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| <a href="index.html" title="back to Core Developers Guide"><< back to Core Developers Guide</a> |
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| <h1 class="no_toc" id="wildcard-mappings">Wildcard Mappings</h1> |
| |
| <ul id="markdown-toc"> |
| <li><a href="#wildcards" id="markdown-toc-wildcards">Wildcards</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#parameters-in-namespaces" id="markdown-toc-parameters-in-namespaces">Parameters in namespaces</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#parameters-after-the-action-name" id="markdown-toc-parameters-after-the-action-name">Parameters after the action name</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#advanced-wildcards" id="markdown-toc-advanced-wildcards">Advanced Wildcards</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h2 id="wildcards">Wildcards</h2> |
| |
| <p>As an application grows in size, so will the number of action mappings. Wildcards can be used to combine similar |
| mappings into one more generic mapping.</p> |
| |
| <p>The best way to explain wildcards is to show an example and walk through how it works. This example modifies |
| a conventional mapping to use wildcards to match all pages that start with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/edit</code>:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"/edit*"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"org.apache.struts.webapp.example.Edit{1}Action"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"failure"</span><span class="nt">></span>/mainMenu.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span>{1}.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>The “*” in the name attribute allows the mapping to match the request URIs <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/editSubscription</code>, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">editRegistration</code>, |
| or any other URI that starts with <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/edit</code>, however <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/editSubscription/add</code> would not be matched. The part of the URI |
| matched by the wildcard will then be substituted into various attributes of the action mapping and its action results |
| replacing <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">{1}</code>. For the rest of the request, the framework will see the action mapping and its action results containing |
| the new values.</p> |
| |
| <p>Mappings are matched against the request in the order they appear in the framework’s configuration file. If more than |
| one pattern matches <strong>the last one wins</strong>, so less specific patterns must appear before more specific ones. However, |
| if the request URL can be matched against a path without any wildcards in it, no wildcard matching is performed |
| and order is not important. Also, note that wildcards are not greedy, meaning they only match until the first |
| occurrence of the following string pattern. For example, consider the following mapping:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"List*s"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"actions.List{1}s"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span>list{1}s.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>This mapping would work correctly for the URI <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ListAccounts</code> but not <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ListSponsors</code>, because the latter would turn into |
| this configuration:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"ListSpons"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"actions.ListSpons"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span>listSpons.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>Wildcard patterns can contain one or more of the following special tokens:</p> |
| |
| <table> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th>*</th> |
| <th>Matches zero or more characters excluding the slash (‘/’) character.</th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>**</td> |
| <td>Matches zero or more characters including the slash (‘/’) character.</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>\character</td> |
| <td>The backslash character is used as an escape sequence. Thus <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">\\*</code> matches the character asterisk (“*”), and <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">'\\'</code> matches the character backslash (“\”).</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| |
| <p>Patterns can optionally be matched “loosely”. When the end of the pattern matches <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">*[^*]*$</code> (wildcard, no wildcard, |
| wildcard), if the pattern fails, it is also matched as if the last two characters didn’t exist. The goal is to support |
| the legacy <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">*!*</code> syntax, where the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">!*</code> is optional.</p> |
| |
| <p>In the action mapping and action results, the wildcard-matched values can be accessed with the token <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">{N}</code> where N is |
| a number from 1 to 9 indicating which wildcard-matched value to substitute. The whole request URI can be accessed with |
| the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">{0}</code> token.</p> |
| |
| <p>Also, the action mapping and action result properties will accept wildcard-matched strings in their value attribute, like:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"/edit/*"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"org.apache.struts.webapp.example.Edit{1}Action"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><param</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"id"</span><span class="nt">></span>{1}<span class="nt"></param></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span> |
| <span class="nt"><param</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"location"</span><span class="nt">></span>/mainMenu.jsp<span class="nt"></param></span> |
| <span class="nt"><param</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"id"</span><span class="nt">></span>{1}<span class="nt"></param></span> |
| <span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>See also <a href="../getting-started/wildcard-method-selection">Wildcard Method</a></p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <h2 id="parameters-in-namespaces">Parameters in namespaces</h2> |
| |
| <p>From Struts 2.1+ namespace patterns can be extracted as request parameters and bound to the action. To enable this |
| feature, set the following constant in struts.xml:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.patternMatcher"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"namedVariable"</span><span class="nt">/></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>With that in place, namespace definitions can contain {PARAM_NAME} patterns which will be evaluated against the request |
| URL and extracted as parameters, for example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-java highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nd">@Namespace</span><span class="o">{</span><span class="s">"/users/{userID}"</span><span class="o">);</span> |
| <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">DetailsAction</span> <span class="n">exends</span> <span class="nc">ActionSupport</span> <span class="o">{</span> |
| <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="nc">Long</span> <span class="n">userID</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="nd">@StrutsParameter</span> |
