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<p>SINGA supports data parallel training across multiple GPUs (on a single node or
across different nodes). The following figure illustrates the data parallel
training:</p>
<p><img src="/docs/assets/MPI.png" alt="MPI.png"></p>
<p>In distributed training, each process (called a worker) runs a training script
over a single GPU. Each process has an individual communication rank. The
training data is partitioned among the workers and the model is replicated on
every worker. In each iteration, the workers read a mini-batch of data (e.g.,
256 images) from its partition and run the BackPropagation algorithm to compute
the gradients of the weights, which are averaged via all-reduce (provided by
<a href="https://developer.nvidia.com/nccl">NCCL</a>) for weight update following
stochastic gradient descent algorithms (SGD).</p>
<p>The all-reduce operation by NCCL can be used to reduce and synchronize the
gradients from different GPUs. Let's consider the training with 4 GPUs as shown
below. Once the gradients from the 4 GPUs are calculated, all-reduce will return the
sum of the gradients over the GPUs and make it available on every GPU. Then the
averaged gradients can be easily calculated.</p>
<p><img src="/docs/assets/AllReduce.png" alt="AllReduce.png"></p>
<h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="usage"></a><a href="#usage" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Usage</h2>
<p>SINGA implements a module called <code>DistOpt</code> for distributed training. It replaces
the normal SGD optimizer for updating the model parameters. The following
example illustrates the usage of <code>DistOpt</code> for training a CNN model over the
MNIST dataset. The full example is available
<a href="https://github.com/apache/singa/blob/master/examples/autograd/mnist_dist.py">here</a>.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="example-code"></a><a href="#example-code" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Example Code</h3>
<ol>
<li>Define the neural network model:</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python"><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title">CNN</span>:</span>
    <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">__init__</span><span class="hljs-params">(self)</span>:</span>
        self.conv1 = autograd.Conv2d(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">20</span>, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, padding=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>)
        self.conv2 = autograd.Conv2d(<span class="hljs-number">20</span>, <span class="hljs-number">50</span>, <span class="hljs-number">5</span>, padding=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>)
        self.linear1 = autograd.Linear(<span class="hljs-number">4</span> * <span class="hljs-number">4</span> * <span class="hljs-number">50</span>, <span class="hljs-number">500</span>)
        self.linear2 = autograd.Linear(<span class="hljs-number">500</span>, <span class="hljs-number">10</span>)
        self.pooling1 = autograd.MaxPool2d(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, padding=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>)
        self.pooling2 = autograd.MaxPool2d(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, padding=<span class="hljs-number">0</span>)

    <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">forward</span><span class="hljs-params">(self, x)</span>:</span>
        y = self.conv1(x)
        y = autograd.relu(y)
        y = self.pooling1(y)
        y = self.conv2(y)
        y = autograd.relu(y)
        y = self.pooling2(y)
        y = autograd.flatten(y)
        y = self.linear1(y)
        y = autograd.relu(y)
        y = self.linear2(y)
        <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> y

<span class="hljs-comment"># create model</span>
model = CNN()
</code></pre>
<ol start="2">
<li>Create the <code>DistOpt</code> instance:</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python">sgd = opt.SGD(lr=<span class="hljs-number">0.005</span>, momentum=<span class="hljs-number">0.9</span>, weight_decay=<span class="hljs-number">1e-5</span>)
sgd = opt.DistOpt(sgd)
dev = device.create_cuda_gpu_on(sgd.local_rank)
</code></pre>
<p>Here are some explanations concerning some variables in the code:</p>
<p>(i) <code>dev</code></p>
<p>dev represents the <code>Device</code> instance, where to load data and run the CNN
model.</p>
<p>(ii)<code>local_rank</code></p>
