code>rows=100</code> means 100 rows as IO buffer)<br>
 - buffer size in kB or MB (for example: <code>rows=k512</code> (512 kB buffer) or <code>rows=m20</code> (20MB buffer))</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ns=&lt;nullstring&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">How odb represents NULL values in the output file.<br>
 <br>
 Default is the empty string (two field separators one after the other)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>es=&lt;emptystring&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">How odb represents VARCHAR empty strings (NOT NULL with zero
 length) values in the output file.<br>
 <br>
 Default is the empty string (two field separators one after the other)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>gzpar=&lt;params&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This are extra parameters you can pass to <em>tune</em> the gzip compression algorithm.<br>
 <br>
  <strong>Examples</strong><br>
 <br>
 - <code>gzpar=wb9</code>: max compression (slower)<br>
 - <code>gzpar=wb1</code>: basic compression (faster)<br>
 - <code>gzpar=wb6h</code>: Huffman compression only<br>
 - <code>gzpar=wb6R</code>: Run-length encoding only</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>trim[=&lt;params&gt;]</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Accept the following optional parameters:<br>
 - <code>c</code> trims<sup>1</sup> from CHAR<sup>2</sup>.<br>
 - <code>C</code> trims trailing spaces from CHAR<sup>2</sup><br>
 - <code>v</code> trims leading spaces from VARCHAR fields<br>
 - <code>V</code> trims trailing spaces from VARCHAR fields<br>
 - <code>d</code> trims trailing zeros after decimal sign. Example: <code>12.3000</code> is extracted as <code>12.3</code>.<br>
 - <code>t</code> trims decimal portion from TIME/TIMESTAMP fields. For example: <code>1999-12-19 12:00:21.345</code> is extracted as <code>1999-12-19 12:00:21</code>.<br>
 <br>
 <strong>Trim Examples</strong><br>
 <br>
 <code>:trim=cC</code> &#8212;&gt; <em>trims leading/trailing spaces from CHAR fields</em>.<br>
 <code>:trim=cCd</code> &#8212;&gt; <em>trims leading/trailing spaces from CHARs and trailing decimal zeroes</em>.<br>
 <br>
 If you do not specify any argument for this operator odb uses <code>cCvV</code>. In other words <code>:trim:</code> is a shortcut for <code>:trim=cCvV:</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>nomark</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Don&#8217;t print the number of records extracted so far by each thread.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>soe</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Stop On Error. odb stop as soon as it encounters an error.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>parallel=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb uses as many threads as the parallel argument to extract data from partitioned source tables. <strong>You have to use splitby.</strong><br>
 <br>
 Each thread takes care of a specific range of the source table partitions. For example if you specify <code>parallel=4</code> and the source table
 is made of 32 partitions, then odb starts <strong>four</strong> threads (four ODBC connections):<br>
 <br>
 - thread 0 extracts partitions 0-7<br>
 - thread 1 extracts partitions 8-15<br>
 - thread 2 extracts partitions 16-23<br>
 - thread 3 extracts partitions 24-31</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>multi</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This option can be used in conjunction with parallel operator to write as many output files as the number of extraction
 threads. Output file names are built adding four digits at the end of the file identified by the <code>tgt</code> operator.<br>
 <br>
 For example, with <code>src=trafodion.mauro.orders:tgt=%t.csv:parallel=4:multi</code><br>
 <br>
 odb writes into the following output files:<br>
 <br>
 - <code>orders.csv.0001</code><br>
 - <code>orders.csv.0002</code><br>
 - <code>orders.csv.0003</code><br>
 - <code>orders.csv.0004</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>pwhere=&lt;where condition&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This option is used in conjunction with parallel limiting the
 extraction to records satisfying the where condition.<br>
 <br>
 NOTE: The where condition is limited to columns in the source table.<br>
 <br>
 For example: you want to extract records with <code>TRANS_TS &gt; 1999-12-12 09:00:00</code> from the source table TRAFODION.MAURO.MFORDERS
 using eight parallel streams to a single, gzipped, file having the same name as the source table:<br>
 <br>
 <code>src=trafodion.mauro.mforders:tgt=%t.gz:gzip:parallel=8:pwhere=[TRANS_TS &gt; TIMESTAMP ‘1999-12-12 09:00:00’]&#8230;</code><br>
 <br>
 You can enclose the where condition between square brackets to avoid a misinterpretation of the characters in the where condition.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>errmax=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb prints up to num error messages per rowset. Normally used with soe to limit the number of error messages printed to the standard error stream.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>uncommitted</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Adds FOR READ UNCOMMITTED ACCESS to the select(s) command(s).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>rtrim</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">RTRIM() CHAR columns on the server. From a functional point of view this is equivalent to <code>trim=C</code> but <code>rtrim</code> is executed on the server so
 it saves both client CPU cycles and network bandwidth.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>cast</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Performs a (server side) cast to VARCHAR for all non-text columns. Main scope of this operator is to <em>move</em> CPU cycles from the client to
 the database server. It increases network traffic. To be used when:<br>
 <br>
 - the extraction process is CPU bound on the client AND<br>
 - network has a lot of available bandwidth AND<br>
 - database server CPUs are not <em>under pressure</em>.<br>
 <br>
 Tests extracting a table full of NUMERIC(18,4), INT and DATES shows:<br>
 <br>
 - client CPU cycles down ~50% on the client<br>
 - network traffic up ~40%</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>splitby=&lt;column&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This operator let you to use parallel extract from any database. <strong>&lt;column&gt; has to be a SINGLE, numeric column</strong>.
 odb calculates min()/max() value for <code>&lt;column&gt;</code> and assign to each &lt;parallel&gt; thread the extraction of the rows in its <em>bucket</em>.<br>
 <br>
 For example, if you have:<br>
 <br>
 <code>&#8230;:splitby=emp_id:parallel=4&#8230;</code><br>
 <br>
 with <code>min(emp_id)=1</code> and <code>max(emp_id)=1000</code>, the four threads extract the following rows:<br>
 <br>
 <code>thread #0 emp_id &gt;=1 and emp_id &lt; 251</code><br>
 <code>thread #1 emp_id &gt;=251 and emp_id &lt; 501</code><br>
 <code>thread #2 emp_id &gt;=501 and emp_id &lt; 751</code><br>
 <code>thread #3 emp_id &gt;=751 and emp_id &lt; 1001</code> (odb uses max(emp_id) + 1)<br>
 <br>
 If the values are not equally distributed, then data extraction is de-skewed.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb runs a <strong>single instance</strong> of either the <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code> SQL
 command (enclosed between square brackets) on the <strong>source system</strong> immediately before table extraction.<br>
 <br>
 Source table won’t be extracted if SQL execution fails and Stop On Error is set.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>mpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Each odb thread runs either sqlfile script or sqlcmd SQL command (enclosed between
 square brackets)on the <strong>source system</strong> immediately before table extraction. You can use <code>mpre</code> to set database specific
 features <strong>for each extraction thread</strong>.<br>
 <br>
 <strong>Examples</strong><br>
 <br>
 1. You want <strong>Trafodion</strong> to ignore missing stats warning. Then you can run via <code>mpre</code> a SQL script containing:<br>
 <br>
 <code>control query default HIST_MISSING_STATS_WARNING_LEVEL '0';</code><br>
 <br>
 2.  You want <strong>Oracle</strong> to extract dates in the <code>YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss</code> format. Then you can run via <code>mpre</code> a script containing:<br>
 <br>
 <code>ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_FORMAT='YYYY-MM-DD HH:MI:SS'</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb runs a <strong>single instance</strong> of either a <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code> SQL
 command (enclosed between square brackets) on the <strong>source system</strong> immediately after table extraction.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tpar=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb extracts <code>num</code> tables in parallel when <code>src</code> is a list of files to be loaded.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>maxlen=#bytes</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb limits the amount of memory allocated in the ODBC buffers for CHAR/VARCHAR fields to <code>#bytes</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>xml</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Writes output file in XML format</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>time</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb prints a <em>timeline</em> (milliseconds from start).</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>The following characters are considered <em>spaces</em>: <code>blank</code>, <code>tab</code>, <code>new line</code>, <code>carriage return</code>, <code>form feed</code>, and <code>vertical tab</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>When the source table column is defined as NOT NULL and the specific field contains only blanks, odb leaves in the output file
 one single blank. This helps to distinguish between NULL fields (<code>&lt;field_sep&gt;&lt;field_sep&gt;</code>) and NOT NULL fields containing all blanks
 (<code>&lt;field_sep&gt;&lt;blank&gt;&lt;field_sep&gt;</code>).</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_extract_a_list_of_tables">5.11. Extract a List of Tables</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can use odb to extract all tables listed in a file.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ cat tlist.txt