| <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">setUserID</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="nc">Long</span> <span class="n">userID</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="o">{...}</span> |
| <span class="o">}</span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>If the request URL is <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/users/10/detail</code>, then the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">DetailsAction</code> will be executed and its userID field will be set |
| to <em>10</em>.</p> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Only one <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">PatternMatcher</code> implementation can be used at a time. The two implementations included with Struts 2 are |
| mutually exclusive. You cannot use Wildcards and Named Variable patterns at the same application (if that were required, |
| you’d need to create a custom PatternMatcher implementation).</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Some tags tags not are 100% compatible with variables in the namespace. For instance, they may write the literal |
| namespace into the HTML (eg.: <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/{user}/2w</code>) instead of the path used in the request (ie. <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/brett/24</code>). This usually |
| affects attributes that attempt to guess the namespace of an action (eg. Form tag, Action tag, action=). This problem |
| can be avoided by using HTML tags directly with relative paths or explicit URLs.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p>Similar functionality can also be implemented using a custom <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ActionMapper</code>. The <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ActionMapper</code> will need to parse |
| the namespace and request itself to set parameters on the matched action. The default <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">ActonMapper</code> is responsible |
| for invoking the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">PatternMatcher</code>.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="parameters-after-the-action-name">Parameters after the action name</h2> |
| |
| <p>To use parameters in the URL, after the action name, make sure this is set:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.enable.SlashesInActionNames"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"true"</span><span class="nt">/></span> |
| <span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.mapper.alwaysSelectFullNamespace"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"false"</span><span class="nt">/></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>Then the action mapping will look like:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><package</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"edit"</span> <span class="na">extends=</span><span class="s">"struts-default"</span> <span class="na">namespace=</span><span class="s">"/edit"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"/person/*"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"org.apache.struts.webapp.example.EditAction"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><param</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"id"</span><span class="nt">></span>{1}<span class="nt"></param></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span>/mainMenu.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| <span class="nt"></package></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>When a URL like <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/edit/person/123</code> is requested, <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">EditAction</code> will be called, and its “id” field will be set to 123.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="advanced-wildcards">Advanced Wildcards</h2> |
| |
| <p>From 2.1.9+ regular expressions can be defined defined in the action name. To use this form of wild card, the following |
| constants must be set:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.enable.SlashesInActionNames"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"true"</span><span class="nt">/></span> |
| <span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.mapper.alwaysSelectFullNamespace"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"false"</span><span class="nt">/></span> |
| <span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.patternMatcher"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"regex"</span> <span class="nt">/></span> |
| |
| <span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.matcher.appendNamedParameters"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"true"</span><span class="nt">/></span> <span class="c"><!-- Required from 2.5.25+ --></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>The regular expressions can be in two forms, the simplest one is <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">{FIELD_NAME}</code>, in which case the field with |
| the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">FIELD_NAME</code> in the action will be populated with the matched text, for example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><package</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"books"</span> <span class="na">extends=</span><span class="s">"struts-default"</span> <span class="na">namespace=</span><span class="s">"/"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"/{type}/content/{title}"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"example.BookAction"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span>/books/content.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| <span class="nt"></package></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>In this example, if the url <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/fiction/content/Frankenstein</code> is requested, BookAction’s field “type” will be set to |
| “fiction”, and the field “title” will be set to “Frankenstein”.</p> |
| |
| <p>The regular expression can also be in the form <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">{FIELD_NAME:REGULAR_EXPRESSION}</code>. The regular expression is a normal |
| Java regular expression. For example:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><package</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"books"</span> <span class="na">extends=</span><span class="s">"struts-default"</span> <span class="na">namespace=</span><span class="s">"/"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"/{type}/{author:.+}/list"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"example.ListBooksAction"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span>/books/list.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| <span class="nt"></package></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>In this example, if the url <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">/philosophy/AynRand/list</code> is requested, ListBooksAction’s field “type” will be set to |
| “philosophy” and “author” to “AynRand”.</p> |
| |
| <p>The matched groups can still be accessed using the <code class="language-plaintext highlighter-rouge">{X}</code> notation, like:</p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><package</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"books"</span> <span class="na">extends=</span><span class="s">"struts-default"</span> <span class="na">namespace=</span><span class="s">"/"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"/books/{ISBN}/content"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"example.BookAction"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span>/books/{1}.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| <span class="nt"></package></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| </section> |
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