<p>Local rank represents the GPU number the current process is using in the same node. For example, if you are using a node with 2 GPUs, <code>local_rank=0</code> means that this process is using the first GPU, while <code>local_rank=1</code> means using the second GPU. Using MPI or multiprocess, you are able to run the same training script which is only different in the value of <code>local_rank</code>.</p>
<p>(iii)<code>global_rank</code></p>
<p>Rank in global represents the global rank considered all the processes in all the nodes you are using. Let's consider the case you have 3 nodes and each of the node has two GPUs, <code>global_rank=0</code> means the process using the 1st GPU at the 1st node, <code>global_rank=2</code> means the process using the 1st GPU of the 2nd node, and <code>global_rank=4</code> means the process using the 1st GPU of the 3rd node.</p>
<ol start="3">
<li>Load and partition the training/validation data:</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">data_partition</span><span class="hljs-params">(dataset_x, dataset_y, global_rank, world_size)</span>:</span>
    data_per_rank = dataset_x.shape[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>] // world_size
    idx_start = global_rank * data_per_rank
    idx_end = (global_rank + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>) * data_per_rank
    <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> dataset_x[idx_start:idx_end], dataset_y[idx_start:idx_end]

train_x, train_y, test_x, test_y = load_dataset()
train_x, train_y = data_partition(train_x, train_y,
                                  sgd.global_rank, sgd.world_size)
test_x, test_y = data_partition(test_x, test_y,
                                sgd.global_rank, sgd.world_size)
</code></pre>
<p>A partition of the dataset is returned for this <code>dev</code>.</p>
<ol start="4">
<li>Initialize and synchronize the model parameters among all workers:</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">synchronize</span><span class="hljs-params">(tensor, dist_opt)</span>:</span>
    dist_opt.all_reduce(tensor.data)
    tensor /= dist_opt.world_size

<span class="hljs-comment">#Synchronize the initial parameter</span>
tx = tensor.Tensor((batch_size, <span class="hljs-number">1</span>, IMG_SIZE, IMG_SIZE), dev, tensor.float32)
ty = tensor.Tensor((batch_size, num_classes), dev, tensor.int32)
...
out = model.forward(tx)
loss = autograd.softmax_cross_entropy(out, ty)
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> p, g <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> autograd.backward(loss):
    synchronize(p, sgd)
</code></pre>
<p>Here, <code>world_size</code> represents the total number of processes in all the nodes you are using for distributed training.</p>
<ol start="5">
<li>Run BackPropagation and distributed SGD</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python"><span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> epoch <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> range(max_epoch):
    <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> b <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> range(num_train_batch):
        x = train_x[idx[b * batch_size: (b + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>) * batch_size]]
        y = train_y[idx[b * batch_size: (b + <span class="hljs-number">1</span>) * batch_size]]
        tx.copy_from_numpy(x)
        ty.copy_from_numpy(y)
        out = model.forward(tx)
        loss = autograd.softmax_cross_entropy(out, ty)
        <span class="hljs-comment"># do backpropagation and all-reduce</span>
        sgd.backward_and_update(loss)
</code></pre>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="execution-instruction"></a><a href="#execution-instruction" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Execution Instruction</h3>
<p>There are two ways to launch the training: MPI or Python multiprocessing.</p>
<h4><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="python-multiprocessing"></a><a href="#python-multiprocessing" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Python multiprocessing</h4>
<p>It works on a single node with multiple GPUs, where each GPU is one worker.</p>
<ol>
<li>Put all the above training codes in a function</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword">def</span> <span class="hljs-title">train_mnist_cnn</span><span class="hljs-params">(nccl_id=None, local_rank=None, world_size=None)</span>:</span>
    ...
