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| <a class="edit-on-gh" href="https://github.com/apache/struts-site/edit/master/source/getting-started/themes.md" title="Edit this page on GitHub">Edit on GitHub</a> |
| |
| <a href="index.html" title="back to Getting started"><< back to Getting started</a> |
| |
| <h1 class="no_toc" id="themes">Themes</h1> |
| |
| <ul id="markdown-toc"> |
| <li><a href="#introduction" id="markdown-toc-introduction">Introduction</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#specifying-the-theme-struts-2-should-use" id="markdown-toc-specifying-the-theme-struts-2-should-use">Specifying The Theme Struts 2 Should Use</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#specifying-the-css-used-by-the-struts-2-tag" id="markdown-toc-specifying-the-css-used-by-the-struts-2-tag">Specifying The CSS Used By The Struts 2 Tag</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#creating-and-applying-your-own-themes-for-struts-2-tags" id="markdown-toc-creating-and-applying-your-own-themes-for-struts-2-tags">Creating And Applying Your Own Themes For Struts 2 Tags</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#summary" id="markdown-toc-summary">Summary</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>The example code for this tutorial, <strong>themes</strong>, is available for checkout at <a href="https://github.com/apache/struts-examples">struts-examples</a></p> |
| |
| <h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2> |
| |
| <p>When you use a Struts 2 tag such as <code class="highlighter-rouge">s:select</code> in your web page, the Struts 2 framework generates HTML that styles |
| the appearance and controls the layout of the select control. The style and layout is determined by which Struts 2 theme |
| is set for the tag. Struts 2 comes with three built-in themes: <code class="highlighter-rouge">simple</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhtml</code>, and <code class="highlighter-rouge">css_xhtml</code>. If you don’t specify |
| a theme, then Struts 2 will use the <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhtml</code> theme by default.</p> |
| |
| <p>The <a href="http://struts.apache.org/mail.html">Struts 2 user mailing list</a> is an excellent place to get help. If you are having |
| a problem getting the tutorial example applications to work search the Struts 2 mailing list. If you don’t find an answer |
| to your problem, post a question on the mailing list.</p> |
| |
| <p>For example, this Struts 2 select tag:</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>Struts 2 Select Tag</strong></p> |
| |
| <div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><s:select</span> <span class="na">key=</span><span class="s">"personBean.sport"</span> <span class="na">list=</span><span class="s">"sports"</span> <span class="nt">/></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>generates this HTML markup:</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>HTML Created By Struts 2 Select Tag</strong></p> |
| |
| <div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><tr></span> |
| <span class="nt"><td</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"tdLabel"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><label</span> <span class="na">for=</span><span class="s">"save_personBean_sport"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"label"</span><span class="nt">></span>Favorite sport:<span class="nt"></label></span> |
| <span class="nt"></td></span> |
| <span class="nt"><td></span> |
| <span class="nt"><select</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"personBean.sport"</span> <span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"save_personBean_sport"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><option</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"football"</span><span class="nt">></span>football<span class="nt"></option></span> |
| <span class="nt"><option</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"baseball"</span><span class="nt">></span>baseball<span class="nt"></option></span> |
| <span class="nt"><option</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"basketball"</span> <span class="na">selected=</span><span class="s">"selected"</span><span class="nt">></span>basketball<span class="nt"></option></span> |
| <span class="nt"></select></span> |
| <span class="nt"></td></span> |
| <span class="nt"></tr></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>Notice how the HTML generated uses table tags to control the layout of the label and select HTML. There is also a class, |
| <code class="highlighter-rouge">tdLabel</code>, applied to the table column where the label tag is rendered. Since no theme was specified for the Struts 2 |
| select tag the default <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhmtl</code> theme was used.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="specifying-the-theme-struts-2-should-use">Specifying The Theme Struts 2 Should Use</h2> |
| |
| <p>The Struts 2 tags have a theme attribute you can use to specify which Struts 2 theme should be used when creating the HTML |
| for that tag. The values for the theme attribute are <code class="highlighter-rouge">simple</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhtml</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">css_xhtml</code>, and <code class="highlighter-rouge">ajax</code>. To learn more about these themes |
| visit <a href="../tag-developers/themes-and-templates.html">Themes and Templates Documentation</a>. This tutorial will review |
| the <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhtml</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">css_xhtml</code>, and the <code class="highlighter-rouge">simple</code> themes. The <code class="highlighter-rouge">ajax</code> theme is a special theme used for ajax operations |
| (see <a href="../tag-developers/ajax-theme.html">Ajax Theme in the documentation</a>).</p> |
| |
| <p>You can specify the theme on a per Struts 2 tag basis or you can use one of the following methods to specify what theme |
| Struts 2 should use:</p> |
| |
| <ol> |
| <li>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme</code> attribute on the specific tag</li> |
| <li>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme</code> attribute on a tag’s surrounding form tag</li> |
| <li>The page-scoped attribute named <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme</code></li> |
| <li>The request-scoped attribute named <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme</code></li> |
