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 <article class="container">
   <section class="col-md-12">
     <a class="edit-on-gh" href="https://github.com/apache/struts-site/edit/master/source/tag-developers/extending-themes.md" title="Edit this page on GitHub">Edit on GitHub</a>

     <h1 class="no_toc" id="extending-themes">Extending Themes</h1>

 <ul id="markdown-toc">
   <li><a href="#creating-a-new-theme-from-scratch" id="markdown-toc-creating-a-new-theme-from-scratch">Creating a New Theme from Scratch</a></li>
   <li><a href="#wrapping-an-existing-theme" id="markdown-toc-wrapping-an-existing-theme">Wrapping an Existing Theme</a>    <ul>
       <li><a href="#wrapping-a-control" id="markdown-toc-wrapping-a-control">Wrapping a control</a></li>
       <li><a href="#extending-an-existing-theme" id="markdown-toc-extending-an-existing-theme">Extending an Existing Theme</a></li>
     </ul>
   </li>
   <li><a href="#special-parameters" id="markdown-toc-special-parameters">Special parameters</a></li>
 </ul>

 <p>Most often, an application may just need to override a template (see <a href="template-loading.html">Template Loading</a>) so that
 a certain control renders differently. Or, an application may need to add a new template to an existing theme. Other
 times, you might want to create an entirely new theme, perhaps because you are building a rich set of unique and reusable
 templates for your organization.</p>

 <p>There are three ways to create new themes:</p>

 <ul>
   <li>Create a new theme from scratch (<strong>hard!</strong>)</li>
   <li>Wrap an existing theme</li>
   <li>Extend an existing theme</li>
 </ul>

 <h2 id="creating-a-new-theme-from-scratch">Creating a New Theme from Scratch</h2>

 <p>It’s probably never a good idea to create a new theme from scratch. Instead, use the <a href="simple-theme.html">simple theme</a>
 as a starting point. The simple theme provides just enough foundation to make it easy to create new controls by extending
 or wrapping the basic controls. Before starting a new theme, be sure to review the source templates for all of the provided
 themes. The existing themes are your best guide to creating new themes.</p>

 <h2 id="wrapping-an-existing-theme">Wrapping an Existing Theme</h2>

 <p>The <a href="xhtml-theme.html">xhtml theme</a> provides several good examples of the “wrapping” technique.
 The <a href="simple-theme.html">simple theme</a> renders the basic control. The xhtml theme “dresses up” many of the controls
 by adding a header and footer.</p>

 <h3 id="wrapping-a-control">Wrapping a control</h3>

 <pre><code class="language-ftl">&lt;#include "/${parameters.templateDir}/${parameters.expandTheme}/controlheader.ftl" /&gt;
 &lt;#include "/${parameters.templateDir}/simple/xxx.ftl" /&gt;
 &lt;#include "/${parameters.templateDir}/${parameters.expandTheme}/controlfooter.ftl" /&gt;
 </code></pre>

 <p>Wrapping is a great way to augment the basic HTML elements provided by the simple theme.</p>

 <h3 id="extending-an-existing-theme">Extending an Existing Theme</h3>

 <p>One benefit of object-orientated programming is that it lets us “design by difference.” We can extend an object and code
 only the behaviour that changes. Themes provide a similar capability. The subdirectory that hosts a theme can contain
 a <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme.properties</code> file. A <code class="highlighter-rouge">parent</code> entry can be added to the property file to designate a theme to extend.
 The <a href="ajax-theme.html">ajax theme</a> extends the <a href="xhtml-theme.html">xhtml theme</a> using this technique.</p>

 <p><strong>/template/ajax/theme.properties</strong></p>

 <div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>parent = xhtml
 </code></pre></div></div>

 <p>An extended theme does not need to implement every single template that the <a href="struts-tags.html">Struts Tags</a> expect.
 It only needs to implement the templates that change. The other templates are loaded from the parent template.</p>

