////
  Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
  or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
  distributed with this work for additional information
  regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
  to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
  "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
  with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at

      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under the License.
////

Sqoop Tools
-----------

Sqoop is a collection of related tools. To use Sqoop, you specify the
tool you want to use and the arguments that control the tool.

If Sqoop is compiled from its own source, you can run Sqoop without a formal
installation process by running the +bin/sqoop+ program. Users
of a packaged deployment of Sqoop (such as an RPM shipped with Apache Bigtop)
will see this program installed as +/usr/bin/sqoop+. The remainder of this
documentation will refer to this program as +sqoop+. For example:

----
$ sqoop tool-name [tool-arguments]
----

NOTE: The following examples that begin with a +$+ character indicate
that the commands must be entered at a terminal prompt (such as
+bash+). The +$+ character represents the prompt itself; you should
not start these commands by typing a +$+. You can also enter commands
inline in the text of a paragraph; for example, +sqoop help+. These
examples do not show a +$+ prefix, but you should enter them the same
way.  Don't confuse the +$+ shell prompt in the examples with the +$+
that precedes an environment variable name. For example, the string
literal +$HADOOP_HOME+ includes a "+$+".

Sqoop ships with a help tool. To display a list of all available
tools, type the following command:

----
$ sqoop help
usage: sqoop COMMAND [ARGS]

Available commands:
  codegen            Generate code to interact with database records
  create-hive-table  Import a table definition into Hive
  eval               Evaluate a SQL statement and display the results
  export             Export an HDFS directory to a database table
  help               List available commands
  import             Import a table from a database to HDFS
  import-all-tables  Import tables from a database to HDFS
  import-mainframe   Import mainframe datasets to HDFS
  list-databases     List available databases on a server
  list-tables        List available tables in a database
  version            Display version information

See 'sqoop help COMMAND' for information on a specific command.
----

You can display help for a specific tool by entering: +sqoop help
(tool-name)+; for example, +sqoop help import+.

You can also add the +\--help+ argument to any command: +sqoop import
\--help+.

Using Command Aliases
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In addition to typing the +sqoop (toolname)+ syntax, you can use alias
scripts that specify the +sqoop-(toolname)+ syntax. For example, the
scripts +sqoop-import+, +sqoop-export+, etc. each select a specific
tool.

Controlling the Hadoop Installation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You invoke Sqoop through the program launch capability provided by
Hadoop. The +sqoop+ command-line program is a wrapper which runs the
+bin/hadoop+ script shipped with Hadoop. If you have multiple
installations of Hadoop present on your machine, you can select the
Hadoop installation by setting the +$HADOOP_COMMON_HOME+ and
+$HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME+ environment variables.

For example:

----
$ HADOOP_COMMON_HOME=/path/to/some/hadoop \
  HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME=/path/to/some/hadoop-mapreduce \
  sqoop import --arguments...
----

or:

----
$ export HADOOP_COMMON_HOME=/some/path/to/hadoop
$ export HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME=/some/path/to/hadoop-mapreduce
$ sqoop import --arguments...
-----

If either of these variables are not set, Sqoop will fall back to
+$HADOOP_HOME+. If it is not set either, Sqoop will use the default
installation locations for Apache Bigtop, +/usr/lib/hadoop+ and
+/usr/lib/hadoop-mapreduce+, respectively.

The active Hadoop configuration is loaded from +$HADOOP_HOME/conf/+,
unless the +$HADOOP_CONF_DIR+ environment variable is set.


Using Generic and Specific Arguments
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

To control the operation of each Sqoop tool, you use generic and
specific arguments.

For example:

----
$ sqoop help import
usage: sqoop import [GENERIC-ARGS] [TOOL-ARGS]

Common arguments:
   --connect <jdbc-uri>     Specify JDBC connect string
   --connect-manager <class-name>     Specify connection manager class to use
   --driver <class-name>    Manually specify JDBC driver class to use
   --hadoop-mapred-home <dir>      Override $HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME
   --help                   Print usage instructions
   --password-file          Set path for file containing authentication password
   -P                       Read password from console
   --password <password>    Set authentication password
   --username <username>    Set authentication username
   --verbose                Print more information while working
   --hadoop-home <dir>     Deprecated. Override $HADOOP_HOME

[...]

Generic Hadoop command-line arguments:
(must preceed any tool-specific arguments)
Generic options supported are
-conf <configuration file>     specify an application configuration file
-D <property=value>            use value for given property
-fs <local|namenode:port>      specify a namenode
-jt <local|jobtracker:port>    specify a job tracker
-files <comma separated list of files>    specify comma separated files to be copied to the map reduce cluster
-libjars <comma separated list of jars>    specify comma separated jar files to include in the classpath.
-archives <comma separated list of archives>    specify comma separated archives to be unarchived on the compute machines.

The general command line syntax is
bin/hadoop command [genericOptions] [commandOptions]
----

You must supply the generic arguments +-conf+, +-D+, and so on after the
tool name but *before* any tool-specific arguments (such as
+\--connect+). Note that generic Hadoop arguments are preceeded by a
single dash character (+-+), whereas tool-specific arguments start
with two dashes (+\--+), unless they are single character arguments such as +-P+.

The +-conf+, +-D+, +-fs+ and +-jt+ arguments control the configuration
and Hadoop server settings. For example, the +-D mapred.job.name=<job_name>+ can
be used to set the name of the MR job that Sqoop launches, if not specified,
the name defaults to the jar name for the job - which is derived from the used
table name.

The +-files+, +-libjars+, and +-archives+ arguments are not typically used with
Sqoop, but they are included as part of Hadoop's internal argument-parsing
system.


Using Options Files to Pass Arguments
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When using Sqoop, the command line options that do not change from
invocation to invocation can be put in an options file for convenience.
An options file is a text file where each line identifies an option in
the order that it appears otherwise on the command line. Option files
allow specifying a single option on multiple lines by using the
back-slash character at the end of intermediate lines. Also supported
are comments within option files that begin with the hash character.
Comments must be specified on a new line and may not be mixed with
option text. All comments and empty lines are ignored when option
files are expanded. Unless options appear as quoted strings, any
leading or trailing spaces are ignored. Quoted strings if used must
not extend beyond the line on which they are specified.

Option files can be specified anywhere in the command line as long as
the options within them follow the otherwise prescribed rules of
options ordering. For instance, regardless of where the options are
loaded from, they must follow the ordering such that generic options
appear first, tool specific options next, finally followed by options
that are intended to be passed to child programs.

To specify an options file, simply create an options file in a
convenient location and pass it to the command line via
+\--options-file+ argument.

Whenever an options file is specified, it is expanded on the
command line before the tool is invoked. You can specify more than
one option files within the same invocation if needed.

For example, the following Sqoop invocation for import can
be specified alternatively as shown below:

----
$ sqoop import --connect jdbc:mysql://localhost/db --username foo --table TEST

$ sqoop --options-file /users/homer/work/import.txt --table TEST
----

where the options file +/users/homer/work/import.txt+ contains the following:

----
import
--connect
jdbc:mysql://localhost/db
--username
foo
----

The options file can have empty lines and comments for readability purposes.
So the above example would work exactly the same if the options file
+/users/homer/work/import.txt+ contained the following:

----
#
# Options file for Sqoop import
#

# Specifies the tool being invoked
import

# Connect parameter and value
--connect
jdbc:mysql://localhost/db

# Username parameter and value
--username
foo

#
# Remaining options should be specified in the command line.
#
----

Using Tools
~~~~~~~~~~~

The following sections will describe each tool's operation. The
tools are listed in the most likely order you will find them useful.