 # List of tables to extract src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.ORDERS
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.CUSTOMER src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.PART
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.LINEITEM</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can extract all these tables by running:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u user –p xx –d dsn -e src=-tlist.txt:tgt=%t_%d%m:rows=m20:sq=\”</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Please note the <code>src=-tlist.txt</code>.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_copy_tables_from_one_database_to_another">5.12. Copy Tables From One Database to Another</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb can directly copy tables from one data-source to another. For example, from Trafodion to Teradata or vice-versa).
 Data <strong><em>never lands to disk</em></strong> when using this option.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The target table has to be be created in advance and should have a compatible structure.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
 <h4 id="_copy_operators">5.12.1. Copy Operators</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">-cp src={table|-file:tgt=schema[.table][pwhere=where_cond][:soe][:nts]
    [:truncate][:rows=#rowset][:nomark][:max=#max_rec][:fwc][:bpwc=#]
    [:parallel=number][errmax=#max_err][:commit=auto|end|#rows|x#rs][:time]
    [:direct][:uncommitted][:norb][:splitby=column][:pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}]
    [:post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:mpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:ifempty]
    [:loaders=#loaders][:tpar=#tables][:cols=[-]columns]
    [sql={[sqlcmd]|@sqlfile|-file}[:bind=auto|char|cdef]
    [tmpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][seq=field#[,start]]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Complete list of the Copy Operators:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 33.3333%;">
 <col style="width: 66.6667%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Copy Operator</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>src=&lt;CAT.SCH.TAB&gt;|-file</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Defines the source table(s). You can use:<br>
 <br>
 - a single table (for example: TRAFODION.MFTEST.LINEITEM)<br>
 - a group of tables (for example: TRAFODION.MFTEST.LIN%)<br>
 - a file containing a list of tables to copy (‘-‘ should precede the filename)</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tgt=&lt;CAT.SCH.TAB&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Target table(s). You can use the following keywords for this field:<br>
 <br>
 - <code>%t/%T</code>: Expands to the (lower/upper case) source table name.<br>
 - <code>%s/%S</code>: Expands to the (lower/upper case) source schema name.<br>
 - <code>%c/%C</code>: Expands to the (lower/upper case) source catalog name.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>sql={[sqlcmd]|@sqlfile|-file}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb uses a generic SQL &#8212; instead of a <em>real</em> table &#8212; as source.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>max=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>This is the max number of records to copy. Default is to copy all records in the source table.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>rows=&lt;num&gt;|k&lt;num&gt;|m&lt;num&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Defines the size of the I/O buffer for each copy thread. You can
 define the size of this buffer in two different ways:<br>
 <br>
 - number of rows (for example: <code>rows=100</code> means 100 rows as IO buffer)<br>
 - buffer size in kB or MB (for example: <code>rows=k512</code> (512 kB buffer) or <code>rows=m20</code> (20MB buffer))</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>truncate</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Truncates the target table before loading.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ifempty</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Loads the target table only if empty.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>nomark</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Don’t print the number of records loaded so far during loads.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>soe</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Stop On Error. odb stops as soon as it encounters an error.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>parallel=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb uses two kinds of threads:<br></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>&#8226; To extract data from partitioned source table.<br>
 The number of the threads is as many as the parallel argument.<br></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>&#8226; To write data to the target table.<br>
 The number of the threads is equal to <strong>parallel argument</strong> * <strong>number of loaders</strong>.<br></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If you specify parallel argument = 4 and the source table has 32 partitions, then odb start:<br></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>&#8226; 4 threads (4 ODBC connections) to read from the source table.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>&#8226; 8 threads (8 ODBC connections = 4 [parallel argument] * 2 [default number of loaders]) to write to the target table.</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 33.3333%;">
 <col style="width: 66.6667%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Thread</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Task</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 0</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Extracts partitions 0-7 from source.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 1 and Thread 2</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Write data extracted from thread 0 to target.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 3</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Extracts partitions 8-15 from source.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 4 and Thread 5</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Write data extracted from thread 3 to target.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 6</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Extracts partitions 16-23 from source.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 7 and Thread 8</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Write data extracted from thread 6 to target.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 9</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Extracts partitions 24-31 from source.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 10 and Thread 11</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Write data extracted from thread 9 to target.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>You have to specify splitby.</strong></p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>pwhere=&lt;where condition&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Used in conjunction with parallel to copy only records satisfying the where condition.<br>
 <br>
 <strong>Note:</strong> The where condition is limited to columns in the source table.<br>
 <br>
 <strong>Example</strong><br>
 <br>
 You want to copy records with <code>TRANS_TS &gt; 1999-12-12 09:00:00</code> from the source table TRAFODION.MAURO.MFORDERS using eight parallel
 streams to a target table having the same name as the source table:<br>
 <br>
 <code>src=trafodion.mauro.mforders:tgt=trafodion.dest_schema.%t:parallel=8:pwhere=[TRANS_TS &gt; TIMESTAMP ‘1999-12-12 09:00:00’]&#8230;</code><br>
 <br>
 You can enclose the where condition between square brackets to avoid a misinterpretation of the characters in the where condition.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>commit=auto|end|#rows|x#rs</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Defines how odb will commit the inserts. You have the following choices:<br>
 <br>
 - <code>auto</code> (Default) &amp;8212; Commits every single insert (see also rows load operator). <code>end</code> commits when all rows (assigned to a given thread) have been inserted.<br>
 - <code>#rows</code> &#8212; Commits every <code>#rows</code> copied rows.<br>
 - <code>x#rs</code> &#8212; Commits every <code>#rs</code> rowset copied. (See <code>:rows</code>)</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>direct</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Adds <code>/*+ DIRECT */</code> hint to the insert statement. To be used with Vertica databases in order to store
 inserted rows <em>directly</em> into the Read-Only Storage (ROS). See Vertica’s documentation.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>errmax=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb prints up to num error messages per rowset. Normally used with soe to limit the number of
 error messages printed to the standard error stream.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>uncommitted</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Adds <code>FOR READ UNCOMMITTED ACCESS</code> to the <code>select(s) command(s)</code>.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>splitby=&lt;column&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Lets you to use parallel copy from any database.
 <strong>&lt;column&gt; has to be a SINGLE, numeric column</strong>. odb calculates min()/max() value for <code>&lt;column&gt;</code> and assigns to each
 <code>&lt;parallel&gt;</code> thread the extraction of the rows in its <em>bucket</em>.<br>
 <br>
 For example, if you have:<br>
 <br>
 <code>&#8230;:splitby=emp_id:parallel=4&#8230;</code><br>
 <br>
 with <code>min(emp_id)=1</code> and <code>max(emp_id)=1000</code>, then the four threads extracts the following rows:<br>
 <br>
 <code>thread #0 emp_id &gt;=1 and emp_id &lt; 251</code><br>
 <code>thread #1 emp_id &gt;=251 and emp_id &lt; 501</code><br>
 <code>thread #2 emp_id &gt;=501 and emp_id &lt; 751</code><br>
 <code>thread #3 emp_id &gt;=751 and emp_id &lt; 1001 (odb uses max(emp_id) + 1)</code><br>
 <br>
 If the values are not equally distributed data extraction is de-skewed.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb runs a <strong>single instance</strong> of either a <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code>
 (enclosed between square brackets) on the <strong>target system</strong> immediately before loading the target table.
 You can, for example, CREATE the target table before loading it.<br>
 <br>
 The target table isn&#8217;t loaded if SQL execution fails and Stop On Error is set.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>mpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Each odb thread runs either a <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code>
 (enclosed between square brackets) on the <strong>source system</strong> immediately before
 loading the target table. You can use <code>mpre</code> to set database specific features for each thread.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tmpre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcm d]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Each odb thread runs either a <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code>
 (enclosed between square brackets) on the <strong>target system</strong> immediately before loading the target table.
 You can use <code>mpre</code> to set database specific features for each thread.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb runs a <strong>single instance</strong> of either a <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code>
 (enclosed between square brackets) on the <strong>target system</strong> immediately after the target table has been
 loaded. You can, for example, update database stats after loading a table.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tpar=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb copies <code>num</code> tables in parallel when <code>src</code> is a list of files to be loaded.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>loaders=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb uses <code>num</code> load threads for each extract thread. Default is two loaders per extractor,</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>fwc</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>Force Wide Characters. odb considers SQL_CHAR/SQL_VARCHAR fields as they were defined SQL_WCHAR/SQL_WVARCHAR.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>bpwc=#</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb internally allocates 4 bytes/char for SQL_WCHAR/SQL_WVARCHAR columns.
 You can modify the number of bytes allocated for each char using this parameter.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>bind=auto|char|cdef</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb can bind columns to ODBC buffer as characters (char) or <code>C Default</code> data types (<code>cdef</code>).
 The default (<code>auto</code>) uses <code>cdef</code> if <code>SRC/TGT</code> use the same database or char if <code>SRC/TGT</code> databases differ.</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>seq=field#[,start]</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb adds a sequence when loading the target system on column number <code>field#</code>.
 You can optionally define the sequence start value. (Default: 1)</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>time</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><div><div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb prints a <em>timeline</em> (milliseconds from start).</p>
 </div></div></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>When copying data from one data source to another, odb needs user/password/dsn for both source and target system.
 User credentials and DSN for the target system are specified this way:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u src_user:tgt_user –p src_pwd:tgt:pwd –d src_dsn:tgt_dsn ... -cp src=...:tgt=...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_copy_a_list_of_tables">5.13. Copy a List of Tables</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can use odb to copy a list of tables from one database to another.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ cat tlist.txt

