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     <a href="index.html" title="back to Core Developers Guide"><< back to Core Developers Guide</a>
     <a class="edit-on-gh" href="https://github.com/apache/struts-site/edit/master/source/core-developers/constant-configuration.md" title="Edit this page on GitHub">Edit on GitHub</a>
     <h1 id="constant-configuration">Constant Configuration</h1>

 <p>Constants provide a simple way to customize a Struts application by defining key settings that modify framework and
 plugin behavior. There are two key roles for constants. First, they are used to override settings like the maximum file
 upload size or whether the Struts framework should be in “devMode” or not, and so on. Second, they specify which
 <a href="bean-configuration.html">Bean</a> implementation, among multiple implementations of a given type, should be chosen.</p>

 <p>Constants can be declared in multiple files. By default, constants are searched for in the following order, allowing
 for subsequent files to override previous ones:</p>

 <ol>
   <li><a href="struts-default-xml.html">struts-default.xml</a></li>
   <li>struts-plugin.xml</li>
   <li><a href="struts-xml.html">struts.xml</a></li>
   <li><a href="struts-properties.html">struts.properties</a></li>
   <li><a href="web-xml.html">web.xml</a></li>
 </ol>

 <blockquote>
   <p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.properties</code> file is provided for backward-compatibility with WebWork.</p>
 </blockquote>

 <h2 id="constant">Constant</h2>

 <p>In the various XML variants, the constant element has two required attributes: <code class="highlighter-rouge">name</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">value</code>.</p>

 <table>
   <thead>
     <tr>
       <th>Attribute</th>
       <th>Required</th>
       <th>Description</th>
     </tr>
   </thead>
   <tbody>
     <tr>
       <td>name</td>
       <td><strong>yes</strong></td>
       <td>the name of the constant</td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td>value</td>
       <td><strong>yes</strong></td>
       <td>the value of the constant</td>
     </tr>
   </tbody>
 </table>

 <p>In the <a href="struts-properties.html">struts.properties</a> file, each entry is treated as a constant.</p>

 <p>In the <a href="web-xml.html">web.xml</a> file, any FilterDispatcher initialization parameters are loaded as constants.</p>

 <h3 id="value-substitution">Value substitution</h3>

 <p>Since Apache Struts 2.5.6 it is possible to use value substitution when defining <code class="highlighter-rouge">constant</code>s in <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code> file.
 You can also define a default value if given System property or ENV variable is missing, see example below:</p>

 <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;struts&gt;</span>
     <span class="nt">&lt;constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"os"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"Current OS = ${os.name}"</span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>

     <span class="nt">&lt;constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.devMode"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"${env.STRUTS_DEV_MODE:false}"</span><span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
 <span class="nt">&lt;/struts&gt;</span>
 </code></pre></div></div>

 <p>Note: substitution is limited to System properties and ENV variables and works only for <code class="highlighter-rouge">constant</code>s (as for now).</p>

 <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>

 <p><strong>Constant Example (struts.xml)</strong></p>

 <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;struts&gt;</span>

   <span class="nt">&lt;constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.devMode"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"true"</span> <span class="nt">/&gt;</span>
   ...

 <span class="nt">&lt;/struts&gt;</span>
 </code></pre></div></div>

 <p><strong>Constant Example (struts.properties)</strong></p>

 <div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>struts.devMode = true
 </code></pre></div></div>

 <p><strong>Constant Example (web.xml)</strong></p>

 <div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt">&lt;web-app</span> <span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"WebApp_9"</span> <span class="na">version=</span><span class="s">"2.4"</span>
 	<span class="na">xmlns=</span><span class="s">"http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee"</span>
 	<span class="na">xmlns:xsi=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"</span>
 	<span class="na">xsi:schemaLocation=</span><span class="s">"http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd"</span><span class="nt">&gt;</span>

     <span class="nt">&lt;filter&gt;</span>
         <span class="nt">&lt;filter-name&gt;</span>struts<span class="nt">&lt;/filter-name&gt;</span>
         <span class="nt">&lt;filter-class&gt;</span>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter<span class="nt">&lt;/filter-class&gt;</span>
         <span class="nt">&lt;init-param&gt;</span>
         	<span class="nt">&lt;param-name&gt;</span>struts.devMode<span class="nt">&lt;/param-name&gt;</span>
         	<span class="nt">&lt;param-value&gt;</span>true<span class="nt">&lt;/param-value&gt;</span>
         <span class="nt">&lt;/init-param&gt;</span>
     <span class="nt">&lt;/filter&gt;</span>

     ...