| <li>The session-scoped attribute named <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme</code></li> |
| <li>The application-scoped attribute named <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme</code></li> |
| <li>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.ui.theme</code> constant in <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code> (defaults to <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhtml</code>)</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <p>Consult <a href="../tag-developers/selecting-themes.html">Selecting Themes</a> for how to set the theme using the above approaches.</p> |
| |
| <p>In the example application, examine <code class="highlighter-rouge">edit.jsp</code>. The theme attribute of the form tag is set to <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhtml</code>. Run the application |
| (see the readme.txt file) and view the source for edit.jsp after it is rendered in your browser. You should see the form |
| HTML tags layout controlled by table tags.</p> |
| |
| <p>Change the theme to <code class="highlighter-rouge">simple</code> for the form’s theme attribute and redeploy the application. Examine the source for <code class="highlighter-rouge">edit.jsp</code> |
| after it is rendered in the browser. You should see that there are no table tags controlling the layout and also there |
| are no label tags for the text fields.</p> |
| |
| <p>Change the theme to <code class="highlighter-rouge">css_xhtml</code> for the form’s theme attribute and redeploy the application. Examine the source for <code class="highlighter-rouge">edit.jsp</code> |
| after it is rendered in the browser. The layout of the form tags is now controlled by div tags and the label tags are back.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="specifying-the-css-used-by-the-struts-2-tag">Specifying The CSS Used By The Struts 2 Tag</h2> |
| |
| <p>Change the theme attribute for the form tag back to xhtml. Notice when you view the source of edit.jsp after it is rendered |
| in the browser that there is a class named tdLabel applied to the table column that contains the label. This CSS class |
| controls the position of the label in the table column. The tdLabel style is defined in <code class="highlighter-rouge">/themes/struts/xhtml/styles.css</code>. |
| The link to this style sheet was included in edit.jsp’s head section when you add the <code class="highlighter-rouge">s:head</code> tag to <code class="highlighter-rouge">edit.jsp</code>.</p> |
| |
| <p>Load this style sheet in your browser (in the example application the link is <a href="http://localhost:8080/themes/struts/xhtml/styles.css">http://localhost:8080/themes/struts/xhtml/styles.css</a> |
| if your Servlet container is running on localhost, port 8080). You’ll see the following:</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>styles.css</strong></p> |
| |
| <div class="language-css highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nc">.label</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">font-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">italic</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="nc">.errorLabel</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">font-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">italic</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nl">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="no">red</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="nc">.errorMessage</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">font-weight</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">bold</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nl">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="no">red</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="nc">.checkboxLabel</span> <span class="p">{}</span> |
| <span class="nc">.checkboxErrorLabel</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="no">red</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="nc">.required</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="no">red</span><span class="p">;}</span> |
| <span class="nc">.tdLabel</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">text-align</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">right</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nl">vertical-align</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">top</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="p">}</span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>So the .label selector renders the label tag’s text in italic. The .tdLabel tag specifies that the text should align |
| to the right and top of the table column.</p> |
| |
| <p>You can override the above selectors by including the same selectors in your page’s head section. For example add |
| the following to the head section of <code class="highlighter-rouge">edit.jsp</code>.</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>Override Label Style</strong></p> |
| |
| <div class="language-html highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><style </span><span class="na">type=</span><span class="s">"text/css"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nc">.label</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nl">color</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="no">blue</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nl">font-style</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">normal</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="nl">font-weight</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nb">bold</span><span class="p">}</span> |
| <span class="nt"></style></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>Now the label tag will render the text in blue, bold, normal (not italics) style.</p> |
| |
| <h2 id="creating-and-applying-your-own-themes-for-struts-2-tags">Creating And Applying Your Own Themes For Struts 2 Tags</h2> |
| |
| <p>The theme templates (simple, xhtml, css_xhtml) can be found in the Struts 2 core jar file. If you expand (extract the files) |
| the Struts 2 core jar file you’ll find folders named <code class="highlighter-rouge">template.css_xhtml</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">template.simple</code>, and <code class="highlighter-rouge">template.xhtml</code>. |
| Those folders contain the templates for the three default Struts 2 themes. In each folder is a file for each Struts 2 tag. |
| For example if you expand the <code class="highlighter-rouge">template.xhtml</code> folder you’ll see the <code class="highlighter-rouge">select.ftl</code> file.</p> |