</code></pre>
<ol start="2">
<li>Create <code>mnist_multiprocess.py</code></li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python"><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="hljs-string">'__main__'</span>:
    <span class="hljs-comment"># Generate a NCCL ID to be used for collective communication</span>
    nccl_id = singa.NcclIdHolder()

    <span class="hljs-comment"># Define the number of GPUs to be used in the training process</span>
    world_size = int(sys.argv[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>])

    <span class="hljs-comment"># Define and launch the multi-processing</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> multiprocessing
    process = []
    <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> local_rank <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> range(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, world_size):
        process.append(multiprocessing.Process(target=train_mnist_cnn,
                       args=(nccl_id, local_rank, world_size)))

    <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> p <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> process:
        p.start()
</code></pre>
<p>Here are some explanations concerning the variables created above:</p>
<p>(i) <code>nccl_id</code></p>
<p>Note that we need to generate a NCCL ID here to be used for collective communication, and then pass it to all the processes.
The NCCL ID is like a ticket, where only the processes with this ID can join the all-reduce operation.
(Later if we use MPI, the passing of NCCL ID is not necessary, because the ID is broadcased by MPI in our code automatically)</p>
<p>(ii) <code>world_size</code></p>
<p>world_size is the number of GPUs you would like to use for training.</p>
<p>(iii) <code>local_rank</code></p>
<p>local_rank determine the local rank of the distributed training and which gpu is used in the process. In the code above, we used a for loop to run the train function where the argument local_rank iterates from 0 to world_size. In this case, different processes can use different GPUs for training.</p>
<p>The arguments for creating the <code>DistOpt</code> instance should be updated as follows</p>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python">sgd = opt.DistOpt(sgd, nccl_id=nccl_id, local_rank=local_rank, world_size=world_size)
</code></pre>
<ol start="3">
<li>Run <code>mnist_multiprocess.py</code></li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-sh">python mnist_multiprocess.py 2
</code></pre>
<p>It results in speed up compared to the single GPU training.</p>
<pre><code class="hljs">Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">0</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">408.909790</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.880475</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.956430</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">1</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">102.396790</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.967415</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.977564</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">2</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">69.217010</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.977915</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.981370</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">3</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">54.248390</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.982823</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.984075</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">4</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">45.213406</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.985560</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.985276</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">5</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">38.868435</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.987764</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.986278</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">6</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">34.078186</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.989149</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.987881</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">7</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">30.138697</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.990451</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.988181</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">8</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">26.854443</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.991520</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.988682</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">9</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">24.039650</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.992405</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.989083</span>
</code></pre>
<h4><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="mpi"></a><a href="#mpi" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>MPI</h4>
<p>It works for both single node and multiple nodes as long as there are multiple
GPUs.</p>
<ol>
<li>Create <code>mnist_dist.py</code></li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python"><span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="hljs-string">'__main__'</span>:
    train_mnist_cnn()
</code></pre>
<ol start="2">
<li>Generate a hostfile for MPI, e.g. the hostfile below uses 2 processes (i.e.,
2 GPUs) on a single node</li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-txt">localhost:<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
</code></pre>
<ol start="3">
<li>Launch the training via <code>mpiexec</code></li>
</ol>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-sh">mpiexec --hostfile host_file python mnist_dist.py
</code></pre>
<p>It could result in speed up compared to the single GPU training.</p>
<pre><code class="hljs">Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">0</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">383.969543</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.886402</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.954327</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">1</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">97.531479</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.969451</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.977163</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">2</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">67.166870</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.978516</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.980769</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">3</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">53.369656</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.983040</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.983974</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">4</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">45.100403</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.985777</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.986078</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">5</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">39.330826</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.987447</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.987179</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">6</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">34.655270</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.988799</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.987780</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">7</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">30.749735</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.989984</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.988281</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">8</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">27.422146</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.991319</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.988582</span>
Starting Epoch <span class="hljs-number">9</span>:
Training loss = <span class="hljs-number">24.548153</span>, training accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.992171</span>
Evaluation accuracy = <span class="hljs-number">0.988682</span>
</code></pre>
<h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="optimizations-for-distributed-training"></a><a href="#optimizations-for-distributed-training" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Optimizations for Distributed Training</h2>
<p>SINGA provides multiple optimization strategies for distributed training to
reduce the communication cost. Refer to the API for <code>DistOpt</code> for the
configuration of each strategy.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="no-optimizations"></a><a href="#no-optimizations" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>No Optimizations</h3>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python">sgd.backward_and_update(loss)
</code></pre>
<p><code>loss</code> is the output tensor from the loss function, e.g., cross-entropy for
classification tasks.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="half-precision-gradients"></a><a href="#half-precision-gradients" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Half-precision Gradients</h3>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python">sgd.backward_and_update_half(loss)
</code></pre>
<p>It converts each gradient value to 16-bit representation (i.e., half-precision)
before calling all-reduce.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="partial-synchronization"></a><a href="#partial-synchronization" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Partial Synchronization</h3>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python">sgd.backward_and_partial_update(loss)
</code></pre>
<p>In each iteration, every rank do the local sgd update. Then, only a chunk
of parameters are averaged for synchronization, which saves the communication cost.