 <span class="nt">&lt;/web-app&gt;</span>
 </code></pre></div></div>

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	<a href="index.html" title="back to Core Developers Guide"><< back to Core Developers Guide</a>
	<a class="edit-on-gh" href="https://github.com/apache/struts-site/edit/master/source/core-developers/constant-configuration.md" title="Edit this page on GitHub">Edit on GitHub</a>
	<h1 id="constant-configuration">Constant Configuration</h1>

	<p>Constants provide a simple way to customize a Struts application by defining key settings that modify framework and
	plugin behavior. There are two key roles for constants. First, they are used to override settings like the maximum file
	upload size or whether the Struts framework should be in “devMode” or not, and so on. Second, they specify which
	<a href="bean-configuration.html">Bean</a> implementation, among multiple implementations of a given type, should be chosen.</p>

	<p>Constants can be declared in multiple files. By default, constants are searched for in the following order, allowing
	for subsequent files to override previous ones:</p>

	<ol>
	<li><a href="struts-default-xml.html">struts-default.xml</a></li>
	<li>struts-plugin.xml</li>
	<li><a href="struts-xml.html">struts.xml</a></li>
	<li><a href="struts-properties.html">struts.properties</a></li>
	<li><a href="web-xml.html">web.xml</a></li>
	</ol>

	<blockquote>
	<p>The <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.properties</code> file is provided for backward-compatibility with WebWork.</p>
	</blockquote>

	<h2 id="constant">Constant</h2>

	<p>In the various XML variants, the constant element has two required attributes: <code class="highlighter-rouge">name</code> and <code class="highlighter-rouge">value</code>.</p>

	<table>
	<thead>
	<tr>
	<th>Attribute</th>
	<th>Required</th>
	<th>Description</th>
	</tr>
	</thead>
	<tbody>
	<tr>
	<td>name</td>
	<td><strong>yes</strong></td>
	<td>the name of the constant</td>
	</tr>
	<tr>
	<td>value</td>
	<td><strong>yes</strong></td>
	<td>the value of the constant</td>
	</tr>
	</tbody>
	</table>

	<p>In the <a href="struts-properties.html">struts.properties</a> file, each entry is treated as a constant.</p>

	<p>In the <a href="web-xml.html">web.xml</a> file, any FilterDispatcher initialization parameters are loaded as constants.</p>

	<h3 id="value-substitution">Value substitution</h3>

	<p>Since Apache Struts 2.5.6 it is possible to use value substitution when defining <code class="highlighter-rouge">constant</code>s in <code class="highlighter-rouge">struts.xml</code> file.
	You can also define a default value if given System property or ENV variable is missing, see example below:</p>

	<div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><struts></span>
	<span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"os"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"Current OS = ${os.name}"</span><span class="nt">/></span>

	<span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.devMode"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"${env.STRUTS_DEV_MODE:false}"</span><span class="nt">/></span>
	<span class="nt"></struts></span>
	</code></pre></div></div>

	<p>Note: substitution is limited to System properties and ENV variables and works only for <code class="highlighter-rouge">constant</code>s (as for now).</p>

	<h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>

	<p><strong>Constant Example (struts.xml)</strong></p>

	<div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><struts></span>

	<span class="nt"><constant</span> <span class="na">name=</span><span class="s">"struts.devMode"</span> <span class="na">value=</span><span class="s">"true"</span> <span class="nt">/></span>
	...

	<span class="nt"></struts></span>
	</code></pre></div></div>

	<p><strong>Constant Example (struts.properties)</strong></p>

	<div class="highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code>struts.devMode = true
	</code></pre></div></div>

	<p><strong>Constant Example (web.xml)</strong></p>

	<div class="language-xml highlighter-rouge"><div class="highlight"><pre class="highlight"><code><span class="nt"><web-app</span> <span class="na">id=</span><span class="s">"WebApp_9"</span> <span class="na">version=</span><span class="s">"2.4"</span>
	<span class="na">xmlns=</span><span class="s">"http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee"</span>
	<span class="na">xmlns:xsi=</span><span class="s">"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"</span>
	<span class="na">xsi:schemaLocation=</span><span class="s">"http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/j2ee/web-app_2_4.xsd"</span><span class="nt">></span>

	<span class="nt"><filter></span>
	<span class="nt"><filter-name></span>struts<span class="nt"></filter-name></span>
	<span class="nt"><filter-class></span>org.apache.struts2.dispatcher.StrutsPrepareAndExecuteFilter<span class="nt"></filter-class></span>
	<span class="nt"><init-param></span>
	<span class="nt"><param-name></span>struts.devMode<span class="nt"></param-name></span>
	<span class="nt"><param-value></span>true<span class="nt"></param-value></span>
	<span class="nt"></init-param></span>
	<span class="nt"></filter></span>

	...

	<span class="nt"></web-app></span>
	</code></pre></div></div>

	</section>
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