| |
| <p>The Struts 2 framework uses the FreeMarker template engine to generate the HTML for the Struts 2 tags. That’s why the file |
| extension is <code class="highlighter-rouge">.ftl</code>. You can learn more about FreeMarker by visiting <a href="https://freemarker.apache.org/">https://freemarker.apache.org/</a>.</p> |
| |
| <p>Also in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">template.xhmtl</code> folder is the <code class="highlighter-rouge">styles.css</code> file. This is the <code class="highlighter-rouge">styles.css</code> file that your application will use |
| if it uses the <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhtml</code> theme.</p> |
| |
| <p>Let’s say we wanted to create our own theme that will change how the Struts 2 checkboxlist tag displays the checkboxes |
| and their labels.</p> |
| |
| <p>In the example application I’ve extended the default XHMTL theme (see file <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme.properties</code> under <code class="highlighter-rouge">src/main/resources/template/KUTheme</code>). |
| The <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code> theme that is part of the XHTML theme only includes a space between each label and the next checkbox |
| (see <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code> in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">template/simple</code> folder in Struts 2 core). That is why all the checkboxes are displayed |
| across the width of the browser window. For my custom checkboxlist theme I want to have a break tag after each label tag |
| so that each checkbox and its label will be on their own line.</p> |
| |
| <p>In the example application there is a folder named <code class="highlighter-rouge">src/main/resources/template/KUTheme</code>. In that folder is a <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code>, |
| the contents of which I originally copied from the <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code> that is in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">templates.xhtml</code> folder from |
| the Struts 2 core jar.</p> |
| |
| <p>I then modified the <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code> in the KUTheme folder to be:</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>Modified checkboxlist.ftl</strong></p> |
| |
| <pre><code class="language-ftl"><#include "/${parameters.templateDir}/${parameters.expandTheme}/controlheader.ftl" /> |
| |
| <#include "/${parameters.templateDir}/KUTheme_simple/checkboxlist.ftl" /> |
| |
| <#include "/${parameters.templateDir}/${parameters.expandTheme}/controlfooter.ftl" /><#nt/> |
| </code></pre> |
| |
| <p>Be sure to note the change to the second line—using KUTheme_simple in the path.</p> |
| |
| <p>Then in the example application I created a KUTheme_simple folder under <code class="highlighter-rouge">src/main/resources/template</code> (optionally you |
| can place it under <code class="highlighter-rouge">webapp</code>, e.g. <code class="highlighter-rouge">src/main/webapp/template</code> ). In that folder I created <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code> and copied |
| the contents from <code class="highlighter-rouge">template.simple</code> <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code> (again found in the Struts 2 core jar). After copying the contents |
| to <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code> that is in <code class="highlighter-rouge">KUTheme_simple</code> folder, I modified <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code> so that the label tag has a style |
| of red bold text and I added a break tag after each label so that each check box and label will be on its own line.</p> |
| |
| <p>Since the XHTML theme is the default theme and I have a <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme.properties</code> file defined with <code class="highlighter-rouge">parent = xhtml</code>, |
| the KUTheme will inherit all the themes from xhmtl except for the theme for the checkboxlist tag since my KUTheme includes |
| a definition for that tag’s layout. In the <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code> file (<code class="highlighter-rouge">src/main/resources</code>) you will see that the I’ve specified |
| the default theme to be KUTheme.</p> |
| |
| <p>In the deployed web application, Struts 2 will first look for a tag’s template on the application’s class path and if it |
| doesn’t find the template there it will use the default template that is part of the Struts 2 core jar. Since we’ve |
| added a template folder to the application’s web root, now when Struts 2 creates the HTML to display the checkboxlist |
| tag it will use the template that is in the KUTheme folder (which tells it to use the <code class="highlighter-rouge">checkboxlist.ftl</code> file that is |
| in the KUTheme_simple folder instead of the one in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">template.simple</code> folder that is part of the Struts 2 core Jar).</p> |
| |
| <p>After redeploying the application the check boxes for the Car Models Owned should appear like:</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="attachments/att23527657_Screen shot 2010-09-11 at 12.37.12 PM.png" alt="Screen shot 2010-09-11 at 12.37.12 PM.png" /></p> |
| |
| <h2 id="summary">Summary</h2> |
| |
| <p>You can easily override the default theme used by Struts 2 to control the appearance and layout of a Struts 2 tag. Each |
| Struts 2 tag has an associated template file (e.g. <code class="highlighter-rouge">select.ftl</code>) that is in a folder named after the theme (e.g. xhtml). |
| By default the Struts framework will look in the Struts 2 core Jar file for the theme folder and templates. However, |
| if you include your own theme folder (e.g. KUTheme) under webapp/template (or WebContent/template in the Ant version) |
| and specify that folder name (e.g. KUTheme) as the value for the theme attribute, then the Struts 2 framework will look |
| in that theme folder for the tag’s template.</p> |
| |
| <p>To learn more about how to use the Struts 2 themes and how you can override them, visit <a href="../tag-developers/themes-and-templates.html">Themes and Templates Documentation</a> .</p> |
| |
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| <td>Return to <a href="wildcard-method-selection.html">Wildcard method selection</a></td> |
| <td>or</td> |
| <td>onward to <a href="spring.html">Spring and Struts 2</a></td> |
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