The source files could be downloaded either as a tar.gz file, or as a git repo
$ git clone https://github.com/apache/singa.git $ cd singa/
If you want to contribute code to SINGA, refer to contribute-code page for the steps and requirements.
Conda-build is a building tool that installs the dependent libraries from anaconda cloud and executes the building scripts.
To install conda-build (after installing conda)
conda install conda-build
To build the CPU version of SINGA
conda build tool/conda/singa/
The above commands have been tested on Ubuntu (14.04, 16.04 and 18.04) and macOS 10.11. Refer to the Travis-CI page for more information.
To build the GPU version of SINGA, the building machine must have Nvida GPU, and the CUDA driver (>= 384.81), CUDA toolkit (>=9) and cuDNN (>=7) must have be installed. The following two Docker images provide the building environment:
Once the building environment is ready, you need to export the CUDA version first, and then run conda command to build SINGA
export CUDA=x.y (e.g. 9.0) conda build tool/conda/singa/
The location of the generated package file (.tar.gz) is shown on the screen. The generated package can be installed directly,
conda install -c conda-forge --use-local <path to the package file>
or uploaded to anaconda cloud for others to download and install. You need to register an account on anaconda for uploading the package.
conda install anaconda-client anaconda login anaconda upload -l main <path to the package file>
After uploading the package to the cloud, you can see it on Anaconda Cloud website or via the following command
conda search -c <anaconda username> singa
Each specific SINGA package is identified by the version and build string. To install a specific SINGA package, you need to provide all the information, e.g.,
conda install -c <anaconda username> -c conda-forge singa=2.1.0.dev=cpu_py36
To make the installation command simple, you can create the following additional packages which depend on the latest CPU and GPU SINGA packages.
# for singa-cpu conda build tool/conda/cpu/ --python=3.6 conda build tool/conda/cpu/ --python=3.7 # for singa-gpu conda build tool/conda/gpu/ --python=3.6 conda build tool/conda/gpu/ --python=3.7
Therefore, when you run
conda install -c <anaconda username> -c conda-forge singa-xpu
(xpu is either ‘cpu’ or ‘gpu’), the corresponding real SINGA package is installed as the dependent library.
Refer to SINGA Dockerfiles for the instructions of installing the dependent libraries on Ubuntu 16.04. You can also create a Docker container using the devel images and build SINGA inside the container. To build SINGA with GPU, DNNL, Python and unit tests, run the following instructions
mkdir build # at the root of singa folder cd build cmake -DENABLE_TEST=ON -DUSE_CUDA=ON -DUSE_DNNL=ON -DUSE_PYTHON3=ON .. make cd python pip install .
The details of the CMake options are explained in the last section of this page. The last command install the Python package. You can also run pip install -e ., which creates symlinks instead of copying the Python files into the site-package folder.
If SINGA is compiled with ENABLE_TEST=ON, you can run the unit tests by
$ ./bin/test_singa
You can see all the testing cases with testing results. If SINGA passes all tests, then you have successfully installed SINGA.
Building from source will be different for Centos7 as package names differ.Follow the instructions given below.
Basic packages/libraries
sudo yum install freetype-devel libXft-devel ncurses-devel openblas-devel blas-devel lapack devel atlas-devel kernel-headers unzip wget pkgconfig zip zlib-devel libcurl-devel cmake curl unzip dh-autoreconf git python-devel glog-devel protobuf-devel
For build-essential
sudo yum group install "Development Tools"
For installing swig
sudo yum install pcre-devel wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/swig/swig-3.0.10.tar.gz tar xvzf swig-3.0.10.tar.gz cd swig-3.0.10.tar.gz ./configure --prefix=${RUN} make make install
For installing gfortran
sudo yum install centos-release-scl-rh sudo yum --enablerepo=centos-sclo-rh-testing install devtoolset-7-gcc-gfortran
For installing pip and other packages
sudo yum install epel-release sudo yum install python-pip pip install matplotlib numpy pandas scikit-learn pydot
Follow steps 1-5 of Use native tools to build SINGA on Ubuntu
You can run the unit tests by,
$ ./bin/test_singa
You can see all the testing cases with testing results. If SINGA passes all tests, then you have successfully installed SINGA.
