hsqldb19/main/python/python-2.7.8-mingw.patch

diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Include/pyport.h misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Include/pyport.h
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Include/pyport.h	2014-06-29 21:05:24.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Include/pyport.h	2016-01-01 17:49:55.171717963 -0500
@@ -9,6 +9,30 @@
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #endif
 
+#if defined(__MINGW32__)
+#undef HAVE_FORKPTY
+#undef HAVE_OPENPTY
+#undef HAVE_DEV_PTMX
+#undef _POSIX_THREADS
+#undef HAVE_PTHREAD_H
+#define MS_WINDOWS
+#define MS_WIN32
+#define Py_WIN_WIDE_FILENAMES
+#ifndef PYTHONPATH
+#	define PYTHONPATH ".\\lib;.\\lib\\python" VERSION ";.\\lib\\python" VERSION "\\lib-dynload;.\\lib\\python" VERSION "\\plat-winmingw32;.\\lib\\python" VERSION "\\lib-tk"
+#endif
+#define NT_THREADS
+#define WITH_THREAD
+#define WINVER 0x0501
+#ifdef socklen_t
+#undef socklen_t
+#endif
+#define HAVE_ADDRINFO
+#define HAVE_GETADDRINFO
+#define HAVE_GETNAMEINFO
+#define HAVE_GETPEERNAME
+#endif
+
 #ifdef HAVE_STDINT_H
 #include <stdint.h>
 #endif
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/ccompiler.py misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/ccompiler.py
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/ccompiler.py	2014-06-29 21:05:25.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/ccompiler.py	2016-01-01 17:49:55.172717391 -0500
@@ -895,6 +895,7 @@
     # on a cygwin built python we can use gcc like an ordinary UNIXish
     # compiler
     ('cygwin.*', 'unix'),
+    ('winmingw*', 'unix'),
     ('os2emx', 'emx'),
 
     # OS name mappings
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/command/build_ext.py misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/command/build_ext.py
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/command/build_ext.py	2014-06-29 21:05:25.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/command/build_ext.py	2016-01-01 17:49:55.173717798 -0500
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
 
         # for extensions under Cygwin and AtheOS Python's library directory must be
         # appended to library_dirs
-        if sys.platform[:6] == 'cygwin' or sys.platform[:6] == 'atheos':
+        if sys.platform[:6] == 'cygwin' or sys.platform[:8] == 'winmingw' or sys.platform[:6] == 'atheos':
             if sys.executable.startswith(os.path.join(sys.exec_prefix, "bin")):
                 # building third party extensions
                 self.library_dirs.append(os.path.join(sys.prefix, "lib",
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@
             # don't extend ext.libraries, it may be shared with other
             # extensions, it is a reference to the original list
             return ext.libraries + [pythonlib]
-        elif sys.platform[:6] == "cygwin":
+        elif sys.platform[:6] == "cygwin" or sys.platform[:8] == "winmingw":
             template = "python%d.%d"
             pythonlib = (template %
                    (sys.hexversion >> 24, (sys.hexversion >> 16) & 0xff))
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/command/install.py misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/command/install.py
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/command/install.py	2014-06-29 21:05:25.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/command/install.py	2016-01-01 17:49:55.174717925 -0500
@@ -348,9 +348,10 @@
 
         # Convert directories from Unix /-separated syntax to the local
         # convention.
-        self.convert_paths('lib', 'purelib', 'platlib',
-                           'scripts', 'data', 'headers',
-                           'userbase', 'usersite')
+        if os.sep != '/':
+            self.convert_paths('lib', 'purelib', 'platlib',
+                               'scripts', 'data', 'headers',
+                               'userbase', 'usersite')
 
         # Well, we're not actually fully completely finalized yet: we still
         # have to deal with 'extra_path', which is the hack for allowing
@@ -362,7 +363,7 @@
 
         # If a new root directory was supplied, make all the installation
         # dirs relative to it.
-        if self.root is not None:
+        if self.root is not None and self.root != "":
             self.change_roots('libbase', 'lib', 'purelib', 'platlib',
                               'scripts', 'data', 'headers')
 
@@ -501,7 +502,10 @@
     def convert_paths (self, *names):
         for name in names:
             attr = "install_" + name
-            setattr(self, attr, convert_path(getattr(self, attr)))
+            if self.root is None or self.root == "":
+                setattr(self, attr, getattr(self, attr).replace('/', os.sep))
+            else:
+                setattr(self, attr, convert_path(getattr(self, attr)))
 
 
     def handle_extra_path (self):
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/spawn.py misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/spawn.py
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/spawn.py	2014-06-29 21:05:26.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/spawn.py	2016-01-01 17:49:55.175718681 -0500
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@
     paths = path.split(os.pathsep)
     base, ext = os.path.splitext(executable)
 