 # List of tables to extract
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.ORDERS
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.CUSTOMER
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.PART
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.LINEITEM</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can extract all these tables by running:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u user1:user2 –p xx:yy –d dsn1:dsn2 \
 -cp src=-tlist.txt:tgt=tpch.stg_%t:rows=m2:truncate:parallel=4 -T 8</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Please note the <code>src=-tlist.txt</code>. This command copies:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 50%;">
 <col style="width: 50%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Source</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Target</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.ORDERS</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tpch.stg_orders</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.CUSTOMER</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tpch.stg_customer</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.PART</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tpch.stg_part</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.LINEITEM</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tpch.stg_lineitem</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Optionally, you can define any other <em>command line</em> options in the input
 file.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Using different <em>splitby columns</em>.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ cat tlist2.txt

 # List of tables to extract and their “splitby columns”
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.ORDERS:splitby=O_ORDERKEY
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.CUSTOMER:splitby=C_CUSTOMERKEY
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.PART:splitby=P_PARTKEY
 src=TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.LINEITEM:splitby=L_PARTKEY</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_case_sensitive_table_and_column_names">5.14. Case-Sensitive Table and Column Names</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Your database configuration determines whether you can use case sensitive table/column names.
 odb maintains table/column case sensitiveness when they are enclosed in double quotes.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following commands create a <code>TRAFODION.MAURIZIO.Names</code> table made of three columns:
 “name”, “NAME” and “Name”.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">create table trafodion.maurizio.&quot;Names&quot;
 ( &quot;name&quot; char(10)
 , &quot;NAME&quot; char(10)
 , &quot;Name&quot; char(10)
 )
 no partitions;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Double quotes have to be escaped under *nix. A few examples:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -i T:trafodion.maurizio.\&quot;Names\&quot;
 ~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -x &quot;select  from trafodion.maurizio.\&quot;Names\&quot;&quot;
 ~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -l src=names.txt:tgt=trafodion.maurizio.
 \&quot;Names\&quot;:map=names.map:pc=32</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can omit double quotes around column names when using <em>mapfiles</em>.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_determine_appropriate_number_of_threads_for_load_extract_copy_diff">5.15. Determine Appropriate Number of Threads for Load/Extract/Copy/Diff</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If you have to load/extract or copy multiple tables in parallel the best option is to use the options
 <code>:tpar=number</code> and <code>:parallel=number</code>. <code>:tpar</code> defines how many tables have to be copied/extracted
 in parallel; <code>:parallel</code> defines how many <em>data streams</em> to use for each table. This way, odb automatically
 allocates and start the “right” number of threads.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>A rule of thumb when copying/loading or extracting tables is to use as many <em>data streams</em> as:
 <code>min(number of middle-tier CPUs, number of source CPUs, number of target CPUs)</code></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The number of threads started for each <em>data stream</em> depend on the operation type:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 15%;">
 <col style="width: 30%;">
 <col style="width: 40%;">
 <col style="width: 15%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Operation</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Total threads</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Explanation</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Example with <code>parallel=4</code></th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Load</p></th>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">parallel + 1</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">One thread to read from file + one thread per parallel to load.</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">5</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Extract</p></th>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">parallel</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">One thread per parallel to extract.</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">4</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Copy</p></th>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">parallel * (1+loaders)</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Two threads per parallel: read from source and write to target.</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">12 (if loaders=2)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Diff</p></th>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">parallel * 3</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Three threads per parallel: read from source, read from target, compare.</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">12</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_integrating_with_hadoop">5.16. Integrating With Hadoop</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>There are basically two ways to integrate a generic database with Hadoop using odb:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p><strong>Use HIVE (Hadoop DWH) and its ODBC Driver</strong>: odb can access HIVE like any other <em>normal</em>
 relational database. For example, you can copy to from HIVE and other databases using odb’s copy option.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Add the <code>hdfs.</strong></code> prefix to the input or output file during loads/extracts*: The file is read/written
 from/to Hadoop. odb interacts directly with the HDFS file system using <strong>libhdfs</strong>.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This option is currently available only under Linux.</p>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_comparing_tables_technology_preview">6. Comparing Tables (Technology Preview)</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can use odb to compare two tables <strong>with the same structure</strong> on different databases.
 odb does the following to compare two tables:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>Extracts source/target tables ordered by Primary Key or any other set of columns.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Compare source/target ODBC buffers without <em>unpacking</em> them into columns/rows.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Each <em>comparison stream</em> is made up of three threads:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>One thread reading from the source table.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>One thread reading from the target table.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>One thread comparing the source/target buffers.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>These three threads work in parallel: the <em>compare</em> thread checks <code>buffer N</code> while the other two threads
 extract the net block of data from the source/target database in parallel.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can have multiple <em>triplets</em> working in parallel on different section of the table using the <code>splitby</code> operator.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo -u mailto:maurizio.felici@hp.com[MFELICI:maurizio.felici@hp.com] \
 -d MFELICI:VMFELICI \
 -p xx:yy –diff src=trafodion.maurizio.lineitem:tgt=mftest.lineitem:&amp;#42; \
 key=l_orderkey,l_linenumber:output=lineitem.diff:
 rows=m2:print=IDC:&amp;#42;splitby=l_orderkey&amp;#42;:parallel=8</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The command above compares two tables using eight streams (<code>parallel=8</code>) made of three threads each.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The comparison threads use double buffering and advanced memory-comparison techniques. odb can provide the following information in
 output as a CSV file:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Missing rows on target (<code>D</code> – deleted – rows) based on the <strong>key</strong> columns.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>New rows on target (<code>I</code> – inserted – rows) based on the <strong>key</strong> columns.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Changed rows (same <strong>key</strong> columns but with different values in other fields).</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>For these rows odb can print the original source version (<code>C</code> rows) and/or the modified target version (<code>U</code> rows).</p>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb output when comparing two tables:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ cat lineitem.diff

