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     <a href="index.html" title="back to Core Developers Guide"><< back to Core Developers Guide</a>
     <a class="edit-on-gh" href="https://github.com/apache/struts-site/edit/master/source/core-developers/writing-interceptors.md" title="Edit this page on GitHub">Edit on GitHub</a>
     <h1 id="writing-interceptors">Writing Interceptors</h1>

 <p>See the <a href="interceptors.html">Interceptors</a> page for an overview of how interceptors work.</p>

 <h2 id="interceptor-interface">Interceptor interface</h2>

 <p>Interceptors must implement the <code class="highlighter-rouge">com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.Interceptor</code> interface.</p>

 <p><strong>Interceptor.java</strong></p>

 <div class="language-java highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">Interceptor</span> <span class="kd">extends</span> <span class="n">Serializable</span> <span class="o">{</span>

     <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">destroy</span><span class="o">();</span>

     <span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">init</span><span class="o">();</span>

     <span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">intercept</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">ActionInvocation</span> <span class="n">invocation</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="kd">throws</span> <span class="n">Exception</span><span class="o">;</span>
 <span class="o">}</span>
 </code></pre></div></div>

 <p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">init</code> method is called the after interceptor is instantiated and before calling <code class="highlighter-rouge">intercept</code>. This is the place
 to allocate any resources used by the interceptor.</p>

 <p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">intercept</code> method is where the interceptor code is written. Just like an action method, <code class="highlighter-rouge">intercept</code> returns
 a result used by Struts to forward the request to another web resource. Calling <code class="highlighter-rouge">invoke</code> on the parameter of type
 <code class="highlighter-rouge">ActionInvocation</code> will execute the action (if this is the last interceptor on the stack) or another interceptor.</p>

 <blockquote>
   <p>Keep in mind that <code class="highlighter-rouge">invoke</code> will return <strong>after</strong> the result has been called (eg. after you JSP has been rendered),
 making it perfect for things like open-session-in-view patterns. If you want to do something before the result gets
 called, you should implement a <code class="highlighter-rouge">PreResultListener</code>.</p>
 </blockquote>

 <p>Overwrite <code class="highlighter-rouge">destroy</code> to release resources on application shutdown.</p>

 <h2 id="thread-safety">Thread Safety</h2>

 <p><strong>Interceptors must be thread-safe!</strong></p>

 <blockquote>
   <p>A Struts 2 Action instance is created for every request and do not need to be thread-safe. Conversely, Interceptors
 are shared between requests and must be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread-safety">thread-safe</a>.</p>
 </blockquote>

 <h2 id="abstractinterceptor">AbstractInterceptor</h2>

 <p>The AbstractInterceptor class provides an empty implementation of <code class="highlighter-rouge">init</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">destroy</code>, and can be used if these
 methods are not going to be implemented.</p>

 <h2 id="mapping">Mapping</h2>

 <p>Interceptors are declared using the <code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;interceptor/&gt;</code> element, nested inside the <code class="highlighter-rouge">&lt;interceptors/&gt;</code> element.
 Example from <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts-default.xml</code>:</p>

 <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;struts&gt;</span>
    ...

    <span class="nt">&lt;package</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts-default"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>
       <span class="nt">&lt;interceptors&gt;</span>
          <span class="nt">&lt;interceptor</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"alias"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AliasInterceptor"</span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
          <span class="nt">&lt;interceptor</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"autowiring"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.interceptor.ActionAutowiringInterceptor"</span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
          ...
       <span class="nt">&lt;/interceptors&gt;</span>
    <span class="nt">&lt;/package&gt;</span>

    ...
 <span class="nt">&lt;/struts&gt;</span>
 </code></pre></div></div>

 <h3 id="example">Example</h3>

 <p>Assuming there is an action of type “MyAction”, with a setDate(Date) method, this simple interceptor will set the date
 of the action to the current date:</p>

 <p><strong>Interceptor Example</strong></p>

 <div class="language-java highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionInvocation</span><span class="o">;</span>
 <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AbstractInterceptor</span><span class="o">;</span>

 <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">SimpleInterceptor</span> <span class="kd">extends</span> <span class="n">AbstractInterceptor</span> <span class="o">{</span>

     <span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">intercept</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">ActionInvocation</span> <span class="n">invocation</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="kd">throws</span> <span class="n">Exception</span> <span class="o">{</span>
        <span class="n">MyAction</span> <span class="n">action</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">MyAction</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="n">invocation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">getAction</span><span class="o">();</span>
        <span class="n">action</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">setDate</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Date</span><span class="o">());</span>
        <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">invocation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">invoke</span><span class="o">();</span>
     <span class="o">}</span>
 <span class="o">}</span>
 </code></pre></div></div>

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	<a href="index.html" title="back to Core Developers Guide"><< back to Core Developers Guide</a>
	<a class="edit-on-gh" href="https://github.com/apache/struts-site/edit/master/source/core-developers/writing-interceptors.md" title="Edit this page on GitHub">Edit on GitHub</a>
	<h1 id="writing-interceptors">Writing Interceptors</h1>

