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| <h1 class="no_toc" id="hello-world-using-struts-2">Hello World Using Struts 2</h1> |
| |
| <ul id="markdown-toc"> |
| <li><a href="#description" id="markdown-toc-description">Description</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#the-code" id="markdown-toc-the-code">The Code</a> <ul> |
| <li><a href="#step-1---create-the-model-class-messagestorejava" id="markdown-toc-step-1---create-the-model-class-messagestorejava">Step 1 - Create The Model Class MessageStore.java</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#step-2---create-the-action-class-helloworldactionjava" id="markdown-toc-step-2---create-the-action-class-helloworldactionjava">Step 2 - Create The Action Class HelloWorldAction.java</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#step-3---create-the-view-helloworldjsp" id="markdown-toc-step-3---create-the-view-helloworldjsp">Step 3 - Create The View HelloWorld.jsp</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#step-4---add-the-struts-configuration-in-strutsxml" id="markdown-toc-step-4---add-the-struts-configuration-in-strutsxml">Step 4 - Add The Struts Configuration In struts.xml</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#step-5---create-the-url-action" id="markdown-toc-step-5---create-the-url-action">Step 5 - Create The URL Action</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#step-6---build-the-war-file-and-run-the-application" id="markdown-toc-step-6---build-the-war-file-and-run-the-application">Step 6 - Build the WAR File and Run The Application</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| <li><a href="#how-the-code-works" id="markdown-toc-how-the-code-works">How the Code Works</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#what-to-remember" id="markdown-toc-what-to-remember">What to Remember</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <h2 id="description">Description</h2> |
| |
| <p>When you click on a hyperlink or submit an HTML form in a Struts 2 web application, the input is not sent to another |
| server page, but to a Java class that you provide. These classes are called Actions. After the Action fires, a Result |
| selects a resource to render the response. The resource is generally a server page, but it can also be a PDF file, |
| an Excel spreadsheet, or a Java applet window.</p> |
| |
| <p>Suppose you want to create a simple “Hello World” example that displays a welcome message. After setting up an empty |
| basic Struts 2 web application (see <a href="how-to-create-a-struts2-web-application.html">How To Create A Struts 2 Web Application</a>), |
| to create a “Hello World” example, you need to do four things:</p> |
| |
| <ol> |
| <li>Create a class to store the welcome message (the model)</li> |
| <li>Create a server page to present the message (the view)</li> |
| <li>Create an Action class to control the interaction between the user, the model, and the view (the controller)</li> |
| <li>Create a mapping (<code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code>) to couple the Action class and view</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <p>By creating these components, we are separating the work flow into three well-known concerns: the View, the Model, |
| and the Controller. Separating concerns makes it easier to manage applications as they become more complex.</p> |
| |
| <p>Let’s look at an example model class, Action, server page, and mapping. If you like, fire up your Java IDE, and enter |
| the code as we go.</p> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>This tutorial assumes you’ve completed the <a href="how-to-create-a-struts2-web-application.html">How To Create A Struts 2 Web Application</a> |
| tutorial and have a working basic Struts project. The example code for this tutorial, helloworld, is available for checkout |
| from the Struts 2 GitHub repository at <a href="https://github.com/apache/struts-examples">struts-examples</a>. The example projects |
| use Maven to manage the artifact dependencies and to build the .war files.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <h2 id="the-code">The Code</h2> |
| |
| <p>Let’s modify the basic-struts project to add the following:</p> |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>a model class to store our message</li> |
| <li>a view that displays our message</li> |
| <li>an Action class to act as the controller</li> |
| <li>a configuration that ties everything together</li> |
| </ul> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>The <a href="http://struts.apache.org/mail.html">Struts 2 user mailing list</a> is an excellent place to get help. If you are |
| having a problem getting this application to work search the Struts 2 mailing list. If you don’t find an answer |
| to your problem, post a question on the mailing list.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <h3 id="step-1---create-the-model-class-messagestorejava">Step 1 - Create The Model Class MessageStore.java</h3> |
| |
| <p>Create the <code class="highlighter-rouge">MessageStore</code> class in <code class="highlighter-rouge">src/main/java</code>. Be sure to note the package statement below.</p> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p>Note that in the code shown below the JavaDoc comments are omitted. In the download example, JavaDoc comments are included.</p> |
| </blockquote> |
| |