The chunk size is configured when creating the <code>DistOpt</code> instance.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="gradient-sparsification"></a><a href="#gradient-sparsification" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Gradient Sparsification</h3>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python">sgd.backward_and_sparse_update(loss)
</code></pre>
<p>It applies sparsification schemes to select a subset of gradients for
all-reduce. There are two scheme:</p>
<ul>
<li>The top-K largest elements are selected. spars is the portion (0 - 1) of total elements selected.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python">sgd.backward_and_sparse_update(loss = loss, spars = spars, topK = <span class="hljs-literal">True</span>)
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>All gradients whose absolute value are larger than predefined threshold spars are selected.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="hljs css language-python">sgd.backward_and_sparse_update(loss = loss, spars = spars, topK = <span class="hljs-literal">False</span>)
</code></pre>
<p>The hyper-parameters are configured when creating the <code>DistOpt</code> instance.</p>
<h2><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="implementation"></a><a href="#implementation" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Implementation</h2>
<p>This section is mainly for developers who want to know how the code in distribute module is implemented.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="c-interface-for-nccl-communicator"></a><a href="#c-interface-for-nccl-communicator" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>C interface for NCCL communicator</h3>
<p>Firstly, the communication layer is written in C language <a href="https://github.com/apache/singa/blob/master/src/io/communicator.cc">communicator.cc</a>. It applies the NCCL library for collective communication.</p>
<p>There are two constructors for the communicator, one for MPI and another for multiprocess.</p>
<p>(i) Constructor using MPI</p>
<p>The constructor first obtains the global rank and the world size first, and calculate the local rank. Then, rank 0 generates a NCCL ID and broadcast it to every rank. After that, it calls the setup function to initialize the NCCL communicator, cuda streams, and buffers.</p>
<p>(ii) Constructor using Python multiprocess</p>
<p>The constructor first obtains the rank, the world size, and the NCCL ID from the input argument. After that, it calls the setup function to initialize the NCCL communicator, cuda streams, and buffers.</p>
<p>After the initialization, it provides the all-reduce functionality to synchronize the model parameters or gradients. For instance, synch takes a input tensor and perform all-reduce through the NCCL routine. After we call synch, it is necessary to call wait function to wait for the all-reduce operation to be completed.</p>
<h3><a class="anchor" aria-hidden="true" id="python-interface-for-distopt"></a><a href="#python-interface-for-distopt" aria-hidden="true" class="hash-link"><svg class="hash-link-icon" aria-hidden="true" height="16" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M4 9h1v1H4c-1.5 0-3-1.69-3-3.5S2.55 3 4 3h4c1.45 0 3 1.69 3 3.5 0 1.41-.91 2.72-2 3.25V8.59c.58-.45 1-1.27 1-2.09C10 5.22 8.98 4 8 4H4c-.98 0-2 1.22-2 2.5S3 9 4 9zm9-3h-1v1h1c1 0 2 1.22 2 2.5S13.98 12 13 12H9c-.98 0-2-1.22-2-2.5 0-.83.42-1.64 1-2.09V6.25c-1.09.53-2 1.84-2 3.25C6 11.31 7.55 13 9 13h4c1.45 0 3-1.69 3-3.5S14.5 6 13 6z"></path></svg></a>Python interface for DistOpt</h3>
<p>Then, the python interface provide a <a href="https://github.com/apache/singa/blob/master/python/singa/opt.py">DistOpt</a> class to wrap an <a href="https://github.com/apache/singa/blob/master/python/singa/opt.py">optimizer</a> object to perform distributed training based on MPI or multiprocessing. During the initialization, it creates a NCCL communicator object (from the C interface as methioned in the subsection above). Then, this communicator object is used for every all-reduce operations in DistOpt.</p>
<p>In MPI or multiprocess, each process has an individual rank, which gives information of
which GPU the individual process is using. The training data is partitioned, so that
each process can evaluate the sub-gradient based on the partitioned training data.