 <h2 id="special-parameters">Special parameters</h2>

 <p><a href="http://struts.apache.org/maven/struts2-core/apidocs/org/apache/struts2/components/UIBean.html">UIBean</a> provides few
 special parameters which can be used to build a new template (they are already used in <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhtml</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">css_xhtml</code> theme):</p>

 <ul>
   <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">templateDir</code> - current value of templateDir parameter, see <a href="selecting-template-directory.html">Selecting Template Directory</a></li>
   <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">theme</code> - used theme, see <a href="selecting-themes.html">Selecting Themes</a></li>
   <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">template</code> - name of the template file to use (i.e. text)</li>
   <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">themeExpansionToken</code> - a special token used to indicate to search for a template also in parent theme (when used with
 <code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;#include /&gt;</code> directive)</li>
   <li><code class="highlighter-rouge">expandTheme</code> - tells internal template loader mechanism to try load template from current theme and then from parent
 theme (and parent theme, and so on)</li>
 </ul>

 <p>Using <code class="highlighter-rouge">expandTheme</code> parameter allows to override only some parts of the theme’s templates, e.g. <code class="highlighter-rouge">css.ftl</code>. You can
 define a new theme (set <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme.properties</code>) and override just single file.</p>

 <p><code class="highlighter-rouge">${parameters.expandTheme}</code> is a recurrence which tells <code class="highlighter-rouge">ThemeManager</code> to load template from current theme and then
 from parent theme (defined in <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme.properties</code>) and so on.</p>

 <p>Please also notice that the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ThemeManager</code> builds list of possible templates based on current theme and inherited
 themes (<code class="highlighter-rouge">/template/custom/textarea.ftl</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">/template/xhtml/textarea.ftl</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">/template/simple/textarea.ftl</code>). This is also
 true for templates which are loaded via <code class="highlighter-rouge">${parameters.expandTheme}</code>.</p>

 <blockquote>
   <p>See also example <a href="">Struts 2 Themes</a> or <a href="http://www.vitarara.org/cms/struts_2_cookbook/creating_a_theme">Creating a Theme in Struts 2</a> (Mark Menard)</p>
 </blockquote>

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	<article class="container">
	<section class="col-md-12">
	<a class="edit-on-gh" href="https://github.com/apache/struts-site/edit/master/source/tag-developers/extending-themes.md" title="Edit this page on GitHub">Edit on GitHub</a>

	<h1 class="no_toc" id="extending-themes">Extending Themes</h1>

	<ul id="markdown-toc">
	<li><a href="#creating-a-new-theme-from-scratch" id="markdown-toc-creating-a-new-theme-from-scratch">Creating a New Theme from Scratch</a></li>
	<li><a href="#wrapping-an-existing-theme" id="markdown-toc-wrapping-an-existing-theme">Wrapping an Existing Theme</a> <ul>
	<li><a href="#wrapping-a-control" id="markdown-toc-wrapping-a-control">Wrapping a control</a></li>
	<li><a href="#extending-an-existing-theme" id="markdown-toc-extending-an-existing-theme">Extending an Existing Theme</a></li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="#special-parameters" id="markdown-toc-special-parameters">Special parameters</a></li>
	</ul>

	<p>Most often, an application may just need to override a template (see <a href="template-loading.html">Template Loading</a>) so that
	a certain control renders differently. Or, an application may need to add a new template to an existing theme. Other
	times, you might want to create an entirely new theme, perhaps because you are building a rich set of unique and reusable
	templates for your organization.</p>

	<p>There are three ways to create new themes:</p>

	<ul>
	<li>Create a new theme from scratch (<strong>hard!</strong>)</li>
	<li>Wrap an existing theme</li>
	<li>Extend an existing theme</li>
	</ul>

	<h2 id="creating-a-new-theme-from-scratch">Creating a New Theme from Scratch</h2>

	<p>It’s probably never a good idea to create a new theme from scratch. Instead, use the <a href="simple-theme.html">simple theme</a>
	as a starting point. The simple theme provides just enough foundation to make it easy to create new controls by extending
	or wrapping the basic controls. Before starting a new theme, be sure to review the source templates for all of the provided
	themes. The existing themes are your best guide to creating new themes.</p>