| <p><strong>MessageStore.java</strong></p> |
| |
| <div class="language-java highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">package</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">struts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">helloworld</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">model</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">MessageStore</span> <span class="o">{</span> |
| <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="nf">MessageStore</span><span class="o">()</span> <span class="o">{</span> |
| <span class="n">message</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s">"Hello Struts User"</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| <span class="o">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">getMessage</span><span class="o">()</span> <span class="o">{</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">message</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| <span class="o">}</span> |
| <span class="o">}</span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>Note the use of the public getter method to allow access to the private message String attribute. The Struts 2 framework |
| requires that objects you want to expose to the view (<code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorld.jsp</code>) follow the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaBean#JavaBean_conventions">JavaBean-style conventions</a>.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="step-2---create-the-action-class-helloworldactionjava">Step 2 - Create The Action Class HelloWorldAction.java</h3> |
| |
| <p>We need an Action class to act as the Controller. The Action class responds to a user action (in this example that action |
| will be clicking an HTML hyperlink and sending a specific URL to the Servlet container). One or more of the Action class’s |
| methods are executed and a String result is returned. Based on the value of the result, a specific view page (in this |
| example that view page is <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorld.jsp</code>) is rendered.</p> |
| |
| <p>Note the package and import statements below.</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>HelloWorldAction.java</strong></p> |
| |
| <div class="language-java highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">package</span> <span class="n">org</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">apache</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">struts</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">helloworld</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">action</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">org.apache.struts.helloworld.model.MessageStore</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionSupport</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">HelloWorldAction</span> <span class="kd">extends</span> <span class="n">ActionSupport</span> <span class="o">{</span> |
| <span class="kd">private</span> <span class="n">MessageStore</span> <span class="n">messageStore</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">execute</span><span class="o">()</span> <span class="o">{</span> |
| <span class="n">messageStore</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">MessageStore</span><span class="o">()</span> <span class="o">;</span> |
| |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">SUCCESS</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| <span class="o">}</span> |
| |
| <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">MessageStore</span> <span class="nf">getMessageStore</span><span class="o">()</span> <span class="o">{</span> |
| <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">messageStore</span><span class="o">;</span> |
| <span class="o">}</span> |
| <span class="o">}</span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <p>The Struts 2 framework will create an object of the <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorldAction</code> class and call the execute method in response to |
| a user’s action (clicking on a hyperlink that sends a specific URL to the Servlet container).</p> |
| |
| <p>In this example, the execute method creates an object of class <code class="highlighter-rouge">MessageStore</code> and then returns the String constant <code class="highlighter-rouge">SUCCESS</code>.</p> |
| |
| <p>Note also the public getter method for the private <code class="highlighter-rouge">MessageStore</code> object. Since we want to make the <code class="highlighter-rouge">MessageStore</code> object |
| available to the view page, <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorld.jsp</code>, we need to follow the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaBean#JavaBean_conventions">JavaBean-style</a> |
| of providing getter and setter methods where needed.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="step-3---create-the-view-helloworldjsp">Step 3 - Create The View HelloWorld.jsp</h3> |
| |
| <p>We need a server page to present the message that is stored in the model class <code class="highlighter-rouge">MessageStore</code>. Create the below JSP in |
| the <code class="highlighter-rouge">src/main/webapp</code> folder.</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>HelloWorld.jsp</strong></p> |
| |
| <pre><code class="language-jsp"><!DOCTYPE html> |