 DTYPE,L_ORDERKEY,L_LINENUMBER,L_SUPPKEY,L_PARTKEY,L_QUANTITY,L_EXTENDEDPRICE,L_DISCOUNT,L_TAX,L_RETURNFLAG,
 L_LINESTATUS,L_SHIPDATE,L_COMMITDATE,L_RECEIPTDATE,L_SHIPINSTRUCT,L_SHIPMODE,L_COMMENT
 D,4532896,1,5974,100953,42.00,82065.90,0.03,0.00,R,F,1994-12-15,1995-01-17,1995-01-07,COLLECT COD,TRUCK,leep across the ca
 D,4532896,2,2327,102326,48.00,63759.36,0.07,0.05,A,F,1995-02-18,1994-12-10,1995-03-12,TAKE BACK RETURN,RAIL,usly regular platelets. careful
 D,4532896,3,612,193054,12.00,13764.60,0.05,0.02,R,F,1994-11-17,1994-11-23,1994-12-06,COLLECT COD,SHIP,s haggle quickly. ideas after the
 D,4532896,4,9867,47362,36.00,47136.96,0.10,0.06,A,F,1995-01-05,1994-11-29,1995-01-06,COLLECT COD,RAIL,s haggle carefully bo
 D,4532896,5,9576,2075,19.00,18564.33,0.00,0.05,R,F,1994-11-26,1995-01-17,1994-12-03,COLLECT COD,TRUCK,en sauternes integrate blithely alon
 D,4532896,6,1016,68509,9.00,13297.50,0.07,0.00,R,F,1995-02-16,1995-01-05,1995-02-24,TAKE BACK RETURN,RAIL,ily above the blithel
 C,1652227,3,2298,87281,28.00,35511.84,0.06,0.05,R,F,1993-05-04,1993-03-12,1993-05-12,TAKE BACK RETURN,MAIL,lly final acco
 U,1652227,3,2298,87281,99.99,35511.84,0.06,0.05,R,F,1993-05-04,1993-03-12,1993-05-12,TAKE BACK RETURN,MAIL,lly final acco
 D,3456226,1,8161,148160,22.00,26579.52,0.06,0.02,A,F,1994-06-26,1994-06-08,1994-07-10,DELIVER IN PERSON,FOB,uriously. furio
 D,3456226,2,6293,108762,20.00,35415.20,0.10,0.05,R,F,1994-05-07,1994-06-03,1994-05-15,NONE,RAIL,ously bold requests along the b</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">D,3456226,3,4542,159511,33.00,51826.83,0.05,0.03,A,F,1994-07-04,1994-05-15,1994-07-26,NONE,FOB,wake carefully al
 D,3456226,4,154,95135,33.00,37294.29,0.04,0.08,A,F,1994-05-27,1994-05-10,1994-06-14,DELIVER IN PERSON,AIR,ests. unusual dependencies wake fluffily
 D,3456226,5,9027,126514,31.00,47755.81,0.08,0.01,R,F,1994-06-13,1994-06-18,1994-07-10,TAKE BACK RETURN,FOB,according to the arefully regular instruct
 D,3456226,6,8477,110943,14.00,27355.16,0.03,0.01,R,F,1994-07-03,1994-05-28,1994-07-13,TAKE BACK RETURN,FOB,onic accounts. ironic,pend
 D,3456226,7,1773,4272,34.00,39993.18,0.08,0.00,A,F,1994-05-01,1994-05-29,1994-05-15,TAKE BACK RETURN,MAIL,ounts are finally ca
 D,3456227,7,3722,101211,22.00,26668.62,0.02,0.01,N,O,1997-12-16,1998-02-05,1997-12-19,NONE,TRUCK,uriously even platelets are fu
 I,3456227,8,3722,101211,22.00,26668.62,0.02,0.01,N,O,1997-12-16,1998-02-05,1997-12-19,NONE,TRUCK,uriously even platelets are fu
 I,9999999,1,8161,148160,22.00,26579.52,0.06,0.02,A,F,1994-06-26,1994-06-08,1994-07-10,DELIVER IN PERSON,FOB,uriously. furio
 I,9999999,2,6293,108762,20.00,35415.20,0.10,0.05,R,F,1994-05-07,1994-06-03,1994-05-15,NONE,RAIL,ously bold requests along the b
 I,9999999,3,4542,159511,33.00,51826.83,0.05,0.03,A,F,1994-07-04,1994-05-15,1994-07-26,NONE,FOB,wakecarefully al
 I,9999999,4,154,95135,33.00,37294.29,0.04,0.08,A,F,1994-05-27,1994-05-10,1994-06-14,DELIVER IN PERSON,AIR,ests. unusual dependencies wake fluffily
 I,9999999,5,9027,126514,31.00,47755.81,0.08,0.01,R,F,1994-06-13,1994-06-18,1994-07-10,TAKE BACK RETURN,FOB,according to the carefully regular instruct
 I,9999999,6,8477,110943,14.00,27355.16,0.03,0.01,R,F,1994-07-03,1994-05-28,1994-07-13,TAKE BACK RETURN,FOB,onic accounts. ironic, pend
 I,9999999,7,1773,4272,34.00,39993.18,0.08,0.00,A,F,1994-05-01,1994-05-29,1994-05-15,TAKE BACK RETURN,MAIL,ounts are finally ca</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>As you can see the first column defines the type of difference.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_diff_operators">6.1. Diff Operators</h3>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">-diff
 src={table|-file}:tgt=table:[key=columns][:output=[+]file][:pwhere=where_cond]
 [:pwhere=where_cond][:nomark][:rows=#rowset][:odad][:fs=fieldsep][:time]
 [:rs=recsep][:quick][:splitby=column][:parallel=number][:max=#max_rec]
 [:print=[I][D][C]][:ns=nullstring][:es=emptystring][:fwc][:uncommitted]
 [:pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][:post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}][tpar=#tables]</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Detailed Descriptions of the Copy Operators:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 30%;">
 <col style="width: 70%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Diff Operator</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>src=&lt;CAT.SCH.TAB&gt;|-file</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Defines the source table(s). You can use:<br>
 <br>
 - A single table (for example: TRAFODION.MFTEST.LINEITEM)<br>
 - A file containing a list of tables to compare (<code>-</code> should precede the filename)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tgt=&lt;CAT.SCH.TAB&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Target table.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>key=column[,column,&#8230;]</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Define show to order records extracted from both source and target table.
 <strong>If you do not specify any key column, then odb uses the Primary Key.</strong></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>output=[+]file</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Output file where the differences are reported. You can use stdout to print odb
 output on the standard output. A <code>+</code> sign in front of the file-name tells odb to <strong>append</strong> to an existing file.<br>
 <br>
 Default value: <code>stdout</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>fs=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Field separator of the output file. You can define the field separator as follows:<br>
 <br>
 - Normal character (for example <code>fs=,</code>)<br>
 - ASCII decimal (for example <code>fs=44</code> &#8212; 44 means comma)<br>
 - ASCII octal value (for example <code>fs=054</code> &#8212; 054 means comma)<br>
 - ASCII hex value (for example fs=<code>x2C</code> &#8212; x2C means comma)<br>
 <br>
 The default field separator is <code>,</code> (comma).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>rs=&lt;char&gt;|&lt;code&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Record separator used in the output file. You can define the
 record separator the same way as the field separator.<br>
 <br>
 The default record separator is <code>\n</code> (new line).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>max=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The max number of records to compare. Default is to compare all records.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>rows=&lt;num&gt;|k&lt;num&gt;|m&lt;num&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Defines the size of the I/O buffer for each extraction thread. You
 can define the size of this buffer in two different ways:<br>
 <br>
 - number of rows (for example: <code>rows=100</code> means 100 rows as IO buffer)<br>
 - buffer size in kB or MB (for example: <code>rows=k512</code> (512 kB buffer) or <code>rows=m20</code> (20MB buffer))</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>ns=&lt;nullstring&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">How odb represents NULL values in the output file. Default is the empty string (two field separators one after the other)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>es=&lt;emptystring&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">How odb represents VARCHAR empty strings (NOT NULL with zero length) values in the output file.
 Default is the empty string (two field separators one after the other)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>nomark</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Don’t print the number of records extracted so far by each thread.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>soe</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Stop On Error. odb stops as soon as it encounters an error.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>parallel=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb uses as many <em>threads triplets</em> (extract from source, extract from target, compare) as the parallel argument.<br>
 <br>
 Each thread will take care of a specific range of the source table data defined through the <strong>splitby</strong> option.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>uncommitted</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb adds <code>FOR READ UNCOMMITTED ACCESS</code> to the select(s) command(s).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>splitby=&lt;column&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Lets you to use parallel extract from any database. <strong><code>&lt;column&gt;</code> has to be a SINGLE, numeric column (or expression)</strong>. odb
 calculates min()/max() value for <code>&lt;column&gt;</code> and assigns it to each &lt;parallel&gt; thread the extraction of the rows in its <em>bucket</em>.<br>
 <br>
 <strong>Example</strong><br>
 <br>
 <code>&#8230;:splitby=emp_id:parallel=4&#8230;</code><br>
 <br>
 with <code>min(emp_id)=1</code> and <code>max(emp_id)=1000</code>, the four threads will extract the following rows:<br>
 <br>
 <code>thread #0 emp_id &gt;=1 and emp_id &lt; 251</code><br>
 <code>thread #1 emp_id &gt;=251 and emp_id &lt; 501</code><br>
 <code>thread #2 emp_id &gt;=501 and emp_id &lt; 751</code><br>
 <code>thread #3 emp_id &gt;=751 and emp_id &lt; 1001 (odb uses max(emp_id) + 1)</code><br>
 <br>
 If the values are not equally distributed, then data extraction is deskewed.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>print=[I][C][D]</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Specifies which rows are printed in the output file:<br>
 <br>
 <code>I</code> prints the new rows on target. (Based on <strong>key</strong>.)<br>