Once the sub-gradient is calculated on each processes, the overall stochastic gradient
is obtained by all-reducing the sub-gradients evaluated by all processes.</p>
</span></div></article></div><div class="docs-prevnext"><a class="docs-prev button" href="/docs/graph"><span class="arrow-prev">← </span><span>Computational Graph</span></a><a class="docs-next button" href="/docs/model-zoo-cnn-cifar10"><span>Train CNN over Cifar-10</span><span class="arrow-next"> →</span></a></div></div></div><nav class="onPageNav"><ul class="toc-headings"><li><a href="#usage">Usage</a><ul class="toc-headings"><li><a href="#example-code">Example Code</a></li><li><a href="#execution-instruction">Execution Instruction</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#optimizations-for-distributed-training">Optimizations for Distributed Training</a><ul class="toc-headings"><li><a href="#no-optimizations">No Optimizations</a></li><li><a href="#half-precision-gradients">Half-precision Gradients</a></li><li><a href="#partial-synchronization">Partial Synchronization</a></li><li><a href="#gradient-sparsification">Gradient Sparsification</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#implementation">Implementation</a><ul class="toc-headings"><li><a href="#c-interface-for-nccl-communicator">C interface for NCCL communicator</a></li><li><a href="#python-interface-for-distopt">Python interface for DistOpt</a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><footer class="nav-footer" id="footer"><section class="sitemap"><a href="/" class="nav-home"><img src="/img/singa-logo-square.png" alt="Apache SINGA" width="66" height="58"/></a><div><h5>Docs</h5><a href="/docs/installation">Getting Started</a><a href="/docs/device">Guides</a><a href="/en/#">API Reference (coming soon)</a><a href="/docs/model-zoo-cnn-cifar10">Model Zoo</a><a href="/docs/download-singa">Development</a></div><div><h5>Community</h5><a href="/en/users.html">User Showcase</a><a href="/docs/history-singa">SINGA History</a><a href="/docs/team-list">SINGA Team</a><a href="/news">SINGA News</a><a href="https://github.com/apache/singa-doc">GitHub</a><div class="social"><a class="github-button" href="https://github.com/apache/singa-doc" data-count-href="/apache/singa/stargazers" data-show-count="true" data-count-aria-label="# stargazers on GitHub" aria-label="Star this project on GitHub">apache/singa-doc</a></div><div class="social"><a href="https://twitter.com/ApacheSINGA" class="twitter-follow-button">Follow @ApacheSINGA</a></div></div><div><h5>Apache Software Foundation</h5><a href="https://apache.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundation</a><a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">License</a><a href="http://www.apache.org/foundation/sponsorship.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sponsorship</a><a href="http://www.apache.org/foundation/thanks.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thanks</a><a href="http://www.apache.org/events/current-event" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Events</a><a href="http://www.apache.org/security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Security</a></div></section><div style="width:100%;text-align:center"><a href="https://apache.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="ApacheOpenSource"><img src="/img/asf_logo_wide.svg" alt="Apache Open Source"/></a><section class="copyright" style="max-width:60%;margin:0 auto">Copyright © 2020
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