	<h2 id="wrapping-an-existing-theme">Wrapping an Existing Theme</h2>

	<p>The <a href="xhtml-theme.html">xhtml theme</a> provides several good examples of the “wrapping” technique.
	The <a href="simple-theme.html">simple theme</a> renders the basic control. The xhtml theme “dresses up” many of the controls
	by adding a header and footer.</p>

	<h3 id="wrapping-a-control">Wrapping a control</h3>

	<pre><code class="language-ftl"><#include "/${parameters.templateDir}/${parameters.expandTheme}/controlheader.ftl" />
	<#include "/${parameters.templateDir}/simple/xxx.ftl" />
	<#include "/${parameters.templateDir}/${parameters.expandTheme}/controlfooter.ftl" />
	</code></pre>

	<p>Wrapping is a great way to augment the basic HTML elements provided by the simple theme.</p>

	<h3 id="extending-an-existing-theme">Extending an Existing Theme</h3>

	<p>One benefit of object-orientated programming is that it lets us “design by difference.” We can extend an object and code
	only the behaviour that changes. Themes provide a similar capability. The subdirectory that hosts a theme can contain
	a <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme.properties</code> file. A <code class="highlighter-rouge">parent</code> entry can be added to the property file to designate a theme to extend.
	The <a href="ajax-theme.html">ajax theme</a> extends the <a href="xhtml-theme.html">xhtml theme</a> using this technique.</p>

	<p><strong>/template/ajax/theme.properties</strong></p>

	<div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>parent = xhtml
	</code></pre></div></div>

	<p>An extended theme does not need to implement every single template that the <a href="struts-tags.html">Struts Tags</a> expect.
	It only needs to implement the templates that change. The other templates are loaded from the parent template.</p>

	<h2 id="special-parameters">Special parameters</h2>

	<p><a href="http://struts.apache.org/maven/struts2-core/apidocs/org/apache/struts2/components/UIBean.html">UIBean</a> provides few
	special parameters which can be used to build a new template (they are already used in <code class="highlighter-rouge">xhtml</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">css_xhtml</code> theme):</p>

	<ul>
	<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">templateDir</code> - current value of templateDir parameter, see <a href="selecting-template-directory.html">Selecting Template Directory</a></li>
	<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">theme</code> - used theme, see <a href="selecting-themes.html">Selecting Themes</a></li>
	<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">template</code> - name of the template file to use (i.e. text)</li>
	<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">themeExpansionToken</code> - a special token used to indicate to search for a template also in parent theme (when used with
	<code class="highlighter-rouge"><#include /></code> directive)</li>
	<li><code class="highlighter-rouge">expandTheme</code> - tells internal template loader mechanism to try load template from current theme and then from parent
	theme (and parent theme, and so on)</li>
	</ul>

	<p>Using <code class="highlighter-rouge">expandTheme</code> parameter allows to override only some parts of the theme’s templates, e.g. <code class="highlighter-rouge">css.ftl</code>. You can
	define a new theme (set <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme.properties</code>) and override just single file.</p>

	<p><code class="highlighter-rouge">${parameters.expandTheme}</code> is a recurrence which tells <code class="highlighter-rouge">ThemeManager</code> to load template from current theme and then
	from parent theme (defined in <code class="highlighter-rouge">theme.properties</code>) and so on.</p>

	<p>Please also notice that the <code class="highlighter-rouge">ThemeManager</code> builds list of possible templates based on current theme and inherited
	themes (<code class="highlighter-rouge">/template/custom/textarea.ftl</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">/template/xhtml/textarea.ftl</code>, <code class="highlighter-rouge">/template/simple/textarea.ftl</code>). This is also
	true for templates which are loaded via <code class="highlighter-rouge">${parameters.expandTheme}</code>.</p>

	<blockquote>
	<p>See also example <a href="">Struts 2 Themes</a> or <a href="http://www.vitarara.org/cms/struts_2_cookbook/creating_a_theme">Creating a Theme in Struts 2</a> (Mark Menard)</p>
	</blockquote>

	</section>
	</article>


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