 <code>D</code> prints the missing rows on target. (Based on <strong>key</strong>.)<br>
 <code>C</code> prints the source rows with the same <strong>key</strong> columns but differences in other fields.<br>
 <br>
 The default value for print is <code>IDC</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>pre={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb runs a <strong>single instance</strong> of either a <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code> SQL
 command (enclosed between square brackets) on the <strong>target system</strong> immediately before reading the target table.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>post={@sqlfile}|{[sqlcmd]}</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb runs a <strong>single instance</strong> of either a <code>sqlfile</code> script or <code>sqlcmd</code> SQL
 command (enclosed between square brackets) on the <strong>target system</strong> immediately after the target table has been compared.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>tpar=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The number of tables to compare in parallel when you have a list of tables in input.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>loaders=num</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb uses <code>num</code> load threads for each extract thread. Default is 2 loaders per extractor.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>pwhere=&lt;where condition&gt;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">This option is used in conjunction with parallel to <em>diff</em> only records
 satisfying the where condition.<br>
 <br>
 For example: you want to compare rows with <code>TRANS_TS &gt; 1999-12-12 09:00:00</code> from the source table
 TRAFODION.MAURO.MFORDERS using eight parallel streams to a target table having the same name as the source table:<br>
 <br>
 <code>src=trafodion.mauro.mforders:tgt=trafodion.dest_schema.%t:parallel=8:pwhere=[TRANS_TS &gt; TIMESTAMP ‘1999-12- 12 09:00:00’]&#8230;</code><br>
 <br>
 You can enclose the where condition between square brackets to avoid a misinterpretation of the characters in the where condition.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>quick</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Limits the comparison to the columns in the key option (PK by default). This is a fast way to check for new/missing records but
 it will not find rows with differences in <em>non-key</em> columns.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>time</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">odb prints a <em>timeline</em>. (Milliseconds from starts)</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_odb_as_a_query_driver_technology_preview">7. odb as a Query Driver (Technology Preview)</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_getting_csv_output">7.1. Getting CSV Output</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>It’s often handy to get a CSV output ready to be imported into your spreadsheet while running performance tests. You can easily get this kind
 of output with <code>–c</code> odb option.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ./odb64luo -u mauro -p xxx -d pglocal -x 3:&quot;select count(*) from tpch.region&quot; \
 -f 5:Q01.sql -f 3:Q02.sql -T 4 -q –c</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This command runs:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Three copies of the <code>select count(<strong>): -x 3:”select count(</strong>) from tpch.region”</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Five copies of <code>Q01.sql: -f 5:Q01.sql</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Three copies of <code>Q02: -f 3:Q02.sql</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Queuing the resulting 11 executions into four threads: <code>-T 4</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Omitting query text and query results (<code>-q</code> is equivalent to <code>–q all</code>): <code>-q</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Printing a CSV output: <code>–c</code></p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The command produces the following output:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">odb [2011-12-12 08:08:43]: starting (4) threads...
 Thread id,Proc id,Thread Exec#,Script
 Cmd#,File,Label,Command,Rows,Rsds,Prepare(s),Exec(s),1st
 Fetch(s),Fetch(s),Total(s),STimeline,ETimeline
 1,1,0,0,(none),,&quot;select count() from tpch.region&quot;,1,20,0.000,0.109,0.000,0.000,0.109,94,203
 0,0,0,0,(none),,&quot;select count() from tpch.region&quot;,1,20,0.000,0.125,0.000,0.000,0.125,94,219
 2,2,0,0,(none),,&quot;select count() from tpch.region&quot;,1,20,0.000,0.109,0.000,0.000,0.109,110,219
 2,6,1,0,Q01.sql,,&quot;SELECT L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS,SUM(L_QUANTITY)&gt;&quot;,4,234,0.000,136.297,0.000,0.000,136.297,141,136438
 2,10,2,0,Q02.sql,,&quot;SELECT S_ACCTBAL, S_NAME, N_NAME,P_PARTKEY,P_MF&gt;&quot;,0,274,0.000,0.468,0.000,0.016,0.484,136438,136922
 0,4,1,0,Q01.sql,,&quot;SELECT L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS,SUM(L_QUANTITY)&gt;&quot;,4,234,0.000,139.667,0.016,0.016,139.683,0,139683
 0,8,2,0,Q02.sql,,&quot;SELECT S_ACCTBAL, S_NAME, N_NAME, P_PARTKEY,P_MFG&gt;&quot;,0,274,0.000,0.015,0.000,0.000,0.015,139683,139698
 1,5,1,0,Q01.sql,,&quot;SELECT L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS,SUM(L_QUANTITY)&gt;&quot;,4,234,0.000,144.347,0.015,0.015,144.362,141,144503
 1,9,2,0,Q02.sql,,&quot;SELECT S_ACCTBAL, S_NAME, N_NAME, P_PARTKEY,P_MFG&gt;&quot;,0,274,0.000,0.000,0.000,0.016,0.016,144503,144519
 3,3,0,0,Q01.sql,,&quot;SELECT L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS,SUM(L_QUANTITY)&gt;&quot;,4,234,0.000,144.394,0.016,0.016,144.410,390,144800
 3,7,1,0,Q01.sql,,&quot;SELECT L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS,SUM(L_QUANTITY)&gt;&quot;,4,234,0.000,69.373,0.000,0.000,69.373,144800,214173
 odb statistics:
         Init timestamp: 2011-12-12 08:08:42
         Start timestamp: 2011-12-12 08:08:43
         End timestamp: 2011-12-12 08:12:17
         Elapsed [Start-&gt;End] (s): 214.173
 ----</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The CSV output columns have the following meaning:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 30%;">
 <col style="width: 70%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Column</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Meaning</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Thread ID</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread ID. Number of threads limited to 4 &#8212;&gt; thread id values are 0, 1, 2, 3</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Proc ID</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Execution number. 11 executions in the 0-10 range.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Thread Exec#</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Progressive number (starting from 0) of execution for a specific thread.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script Cmd#</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">If your script contains multiple SQL statement, then they are numbered starting from zero.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>File</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Script file name or <code>(null)</code> for <code>–x</code> commands.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Label</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The label assigned though <code>set qlabel</code> in the scripts.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Command</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">First 30 characters of the SQL command. It will end with <code>&gt;</code> if the command text was truncated.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Rows</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">The number of returned rows. Not printed if you used <code>–q</code>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Rsds</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Record Set Display Size. Gives you an idea of <em>how big</em> the result set is.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Prepare(s)</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Prepare (compile) time in seconds.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Exec(s)</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Execution time in seconds.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>1st Fetch(s)</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Time needed to fetch the first row in seconds.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Fetch(s)</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Total Fetch time in seconds.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Total(s)</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Total query elapsed time from prepare to fetch in seconds.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Stimeline</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Queries start time line in milliseconds.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Etimeline</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Queries end time line in milliseconds.</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_assign_label_to_a_query">7.2. Assign Label to a Query</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Sometimes it’s not easy to recognize a query by reading the first 30 characters. Therefore, odb lets you
 assign a label to a generic query using:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">SET QLABEL &lt;label&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ cat script.sql