Instructions for building on Windows with Python support can be found install-win page.
If protobuf and openblas are not installed, you can compile SINGA together with them
$ In SINGA ROOT folder $ mkdir build $ cd build $ cmake -DUSE_MODULES=ON .. $ make
cmake would download OpenBlas and Protobuf (2.6.1) and compile them together with SINGA.
You can use ccmake .. to configure the compilation options. If some dependent libraries are not in the system default paths, you need to export the following environment variables
export CMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH=<path to the header file folder> export CMAKE_LIBRARY_PATH=<path to the lib file folder>
Option for compiling the Python wrapper for SINGA,
$ cmake -DUSE_PYTHON=ON .. $ make $ cd python $ pip install .
Users are encouraged to install the CUDA and cuDNN for running SINGA on GPUs to get better performance.
SINGA has been tested over CUDA 9/10, and cuDNN 7. If cuDNN is installed into non-system folder, e.g. /home/bob/local/cudnn/, the following commands should be executed for cmake and the runtime to find it
$ export CMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH=/home/bob/local/cudnn/include:$CMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH $ export CMAKE_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/bob/local/cudnn/lib64:$CMAKE_LIBRARY_PATH $ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/bob/local/cudnn/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
The cmake options for CUDA and cuDNN should be switched on
# Dependent libs are install already $ cmake -DUSE_CUDA=ON .. $ make
User can enable DNNL to enhance the performance of CPU computation.
Installation guide of DNNL could be found here.
SINGA has been tested over DNNL v1.1.
To build SINGA with DNNL support:
# Dependent libs are installed already $ cmake -DUSE_DNNL=ON .. $ make
SINGA uses opencl-headers and viennacl (version 1.7.1 or newer) for OpenCL support, which can be installed via
# On Ubuntu 16.04 $ sudo apt-get install opencl-headers, libviennacl-dev # On Fedora $ sudo yum install opencl-headers, viennacl
Additionally, you will need the OpenCL Installable Client Driver (ICD) for the platforms that you want to run OpenCL on.
beignet-opencl-icd package.Note that running OpenCL on CPUs is not currently recommended because it is slow. Memory transfer is on the order of whole seconds (1000‘s of ms on CPUs as compared to 1’s of ms on GPUs).
More information on setting up a working OpenCL environment may be found here.
If the package version of ViennaCL is not at least 1.7.1, you will need to build it from source:
Clone the repository from here, checkout the release-1.7.1 tag and build it. Remember to add its directory to PATH and the built libraries to LD_LIBRARY_PATH.
To build SINGA with OpenCL support (tested on SINGA 1.1):
$ cmake -DUSE_OPENCL=ON .. $ make
This setting is used to build the Debian package. Set PACKAGE=ON and build the package with make command like this:
$ cmake -DPACKAGE=ON $ make package
Q: Error from ‘import singa’
A: Please check the detailed error from python -c "from singa import _singa_wrap". Sometimes it is caused by the dependent libraries, e.g. there are multiple versions of protobuf, missing of cudnn, numpy version mismatch. Following steps show the solutions for different cases
Check the cudnn and cuda. If cudnn is missing or not match with the wheel version, you can download the correct version of cudnn into ~/local/cudnn/ and
$ echo "export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/<yourname>/local/cudnn/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH" >> ~/.bashrc
If it is the problem related to protobuf. You can install protobuf (3.6.1) from source into a local folder, say ~/local/; Decompress the tar file, and then
$ ./configure --prefix=/home/<yourname>local $ make && make install $ echo "export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/home/<yourname>/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH" >> ~/.bashrc $ source ~/.bashrc
If it cannot find other libs including python, then create virtual env using pip or conda;
If it is not caused by the above reasons, go to the folder of _singa_wrap.so,
$ python >> import importlib >> importlib.import_module('_singa_wrap')
Check the error message. For example, if the numpy version mismatches, the error message would be,
RuntimeError: module compiled against API version 0xb but this version of numpy is 0xa
Then you need to upgrade the numpy.
Q: Error from running cmake .., which cannot find the dependent libraries.