	<p>See the <a href="interceptors.html">Interceptors</a> page for an overview of how interceptors work.</p>

	<h2 id="interceptor-interface">Interceptor interface</h2>

	<p>Interceptors must implement the <code class="highlighter-rouge">com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.Interceptor</code> interface.</p>

	<p><strong>Interceptor.java</strong></p>

	<div class="language-java highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">interface</span> <span class="nc">Interceptor</span> <span class="kd">extends</span> <span class="n">Serializable</span> <span class="o">{</span>

	<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">destroy</span><span class="o">();</span>

	<span class="kt">void</span> <span class="nf">init</span><span class="o">();</span>

	<span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">intercept</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">ActionInvocation</span> <span class="n">invocation</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="kd">throws</span> <span class="n">Exception</span><span class="o">;</span>
	<span class="o">}</span>
	</code></pre></div></div>

	<p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">init</code> method is called the after interceptor is instantiated and before calling <code class="highlighter-rouge">intercept</code>. This is the place
	to allocate any resources used by the interceptor.</p>

	<p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">intercept</code> method is where the interceptor code is written. Just like an action method, <code class="highlighter-rouge">intercept</code> returns
	a result used by Struts to forward the request to another web resource. Calling <code class="highlighter-rouge">invoke</code> on the parameter of type
	<code class="highlighter-rouge">ActionInvocation</code> will execute the action (if this is the last interceptor on the stack) or another interceptor.</p>

	<blockquote>
	<p>Keep in mind that <code class="highlighter-rouge">invoke</code> will return <strong>after</strong> the result has been called (eg. after you JSP has been rendered),
	making it perfect for things like open-session-in-view patterns. If you want to do something before the result gets
	called, you should implement a <code class="highlighter-rouge">PreResultListener</code>.</p>
	</blockquote>

	<p>Overwrite <code class="highlighter-rouge">destroy</code> to release resources on application shutdown.</p>

	<h2 id="thread-safety">Thread Safety</h2>

	<p><strong>Interceptors must be thread-safe!</strong></p>

	<blockquote>
	<p>A Struts 2 Action instance is created for every request and do not need to be thread-safe. Conversely, Interceptors
	are shared between requests and must be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thread-safety">thread-safe</a>.</p>
	</blockquote>

	<h2 id="abstractinterceptor">AbstractInterceptor</h2>

	<p>The AbstractInterceptor class provides an empty implementation of <code class="highlighter-rouge">init</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">destroy</code>, and can be used if these
	methods are not going to be implemented.</p>

	<h2 id="mapping">Mapping</h2>

	<p>Interceptors are declared using the <code class="highlighter-rouge"><interceptor/></code> element, nested inside the <code class="highlighter-rouge"><interceptors/></code> element.
	Example from <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts-default.xml</code>:</p>

	<div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><struts></span>
	...

	<span class="nt"><package</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts-default"</span><span class="nt">></span>
	<span class="nt"><interceptors></span>
	<span class="nt"><interceptor</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"alias"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AliasInterceptor"</span><span class="nt">/></span>
	<span class="nt"><interceptor</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"autowiring"</span> <span class="na">class=</span><span class="s">"com.opensymphony.xwork2.spring.interceptor.ActionAutowiringInterceptor"</span><span class="nt">/></span>
	...
	<span class="nt"></interceptors></span>
	<span class="nt"></package></span>

	...
	<span class="nt"></struts></span>
	</code></pre></div></div>

	<h3 id="example">Example</h3>

	<p>Assuming there is an action of type “MyAction”, with a setDate(Date) method, this simple interceptor will set the date
	of the action to the current date:</p>

	<p><strong>Interceptor Example</strong></p>

	<div class="language-java highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionInvocation</span><span class="o">;</span>
	<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">com.opensymphony.xwork2.interceptor.AbstractInterceptor</span><span class="o">;</span>

	<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="kd">class</span> <span class="nc">SimpleInterceptor</span> <span class="kd">extends</span> <span class="n">AbstractInterceptor</span> <span class="o">{</span>

	<span class="kd">public</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="nf">intercept</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="n">ActionInvocation</span> <span class="n">invocation</span><span class="o">)</span> <span class="kd">throws</span> <span class="n">Exception</span> <span class="o">{</span>
	<span class="n">MyAction</span> <span class="n">action</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">(</span><span class="n">MyAction</span><span class="o">)</span><span class="n">invocation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">getAction</span><span class="o">();</span>
	<span class="n">action</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">setDate</span><span class="o">(</span><span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Date</span><span class="o">());</span>
	<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">invocation</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="na">invoke</span><span class="o">();</span>
	<span class="o">}</span>
	<span class="o">}</span>
	</code></pre></div></div>

	</section>
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