 -- {project-name} TPC-H Query 1 SET QLABEL Q01
 SELECT
    L_RETURNFLAG
  , L_LINESTATUS
  , SUM(L_QUANTITY) AS SUM_QTY
  ...

 -- TPC-H/TPC-R Minimum Cost Supplier Query (Q2)
 SET QLABEL Q02
 SELECT
    S_ACCTBAL
    , S_NAME
    ...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Running this script includes the Query Label in the CSV output:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -u mauro -p xxx -d pglocal -f script.sql -q -c

 odb [2011-12-12 09:06:28]: starting (1) threads...
 Thread id,Proc id,Thread Exec#,Script
 Cmd#,File,Label,Command,Rows,Rsds,Prepare(s),Exec(s),1st
 Fetch(s),Fetch(s),Total(s),STimeline,ETimeline
 0,0,0,0,script.sql,Q01,&quot;SELECT L_RETURNFLAG, L_LINESTATUS,
 SUM(L_QUANTITY)&gt;&quot;,4,234,0.000,43.102,0.000,0.000,43.102,0,43102
 0,0,0,1,script.sql,Q02,&quot;SELECT S_ACCTBAL, S_NAME, N_NAME, P_PARTKEY,
 P_MFG&gt;&quot;,0,274,0.000,0.016,0.000,0.000,0.016,43102,43118
 odb statistics:
         Init timestamp: 2011-12-12 09:06:28
         Start timestamp: 2011-12-12 09:06:28
         End timestamp: 2011-12-12 09:07:11
         Elapsed [Start-&gt;End] (s): 43.118</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="query_driver_all_scripts_path">7.3. Run All Scripts With a Given Path</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Using <code>-S &lt;path&gt;</code> or <code>-P &lt;path&gt;</code> options you can run all scripts with a given path
 (for example, all files in a directory) either serially (<code>-S</code>) or in parallel (<code>-P</code>).</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Both options let you to use <strong><em>multiplying factors</em></strong> to run all scripts multiple times.
 This multiplying factors are defined with a <code>&lt;number&gt;:</code> preceding the script path.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 40%;">
 <col style="width: 60%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">odb Command Line</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Action</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>odb64luo -S ./test/queries/*.sql - c -q</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Executes <strong>serially</strong> all scripts with extension <code>.sql</code> under
 <code>./test/queries/</code> providing CSV type output (<code>-c</code>) and omitting query output (<code>-q</code>).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>odb64luo -P test/queries/* -T 50 - c -q</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Runs <strong>in parallel</strong> all files under <code>test/queries/</code> using 50 threads
 (ODBC connections) (<code>-T 50</code>), with CSV output (<code>-c</code>) and omitting query output (<code>-q</code>).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>odb64luo -P 3: test/queries/* -T 3 -c -q</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Runs <strong>in parallel three times (<code>3:</code>)</strong> all files under <code>test/queries/</code>
 using three threads (ODBC connections) (<code>-T 3</code>), with CSV output (<code>-c</code>) and omitting query output (<code>-q</code>).
 Scripts will be assigned to threads using <strong><em>standard assignment</em></strong>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>odb64luo -P -3: test/queries/* -T 3 -c -q</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Runs <strong>in parallel three times (<code>-3:</code>)</strong> all files under <code>test/queries/</code>
 using three threads (ODBC connections) (<code>-T 3</code>), with CSV type output (<code>-c</code>) and omitting query output (<code>-q</code>).
 Scripts will be assigned to threads using <strong><em>round-robin assignment</em></strong>.</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>To understand the difference between <strong>standard</strong> and <strong>round-robin</strong> assignments, imagine you have four scripts in
 the target path. This is how the executions will be assigned to threads:</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 16%;">
 <col style="width: 14%;">
 <col style="width: 14%;">
 <col style="width: 14%;">
 <col style="width: 14%;">
 <col style="width: 14%;">
 <col style="width: 14%;">
 </colgroup>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
 <th class="tableblock halign-center valign-top" colspan="3"><p class="tableblock">Standard Assignment (es. -P 3:)</p></th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-center valign-top" colspan="3"><p class="tableblock">Round-Robin Assignment (es. -P -3:)</p></th>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 1</p></th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 2</p></th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 3</p></th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 1</p></th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 2</p></th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Thread 3</p></th>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">nth execution</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">&#8230;</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">&#8230;</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">&#8230;</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">&#8230;</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">4th execution</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script4.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script4.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>&#8230;</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script3.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>&#8230;</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">3rd execution</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script3.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script3.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script3.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script3.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script4.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script1.sql</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">2nd execution</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script4.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script1.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.sql</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">1st execution</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script1.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script1.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script1.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script1.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script2.sql</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>Script3.sql</code></p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_randomizing_execution_order">7.4. Randomizing Execution Order</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can use the <code>-Z</code> option to <em>shuffle</em> the odb internal execution table.
 This way the execution order is not predictable.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 45%;">
 <col style="width: 55%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">odb Command Line</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Action</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>odb64luo&#8230; -S 3: test/queries/* -Z -c –q</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Executes three times (<code>3:</code>) all files in the <code>test/queries</code> directory
 serially (<code>-S</code>) and in random order (<code>-Z</code>).</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><code>odb64luo&#8230; -P 3: test/queries/* -Z –T 5 - c -q</code></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Executes three times (<code>3:</code>) all files in the <code>test/queries</code> directory in
 parallel (<code>-P</code>), using five threads (<code>-T 5</code>) and in random order (<code>-Z</code>).</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_defining_a_timeout">7.5. Defining a Timeout</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can stop odb after a given timeout (assuming the execution is not already completed) using <code>-maxtime &lt;seconds&gt;</code> option.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/Devel/odb $ ./odb64luo -S /home/mauro/scripts/*.sql –maxtime 7200</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The command executes, <strong>serially,</strong>( all scripts with extension <code>.sql</code> under
 <code>/home/mauro/scripts/</code>; if the execution is not completed after two hours (7200 seconds), then odb stops.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_simulating_user_thinking_time">7.6. Simulating User Thinking Time</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can simulate user <strong><em>thinking time</em></strong> using the <code>-ttime &lt;delay&gt;</code> option.
 This argument introduces a <code>&lt;delay&gt;</code> millisecond pause between two consecutive executions in the same thread.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/src/C/odb $ ./odb64luo -f 5:script1.sql -c -q -ttime 75 -T 2</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This command runs five times <code>script1.sql</code> using two threads. Each thread waits 75 milliseconds before starting
 the next execution within a thread. You can also use a <strong><em>random thinking time</em></strong> in a given <code>min:max</code> range.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following command starts commands within a thread with a random delay between 50 and 500 milliseconds:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/src/C/odb $ ./odb64luo -f 5:script1.sql -c -q -ttime 50:500 -T 2</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_starting_threads_gracefully">7.7. Starting Threads Gracefully</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You might want to wait a little before starting the next thread. This can be obtained using the <code>-delay</code> option.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/src/C/odb $ ./odb64luo -f 5:script1.sql -c -q -delay 200 -T 2</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>This command runs five times <code>script1.sql</code> using two threads. Each thread will be started 200 milliseconds after the other.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 <code>-delay</code> introduces a delay during threads start-up while <code>–ttime</code> introduces a delay between one command and another within the same
 thread.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_re_looping_a_given_workload">7.8. Re-looping a Given Workload</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Using <code>-L</code> option you can re-loop the workload defined through <code>-x</code>, <code>-f</code>, <code>-P</code>, and <code>-S</code> commands a given number of times.
 Each thread will re-loop the same number of times.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">~/src/C/odb $ *./*odb64luo -f 5:script1.sql -c -q -M 75 -T 2 -L 3</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>re-loops three times (<code>-L 3</code>) the same five executions, using two threads (<code>-T 2</code>) with a 75 millisecond pause (<code>-M 75</code>) between two
 consecutive executions in the same thread.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_odb_as_a_sql_interpreter_technology_preview">8. odb as a SQL Interpreter (Technology Preview)</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>To start the odb SQL Interpreter you have to use <code>-I</code> (uppercase i) switch with an optional argument.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ odb64luo –u user –p xx –d dsn –I MFTEST</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The optional <code>-I</code> argument (<code>MFTEST</code> in this example) is used to specify the <code><strong>.odbrc</strong></code> section containing
 commands to be automatically executed when odb starts. See &lt;sql_run_commands, Run Commands When Interpreter Starts&gt;&gt;.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_main_odb_sql_interpreter_features">8.1. Main odb SQL Interpreter Features</h3>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p><strong>It uses <code>mreadline</code> library</strong> to manage command line editing and history. History will keep track of
 the whole <strong>command</strong>, not just… lines: if you enter a SQL command in more than one line:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">S01_Maurizio@TRAFODION64[MFTEST]SQL&gt; select
 S01_Maurizio@TRAFODION64[MFTEST]...&gt; count()
 S01_Maurizio@TRAFODION64[MFTEST]...&gt; from
 S01_Maurizio@TRAFODION64[MFTEST]...&gt; t1;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>When you press the up arrow key the whole command (up to semi-colon) will be ready for editing and/or re-run.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>mreadline</code> provides several useful extra features:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><strong>CTRL-V</strong> to edit the current command using your preferred editor (<code>$EDITOR</code> is used). When the editing session is closed the current
 command is automatically updated.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>CTRL-U/CTRL-L</strong> to change the command case.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>CTRL-X</strong> to kill the current command.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>See on-line help for the other <code>mreadline</code> commands.</p>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>History is saved</strong> when you exit the SQL Interpreter in a file identified by the <code>ODB_HIST</code> environment variable.
 You can change the number of commands saved in the history file (default <code>100</code>):</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">S01_Maurizio@TRAFODION64[MFTEST]SQL&gt; SET HIST 200</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Customizable prompt</strong>. You can personalize your prompt through the set prompt command.
 Under Unix/Linux/Cygwin you can use the standard ANSI codes to create color prompts.
 See <a href="#sql_custom_prompt">Customize Interpreter Prompt</a>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Multi-threaded odb instances</strong> can be run from within the single-threaded Interpreter with the <code>odb</code> keyword.
 This runs another odb instance using the same credentials, data source, and connection attributes used to start the interpreter:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">S01_Maurizio@TRAFODION64[MFTEST]SQL&gt; odb -l
 src=myfile:tgt=mytable:parallel=8:...

 S01_Maurizio@TRAFODION64[MFTEST]SQL&gt; odb -e
 src=mytable:tgt=myfile:parallel=8:...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Define Aliases</strong> with parameter substitution.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">root@MFDB[MFDB]SQL&gt; SET ALIAS count &quot;SELECT ROW COUNT FROM &amp;1;&quot;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>When you call the alias <code>count</code> the first argument will be substituted to <code>&amp;1</code>.
 You can use <strong>up to nine</strong> positional parameters (<code>&amp;1</code> to <code>&amp;9</code>).</p>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>You can <strong>run operating system commands</strong> with <code>!command</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>You can run scripts with <code>@script</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>You can spool to file with <code>set spool &lt;myfile&gt;</code> and stop spooling with <code>set spool off</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>You can switch to a special <em>prepare only</em> mode with <code>set prepare on</code>. This way, commands you type
 will be just prepared, not executed.</p>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Different databases use different commands to set default schema(s):</p>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Trafodion: <code>set schema &lt;name&gt;;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>MySQL: <code>use &lt;name&gt;;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>PostgreSQL/Vertica: <code>set search_path to &lt;name1,name2,…&gt;;</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Teradata: <code>set database &lt;name&gt;;</code></p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>set chsch &lt;command&gt;</code> is used to define database specific commands to change your schema. When odb recognize the
 <code>change schema</code> command it will update accordingly internal catalog (if any) and schema names.</p>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>To list database objects, you can use <code>ls</code> command.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">S01_Maurizio@MFTEST[MFTEST]SQL&gt; ls . # list all objects in the current

 schema
 TABLE : CITIES
 TABLE : CUSTOMER
 TABLE : LINEITEM
 TABLE : NATION
 TABLE : ORDERS
 TABLE : PART
 TABLE : PARTSUPP
 TABLE : REGION
 TABLE : SUPPLIER
 TABLE : T1
 VIEW : V_CITIES