| <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %> |
| <%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %> |
| <html> |
| <head> |
| <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> |
| <title>Hello World!</title> |
| </head> |
| <body> |
| <h2><s:property value="messageStore.message" /></h2> |
| </body> |
| </html> |
| </code></pre> |
| |
| <p>The taglib directive tells the Servlet container that this page will be using the Struts 2 tags and that these tags will |
| be preceded by an <code class="highlighter-rouge">s</code>.</p> |
| |
| <p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge"><s:property></code> tag displays the value returned by calling the method <code class="highlighter-rouge">getMessageStore</code> of the <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorldAction</code> |
| controller class. That method returns a <code class="highlighter-rouge">MessageStore</code> object. By adding the <code class="highlighter-rouge">.message</code> onto the messageStore part of |
| the value attribute we are telling the Struts 2 framework to call the <code class="highlighter-rouge">getMessage</code> method of that <code class="highlighter-rouge">MessageStore</code> object. |
| The <code class="highlighter-rouge">getMessage</code> method of class <code class="highlighter-rouge">MessageStore</code> returns a String. It is that String that will be displayed by the <code class="highlighter-rouge"><s:property></code> tag.</p> |
| |
| <p>We’ll learn more about tags in the next tutorial. See the <em>Struts Tags</em> for more information about tags.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="step-4---add-the-struts-configuration-in-strutsxml">Step 4 - Add The Struts Configuration In struts.xml</h3> |
| |
| <p>We need a mapping to tie the URL, the <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorldAction</code> class (controller), and the <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorld.jsp</code> (the view) together. |
| The mapping tells the Struts 2 framework which class will respond to the user’s action (the URL), which method of that |
| class will be executed, and what view to render based on the String result that method returns.</p> |
| |
| <p>Edit the <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code> file (in the Mvn project that file is in the <code class="highlighter-rouge">src/main/resources</code> folder) to add the action mapping. |
| Place the action node (action <code class="highlighter-rouge">name="hello"</code>) between the opening and closing package node, just after the action mapping |
| with the <code class="highlighter-rouge">name="index"</code>. Your complete <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code> should look like:</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>struts.xml</strong></p> |
| |
| <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="cp"><?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?></span> |
| <span class="cp"><!DOCTYPE struts PUBLIC |
| "-//Apache Software Foundation//DTD Struts Configuration 2.5//EN" |
| "http://struts.apache.org/dtds/struts-2.5.dtd"></span> |
| <span class="nt"><struts></span> |
| <span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.devMode"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"true"</span> <span class="nt">/></span> |
| |
| <span class="nt"><package</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"basicstruts2"</span> <span class="na">extends=</span><span class="s">"struts-default"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"index"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result></span>/index.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| |
| <span class="nt"><action</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"hello"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"org.apache.struts.helloworld.action.HelloWorldAction"</span> <span class="na">method=</span><span class="s">"execute"</span><span class="nt">></span> |
| <span class="nt"><result</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"success"</span><span class="nt">></span>/HelloWorld.jsp<span class="nt"></result></span> |
| <span class="nt"></action></span> |
| <span class="nt"></package></span> |
| <span class="nt"></struts></span> |
| </code></pre></div></div> |
| |
| <h3 id="step-5---create-the-url-action">Step 5 - Create The URL Action</h3> |
| |
| <p>Let’s add an Action URL inside <code class="highlighter-rouge">index.jsp</code> (see <code class="highlighter-rouge">src/main/webapp</code> folder) so the user can click on a link to tell the Struts 2 |
| framework to run the execute method of the <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorldAction</code> class and render the <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorld.jsp</code> view.</p> |
| |
| <p>First add the taglib directive at the top of the jsp <code class="highlighter-rouge"><%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %></code>. Next add this <code class="highlighter-rouge">p</code> tag |
| <code class="highlighter-rouge"><p><a href="<s:url action='hello'/>">Hello World</a></p></code> after the h1 tag. Your new index.jsp should look like:</p> |
| |
| <p><strong>index.jsp</strong></p> |
| |
| <pre><code class="language-jsp"><!DOCTYPE html> |
| <%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8" %> |
| <%@ taglib prefix="s" uri="/struts-tags" %> |