A: If you haven't installed the libraries, install them. If you installed the libraries in a folder that is outside of the system folder, e.g. /usr/local, you need to export the following variables
$ export CMAKE_INCLUDE_PATH=<path to your header file folder> $ export CMAKE_LIBRARY_PATH=<path to your lib file folder>
Q: Error from make, e.g. the linking phase
A: If your libraries are in other folders than system default paths, you need to export the following varaibles
$ export LIBRARY_PATH=<path to your lib file folder> $ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path to your lib file folder>
Q: Error from header files, e.g. ‘cblas.h no such file or directory exists’
A: You need to include the folder of the cblas.h into CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH, e.g.,
$ export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=/opt/OpenBLAS/include:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH
Q:While compiling SINGA, I get error SSE2 instruction set not enabled
A:You can try following command:
$ make CFLAGS='-msse2' CXXFLAGS='-msse2'
Q:I get ImportError: cannot import name enum_type_wrapper from google.protobuf.internal when I try to import .py files.
A: You need to install the python binding of protobuf, which could be installed via
$ sudo apt-get install protobuf
or from source
$ cd /PROTOBUF/SOURCE/FOLDER $ cd python $ python setup.py build $ python setup.py install
Q: When I build OpenBLAS from source, I am told that I need a Fortran compiler.
A: You can compile OpenBLAS by
$ make ONLY_CBLAS=1
or install it using
$ sudo apt-get install libopenblas-dev
Q: When I build protocol buffer, it reports that GLIBC++_3.4.20 not found in /usr/lib64/libstdc++.so.6?
A: This means the linker found libstdc++.so.6 but that library belongs to an older version of GCC than was used to compile and link the program. The program depends on code defined in the newer libstdc++ that belongs to the newer version of GCC, so the linker must be told how to find the newer libstdc++ shared library. The simplest way to fix this is to find the correct libstdc++ and export it to LD_LIBRARY_PATH. For example, if GLIBC++_3.4.20 is listed in the output of the following command,
$ strings /usr/local/lib64/libstdc++.so.6|grep GLIBC++
then you just set your environment variable as
$ export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib64:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH
Q: When I build glog, it reports that “src/logging_unittest.cc:83:20: error: ‘gflags’ is not a namespace-name”
A: It maybe that you have installed gflags with a different namespace such as “google”. so glog can't find ‘gflags’ namespace. Because it is not necessary to have gflags to build glog. So you can change the configure.ac file to ignore gflags.
1. cd to glog src directory 2. change line 125 of configure.ac to "AC_CHECK_LIB(gflags, main, ac_cv_have_libgflags=0, ac_cv_have_libgflags=0)" 3. autoreconf
After this, you can build glog again.
Q: When using virtual environment, every time I run pip install, it would reinstall numpy. However, the numpy would not be used when I import numpy
A: It could be caused by the PYTHONPATH which should be set to empty when you are using virtual environment to avoid the conflicts with the path of the virtual environment.
Q: When compiling PySINGA from source, there is a compilation error due to the missing of <numpy/objectarray.h>
A: Please install numpy and export the path of numpy header files as
$ export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=`python -c "import numpy; print numpy.get_include()"`:$CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH
Q: When I run SINGA in Mac OS X, I got the error “Fatal Python error: PyThreadState_Get: no current thread Abort trap: 6”
A: This error happens typically when you have multiple version of Python on your system and you installed SINGA via pip (this problem is resolved for installation via conda), e.g, the one comes with the OS and the one installed by Homebrew. The Python linked by PySINGA must be the same as the Python interpreter. You can check your interpreter by which python and check the Python linked by PySINGA via otool -L <path to _singa_wrap.so>. To fix this error, compile SINGA with the correct version of Python. In particular, if you build PySINGA from source, you need to specify the paths when invoking cmake
$ cmake -DPYTHON_LIBRARY=`python-config --prefix`/lib/libpython2.7.dylib -DPYTHON_INCLUDE_DIR=`python-config --prefix`/include/python2.7/ ..
If installed PySINGA from binary packages, e.g. debian or wheel, then you need to change the python interpreter, e.g., reset the $PATH to put the correct path of Python at the front position.