 S01_Maurizio@MFTEST[MFTEST]SQL&gt; ls -t %S &lt;&lt; list tables (-t) ending with S CITIES ORDERS
 S01_Maurizio@MFTEST[MFTEST]SQL&gt; ls -v &lt;&lt; list views (-v) V_CITIES
 S01_Maurizio@MFTEST[MFTEST]SQL&gt; ls -s &lt;&lt; list schemas (-s)

 ... and so on ...</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>To get tables DDL, you can use either <code>ls –T &lt;table&gt;</code> or <code>ls -D &lt;table&gt;</code>.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">mauro pglocal[PUBLIC] (09:12:56) SQL&gt; ls -T tpch.orders

 Describing: postgres.TPCH.orders
 +---------------+-------------+----+-------+---------------+
 |COLUMN         |TYPE         |NULL|DEFAULT|INDEX          |
 +---------------+-------------+----+-------+---------------+
 |o_orderkey     |int8         |NO  |       |orders_pkey 1 U|
 |o_custkey      |int8         |NO  |       |               |
 |o_orderstatus  |bpchar(1)    |NO  |       |               |
 |o_totalprice   |numeric(15,2)|NO  |       |               |
 |o_orderdate    |date         |NO  |       |               |
 |o_orderpriority|bpchar(15)   |NO  |       |               |
 |o_clerk        |bpchar(15)   |NO  |       |               |
 |o_shippriority |int4         |NO  |       |               |
 |o_comment      |varchar(80)  |NO  |       |               |
 +---------------+-------------+----+-------+---------------+

 mauro pglocal[PUBLIC] (09:13:20) SQL&gt; ls -D tpch.orders
 CREATE TABLE postgres.TPCH.orders ( o_orderkey int8
 ,o_custkey int8
 ,o_orderstatus bpchar(1)
 ,o_totalprice numeric(15,2)
 ,o_orderdate date
 ,o_orderpriority bpchar(15)
 ,o_clerk bpchar(15)
 ,o_shippriority int4
 ,o_comment varchar(80)
 ,primary key (o_orderkey)
 );</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>You can <strong>define your own variables</strong> or use odb internal variables or environment variables directly from the Interpreter.</p>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>You can <code>set pad fit</code> to <strong><em>automatically shrink CHAR/VARCHAR fields in order to fit one record in one line</em></strong>.
 Line length is defined through <code>set scols #</code>. Each record will be printed in one line truncating the length of CHAR/VARCHAR
 fields proportionally to their original display size length. In case of field truncation a <code>&gt;</code> character will be printed
 at the end of the truncated string.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">MFELICI [MAURIZIO] (03:30:32) SQL&gt; select [first 5]  from part;

 P_PARTKEY|P_NAME                         |P_MFGR         |P_BRAND|P_TYPE         | P_SIZE   |P_CONTAINER|P_RETAILPRICE|P_COMMENT
 ---------+-------------------------------+---------------+-------+---------------+----------+-------+----------------+--------------
 33       |maroon beige mint cyan peru    |Manufacturer#2&gt;|Brand#&gt;|ECONOMY PLATED&gt;|        16|LG PKG&gt;|          933.03|ly eve
 39       |rose dodger lace peru floral   |Manufacturer#5&gt;|Brand#&gt;|SMALLPOLISHED&gt; |        43|JUMBO &gt;|          939.03|se slowly abo&gt;
 60       |sky burnished salmon navajo hot|Manufacturer#1&gt;|Brand#&gt;|LARGE POLISHED&gt;|        27|JUMBO &gt;|          960.06| integ
 81       |misty salmon cornflower dark f&gt;|Manufacturer#5&gt;|Brand#&gt;|ECONOMY BRUSHE&gt;|        21|MED BA&gt;|          981.08|ove the furious
 136      |cornsilk blush powder tan rose |Manufacturer#2&gt;|Brand#&gt;|SMALL PLATED S&gt;|         2|WRAP B&gt;|         1036.13|kages print c&gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>You can <code>set plm</code> to print one field per row. This is useful when you have to carefully analyze few records.</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">MFELICI [MAURIZIO] (03:38:12) SQL&gt; SET PLM ON
 MFELICI [MAURIZIO] (03:38:12) SQL&gt; select * from part where p_partkey =136;

 P_PARTKEY    136
 P_NAME      :cornsilk blush powder tan rose P_MFGR :Manufacturer#2
 P_BRAND     :Brand#22
 P_TYPE      :SMALL PLATED STEEL
 P_SIZE       2
 P_CONTAINER :WRAP BAG P_RETAILPRICE:1036.13
 P_COMMENT   :kages print carefully</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Check the rest on your own.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="sect3">
 <h4 id="_odb_sql_interpreter_help">8.1.1. odb SQL Interpreter help</h4>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">`mauro pglocal[PUBLIC] (06:51:20) SQL&gt;` *help