| <html> |
| <head> |
| <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> |
| <title>Basic Struts 2 Application - Welcome</title> |
| </head> |
| <body> |
| <h1>Welcome To Struts 2!</h1> |
| <p><a href="<s:url action='hello'/>">Hello World</a></p> |
| </body> |
| </html> |
| </code></pre> |
| |
| <p>The Struts url tag creates the URL with an action of hello. The hello action was mapped to the <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorldAction</code> class |
| and its <code class="highlighter-rouge">execute</code> method. When the user clicks on the above URL it will cause the Struts 2 framework to run the execute |
| method of the <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorldAction</code> class. After that method returns the String <code class="highlighter-rouge">success</code> (constant <code class="highlighter-rouge">SUCCESS</code>), the view |
| page <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorld.jsp</code> will be rendered.</p> |
| |
| <h3 id="step-6---build-the-war-file-and-run-the-application">Step 6 - Build the WAR File and Run The Application</h3> |
| |
| <p>Execute <code class="highlighter-rouge">mvn jetty:run</code> to run the application.</p> |
| |
| <p>Go to this URL <a href="http://localhost:8080/helloworld/index.action">http://localhost:8080/helloworld/index.action</a> where you |
| should see the following:</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="attachments/helloworld_index_action.png" alt="helloworld_index_action.png" /></p> |
| |
| <p>Click on the Hello World link and you should get the HelloWorld.jsp page:</p> |
| |
| <p><img src="attachments/helloworld_hello_action.png" alt="helloworld_hello_action.png" /></p> |
| |
| <h2 id="how-the-code-works">How the Code Works</h2> |
| |
| <p>Your browser sends to the web server a request for the URL <a href="http://localhost:8080/helloworld/hello.action">http://localhost:8080/helloworld/hello.action</a>.</p> |
| |
| <ol> |
| <li>The container receives from the web server a request for the resource <code class="highlighter-rouge">hello.action</code>. According to the settings loaded |
| from the <a href="../core-developers/web-xml.html">web.xml</a>, the container finds that all requests are being routed to |
| <code class="highlighter-rouge">org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.filter.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</code>, including the <code class="highlighter-rouge">*.action</code> requests. |
| The <code class="highlighter-rouge">StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter</code> is the entry point into the framework.</li> |
| <li>The framework looks for an action mapping named “hello”, and it finds that this mapping corresponds to the class |
| <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorldAction</code>. The framework instantiates the Action and calls the Action’s <code class="highlighter-rouge">execute</code> method.</li> |
| <li>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">execute</code> method creates the MessageStore object and returns <code class="highlighter-rouge">SUCCESS</code> (=<code class="highlighter-rouge">"success"</code>). The framework checks |
| the action mapping to see what page to load if <code class="highlighter-rouge">SUCCESS</code> is returned. The framework tells the container to render |
| as the response to the request, the resource <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorld.jsp</code>.</li> |
| <li>As the page <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorld.jsp</code> is being processed, the <code class="highlighter-rouge"><s:property value="messageStore.message" /></code> tag calls the getter |
| <code class="highlighter-rouge">getMessageStore</code> of the <code class="highlighter-rouge">HelloWorld</code> Action and then calls the <code class="highlighter-rouge">getMessage</code> of the MessageStore object returned |
| by <code class="highlighter-rouge">getMessageStore</code>. The tag merges the value of the message attribute into the response.</li> |
| <li>A pure HTML response is sent back to the browser.</li> |
| </ol> |
| |
| <h2 id="what-to-remember">What to Remember</h2> |
| |
| <p>The framework uses Actions to process HTML forms and other requests. The <code class="highlighter-rouge">Action</code> class returns a result-name such |
| as <code class="highlighter-rouge">SUCCESS</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">ERROR</code> or <code class="highlighter-rouge">INPUT</code>. Based on the mappings loaded from the <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code>, a given result-name may select |
| a page (as in this example), another action, or some other web resource (image, PDF).</p> |
| |
| <p>When a server page is rendered, most often it will include dynamic data provided by the Action. To make it easy to display |
| dynamic data, the framework provides a set of tags that can be used along with HTML markup to create a server page.</p> |
| |
| <table> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td>Return to <a href="how-to-create-a-struts2-web-application.html">How to create a Struts 2 web application</a></td> |
| <td>or</td> |
| <td>onward to <a href="using-tags.html">Using Struts 2 Tags</a></td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| |
| </section> |
| </article> |
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