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[[core-api-composition, Composition]]
= Composition =
Composition is at the heart of COP, and refers to two different levels of constructs;

1. the ability to assemble (compose) objects from smaller pieces, called Fragments.
2. the construction of applications by assembling Composites into Modules and Modules into Layers.

In Zest, we use the term Assembly for the second case of composition. See separate chapter.

Composition will allow library authors a new level of flexibility in how functionality is provided to client code. More
on that later.

== Fragments ==

There are 4 types of Fragments in Zest;

    * <<core-api-mixin>> - The state carrying part of a Composite.
    * <<core-api-constraint>> - Rules for in and out arguments, typically used for validation.
    * <<core-api-concern>> - Interceptor of method calls. General purpose use, often for cross-cutting behaviors.
    * <<core-api-sideeffect>> - Executed after the method call has been completed, and unable to influence the
    outcome of the method call.

== Composites ==

There are 4 Composite meta types. Each of these have very different characteristics and it is important to understand
these, so the right meta type is used for the right purpose.

    * Entity - Classic meaning. Has an Identity. Is persistable and can be referenced by the Identity. Can act as
      Aggregate. Entity supports Lifecycle interface. Equals is defined by the Identity.
    * Value - Values are persistable when used in a Property from an Entity. Values are immutable, and equals is
      defined by the values of its fields.
    * Service - Service is injectable to other composites and java objects. They are not persistable, but if
      referenced from an Entity or Value, a new reference to the Service will be injected when the Entity/Value is
      deserialized. Services are singletons. There are 'hosted' and 'imported' Services. The 'hosted' Service has
      Configuration and its life cycle controlled by the Zest™ runtime, whereas the 'imported' Services are external
      references.
    * Transient - Short-lived composites that are not persistable. Equals/hashCode/toString are forwarded to the
      Mixin Type declaring those methods explicitly.

In versions of Zest™ prior to 2.0 (then Qi4j), composite types had to extend one of these 4 meta types, but in 2.0 and later, the
meta type interface is added dynamically during <<core-bootstrap-assembly>>.
We can therefor get rid of a lot of additional types, and use Zest-free interfaces directly;

[snippet,java]
-----------
source=core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/zest/api/docsupport/CompositionDocs.java
tag=comp1
-----------

and declare it with;

[snippet,java]
-----------
source=core/api/src/test/java/org/apache/zest/api/docsupport/CompositionDocs.java
tag=comp2
-----------