 All the following are case insensitive:
   h | help                : print this help
   i | info                : print database info
   q | quit                : exit SQL Interpreter
   c | connect { no | [user[/pswd][;opts;&amp;#8230;] (re/dis)connect using previous or new user
   odb odb_command         : will run an odb instance using the same DSN/credentials
   ls -[type] [pattern]    : list objects. Type=(t)ables, (v)iews, s(y)nonyns, (s)chemas
                           : (c)atalogs, syst(e)m tables, (l)ocal temp, (g)lobal temp
                           : (m)at views, (M)mat view groups, (a)lias, (A)ll object types
                           : (D)table DDL, (T)table desc
   print &lt;string&gt;          : print &lt;string&gt;
   !cmd                    : execute the operating system cmd
   @file [&amp;0]...[&amp;9]       : execute the sql script in file
   set                     : show all settings
   set alias [name] [cmd|-]: show/set/change/delete aliases
   set chsch [cmd]         : show/set change schema command
   set cols [#cols]        : show/set ls number of columns
   set cwd [&lt;directory&gt;]   : show/set current working directory
   set drs [on|off]        : show/enable/disable describe result set mode
   set fs [&lt;char&gt;]         : show/set file field separator
   set hist [#lines]       : show/set lines saved in the history file
   set maxfetch [#rows]    : show/set max lines to be fetched (-1 = unlimited)
   set nocatalog [on|off]  : show/enable/disable &quot;no catalog&quot; database mode)
   set nocatnull [on|off]  : show/enable/disable &quot;no catalog as null&quot; database mode)
   set noschema [on|off]   : show/enable/disable &quot;no schema&quot; database mode)
   set nullstr [&lt;string&gt;]  : show/set string used to display NULLs ( to make it Null)
   set pad [fit|full|off]  : show/set column padding
   set param name [value|-]: show/set/change/delete a parameter
   set pcn [on|off]        : show/enable/disable printing column names
   set plm [on|off]        : show/enable/disable print list mode (one col/row)
   set prepare [on|off]    : show/enable/disable 'prepare only' mode
   set prompt [string]     : show/set prompt string
   set query_timeout [s]   : show/set query timeout in seconds (def = 0 no timeout)
   set quiet [cmd|res|all|off] : show/enable/disable quiet mode
   set rowset [#]          : show/set rowset used to fetch rows
   set soe [on|off]        : show/enable/disable Stop On Error mode
   set spool [&lt;file&gt;|off]  : show/enable/disable spooling output on &lt;file&gt;
   &lt;SQL statement&gt;;        : everything ending with ';' is sent to the database
 mreadline keys:
   Control-A  : move to beginning of line      Control-P  : history Previous
   Control-E  : move to end of line            Up Arrow   : history Previous
   Control-B  : move cursor Back               Control-N  : history Next
   Left Arrow : move cursor Back               Down Arrow : history Next
   Control-F  : move cursor Forward            Control-W  : history List
   Right Arrow: move cursor Forward            Control-R  : Redraw
   Control-D  : input end (exit) - DEL right   Control-V  : Edit current line
   Control-L  : Lowercase Line                 Control-X  : Kill line
   Control-U  : Uppercase Line #               Control-G  : load history entry #</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="sql_run_commands">8.2. Run Commands When the Interpreter Starts</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>When the odb SQL Interpreter starts it looks for the <strong><em>Initialization File</em></strong>.
 This Initialization File is made of <strong><em>Sections</em></strong> containing the commands to be executed.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>To find the Initialization File, odb checks the <code>ODB_INI</code> environment variable. If this variable is not set,
 then odb looks for a file named <code>.odbrc</code> (*nix) or <code>_odbrc</code> (Windows) under your HOME directory.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The <strong><em>Initialization File</em></strong> contains <strong><em>Sections</em></strong> identified by names between square brackets.
 For example, the following section is named <code>MFTEST</code>:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">[MFTEST]
 set pcn on
 set pad fit
 set fs |
 set cols 3 30
 set editor &quot;vim -n --noplugin&quot;
 set efile /home/felici/.odbedit.sql set prompt &quot;%U %D [%S] (%T) %M&gt; &quot;
 set alias count &quot;select row count from &amp;1;&quot;
 set alias size &quot;select sum(current_eof) from table (disk label statistics (&amp;1) );&quot;
 set alias ll &quot;select left(object_name, 40) as object_name, sum(row_count) as nrows,
 count(partition_num) as Nparts, sum(current_eof) as eof from table(disk label statistics(
 using (select  from (get tables in schema &amp;catalog.&amp;schema, no header, return full names)
 s(b) ))) group by object_name order by object_name;&quot;
 set schema TRAFODION.MAURIZIO;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>the odb SQL Interpreter automatically runs all commands in the section identified by the <code>-I</code> argument (for example <code>-I MFTEST</code>).
 A section named <code>DEFAULT</code> will be executed when <code>-I</code> has no arguments.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="sql_custom_prompt">8.3. Customizing the Interpreter Prompt</h3>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>You can define your prompt through the <code>set prompt</code> command when running the SQL Interpreter. <code>set prompt</code> can be
 executed interactively or included in your (<code>$ODB_INI</code>) <strong><em>Initialization File</em></strong>. <code>set prompt</code> recognizes and expands
 the following variables:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><code><strong>%U</strong></code> &#8212;&gt; User name</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code><strong>%D</strong></code> &#8212;&gt; Data Source name</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code><strong>%S</strong></code> &#8212;&gt; Schema name</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code><strong>%T</strong></code> &#8212;&gt; Current Time</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><code><strong>%M</strong></code> &#8212;&gt; odb mode:</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>SQL</code> when running sql commands</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>PRE</code> if you&#8217;re in "prepare only" mode</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>SPO</code> if you are spooling output somewhere</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><code>NDC</code> (No Database Connection)</p>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">SET PROMPT &quot;Prompt for %U connected via %D to %S in %M mode &gt; &quot;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Generates the following prompt:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">Prompt for S01_Maurizio connected via CIV to CIV03 in SQL mode &gt;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Under Cygwin, Unix and Linux (and probably under Windows too using ANSI.SYS driver - not tested),
 you can use standard ANSI escape color codes.</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">set prompt &quot;\^A^[[01;32m\^A%U@%D^A\^[[01;34m^A[%S]\^A^[[00m\ ^A (%T) %M&gt; &quot;</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Where:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p><strong>^A</strong> is a <em>real</em> Control-A (ASCII 001 and 002) before and after each color code sequence.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>^[</strong> is a <em>real</em> Escape Character. The meaning of the ANSI color codes are:</p>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>^[[01;32m</strong> &#8212;&gt; green</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>^[[01;34m</strong> &#8212;&gt; blue</p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>^[[00m</strong> &#8212;&gt; reset.</p>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example Prompt</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><span class="image"><img src="images/sql_ansi_colors.jpg" alt="image"></span></p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_appendixes">9. Appendixes</h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_a_troubleshooting">9.1. A. Troubleshooting</h3>
 <div class="olist arabic">
 <ol class="arabic">
 <li>
 <p>odb uses Condition Variables to synchronize threads during copy and parallel load operations.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Most of the memory allocation operations are dynamic. For example, you can execute an SQL
 command as long as you want. However, you can <em>hard code</em> limits as follows:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="cplusplus"><span class="preprocessor">#define</span> MAX_VNLEN   <span class="integer">32</span> <span class="comment">/* Max variable name length */</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#define</span> MAXCOL_LEN <span class="integer">128</span> <span class="comment">/* Max column name length */</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#define</span> MAXOBJ_LEN <span class="integer">128</span> <span class="comment">/* Max catalog/schema/table name length */</span>
 <span class="preprocessor">#define</span> MAX_CLV     <span class="integer">64</span> <span class="comment">/* Max command line variables (-var) */</span></code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Some Linux/UNIX systems (notably the Linux Loader) have huge default stack size. Due to this
 extremely large value, you can have errors like this when starting tens/hundreds of threads:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">Error starting cmd thread #: cannot allocate memory</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>If you get this error, then check your default stack size:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ulimit -a
 core file size                         (blocks, -c) 0
 data seg size                          (kbytes, -d) unlimited
 max nice                                       (-e) 0
 file size                              (blocks, -f) unlimited
 pending signals                                (-i) 137215
 max locked memory                      (kbytes, -l) 32
 max memory size                        (kbytes, -m) unlimited
 open files                                     (-n) 65536
 pipe size                           (512 bytes, -p) 8
 POSIX message queues                    (bytes, -q) 819200
 max rt priority                                (-r) 0
 stack size                             (kbytes, -s) 204800
 cpu time                              (seconds, -t) unlimited
 max user processes                             (-u) 2047
 virtual memory                         (kbytes, -v) unlimited
 file locks                                     (-x) unlimited</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>In the example above, the <code>stack size</code> value is the problem. Reset it to a reasonable value. (The value will be reset to the initial value when you start a new session).</p>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p><strong>Example</strong></p>
 </div>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">$ ulimit -s 4096</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>If you get errors such as:</p>
 <div class="listingblock">
 <div class="content">
 <pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code data-lang="text">C:\Users\felici&gt; odb64luo -u xx -p yy -d oraxe -l src=region.tbl.gz:tgt=region:fs=^|:truncate

 odb [2012-10-11 13:27:22]: starting ODBC connection(s)... 0
 [0] odb(5020) - [Oracle][ODBC]Optional feature not implemented. (State: HYC00 Native Err: 0)</code></pre>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>Try adding <code>-nocatnull</code> to your command line. When the back-end database doesn&#8217;t use catalogs,
 then you should use an <strong>empty string</strong> as catalog name.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="admonitionblock note">
 <table>
 <tr>
 <td class="icon">
 <i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
 </td>
 <td class="content">
 Some flawed ODBC Drivers unfortunately want NULL here &#8212; instead of <strong>empty strings</strong> as it should be.
 </td>
 </tr>
 </table>
 </div>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>You can have errors loading <code>TIME(N)</code> fields with` N&gt;0` under Trafodion because the
 ODBC Driver does not manage the field display size when <code>N&gt;0</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>If you have problems starting odb on Unix/Linux check:</p>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>The shared library dependencies with <code>ldd &lt;odb_executable_name&gt;</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>The shared lib path defined in the following environment variables used by the shared library loader:</p>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><strong>Linux</strong>: <code>LD_LIBRARY_PATH</code></p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>IBM IAX</strong>: <code>LIBPATH</code> (not currently supported)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>HP/UX</strong>: <code>SHLIB_PATH</code> (not currently supported)</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </li>
 </ol>
 </div>
 <div style="page-break-after: always;"></div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_b_develop_and_test_odb">9.2. B. Develop and Test odb</h3>
 <div class="sect3">
 <h4 id="_develop">9.2.1. Develop</h4>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>odb is coded in "ANSI C" (K&amp;R programming style) and is compiled in a 64-bit version on the Linux platform, linked
 to the unixODBC driver manager. Other platforms, compilers, and ODBC libraries have not yet been tested.</p>
 </div>
 <table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all spread">
 <colgroup>
 <col style="width: 16.6666%;">
 <col style="width: 16.6666%;">
 <col style="width: 44.4444%;">
 <col style="width: 22.2224%;">
 </colgroup>
 <thead>
 <tr>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Platform</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Compiler</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">ODBC Libraries</th>
 <th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Note</th>
 </tr>
 </thead>
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>Linux</strong></p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">gcc</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">unixODBC (supported), iODBC (not currently supported), Data Direct (not currently supported), Teradata (not currently supported)</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">64 bit (32 bit is not currently supported)</p></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock"><strong>MS-Windows</strong><br>
 (not tested)</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Visual Studio (not tested)</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">MS-Windows (not tested)</p></td>
 <td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">64 bit</p></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
 </table>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>C compilers are set with “all warnings” enabled and odb has to compile, on each platform, with no errors (of course) AND no warnings. Tools used
 to code odb:</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p><strong>vim</strong> (<a href="http://www.vim.org" class="bare">http://www.vim.org</a>) as editor (or Visual Studio embedded editor)</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p><strong>splint</strong> (<a href="http://www.splint.org" class="bare">http://www.splint.org</a>) to statically check the source code</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect3">
 <h4 id="_test">9.2.2. Test</h4>
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The info, load, extract, and copy operations of odb have been fully tested. In addition, odb had been tested using a set of
 137 standard tests to check functionalities and identify memory/thread issues.</p>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
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