-    if (sys.platform == 'win32' or os.name == 'os2') and (ext != '.exe'):
+    if (sys.platform == 'win32' or sys.platform[:8] == "winmingw" or os.name == 'os2') and (ext != '.exe'):
         executable = executable + '.exe'
 
     if not os.path.isfile(executable):
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/sysconfig.py misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/sysconfig.py
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/sysconfig.py	2014-06-29 21:05:26.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/sysconfig.py	2016-01-01 17:49:55.175718681 -0500
@@ -449,6 +449,9 @@
     global _config_vars
     if _config_vars is None:
         func = globals().get("_init_" + os.name)
+        if sys.platform[:8] == "winmingw":
+            func = globals().get("_init_posix")
+
         if func:
             func()
         else:
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/unixccompiler.py misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/unixccompiler.py
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/unixccompiler.py	2014-06-29 21:05:26.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/distutils/unixccompiler.py	2016-01-01 17:49:55.176718668 -0500
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
     shared_lib_extension = ".so"
     dylib_lib_extension = ".dylib"
     static_lib_format = shared_lib_format = dylib_lib_format = "lib%s%s"
-    if sys.platform == "cygwin":
+    if sys.platform == "cygwin" or sys.platform == "winmingw":
         exe_extension = ".exe"
 
     def preprocess(self, source,
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/os.py misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/os.py
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/os.py	2014-06-29 21:05:30.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/os.py	2016-01-01 17:49:55.177718586 -0500
@@ -38,7 +38,21 @@
     except AttributeError:
         return [n for n in dir(module) if n[0] != '_']
 
-if 'posix' in _names:
+if 'winmingw32' in _names:
+    name = 'nt'
+    linesep = '\r\n'
+    from posix import *
+    try:
+        from posix import _exit
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+    import ntpath as path
+
+    import posix
+    __all__.extend(_get_exports_list(posix))
+    del posix
+
+elif 'posix' in _names:
     name = 'posix'
     linesep = '\n'
     from posix import *
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/socket.py misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/socket.py
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Lib/socket.py	2014-06-29 21:05:30.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Lib/socket.py	2016-01-01 17:49:55.178717595 -0500
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@
     'sendall', 'setblocking',
     'settimeout', 'gettimeout', 'shutdown')
 
-if os.name == "nt":
+if os.name == "nt" and sys.platform[:8] != "winmingw":
     _socketmethods = _socketmethods + ('ioctl',)
 
 if sys.platform == "riscos":
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Makefile.pre.in misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Makefile.pre.in
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Makefile.pre.in	2014-06-29 21:05:39.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Makefile.pre.in	2016-01-01 17:49:55.179718421 -0500
@@ -121,6 +121,16 @@
 BLDSHARED=	@BLDSHARED@ $(LDFLAGS)
 LDCXXSHARED=	@LDCXXSHARED@
 DESTSHARED=	$(BINLIBDEST)/lib-dynload
+ifeq (@MACHDEP@,winmingw32)
+DESTSHAREDFORRULES=	$(shell cd $(DESTSHARED) && pwd || echo DESTSHARED)
+LIBPYTHONPATH=	$(shell cd $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDEST) && cmd /c cd | sed -e s:\\\\:/:g)
+DESTPYTHONPATH=	$(LIBPYTHONPATH);$(shell cd $(DESTDIR)$(DESTSHARED) && cmd /c cd | sed -e s:\\\\:/:g)
+LIBDESTPARAM=	$(shell if test -z "$(DESTDIR)" ; then cd $(LIBDEST) && cmd /c cd | sed -e s:\\\\:/:g ; else echo $(LIBDEST) ; fi)
+PREFIXPARAM=	$(shell if test -z "$(DESTDIR)" ; then cd $(prefix) && cmd /c cd | sed -e s:\\\\:/:g ; else echo $(prefix) ; fi)
+BINDIRPARAM=	$(shell if test -z "$(DESTDIR)" ; then cd $(BINDIR) && cmd /c cd | sed -e s:\\\\:/:g ; else echo $(BINDIR) ; fi)
+DESTSHAREDPARAM=	$(shell if test -z "$(DESTDIR)" ; then cd $(DESTSHARED) && cmd /c cd | sed -e s:\\\\:/:g ; else echo $(DESTSHARED) ; fi)
+DESTDIRPARAM=	$(shell if test ! -z "$(DESTDIR)" ; then cd $(DESTDIR) && cmd /c | sed -e s:\\\\:/:g ; fi)
+endif
 
 # Executable suffix (.exe on Windows and Mac OS X)
 EXE=		@EXEEXT@
@@ -211,7 +221,7 @@
 # Modules
 MODULE_OBJS=	\
 		Modules/config.o \
-		Modules/getpath.o \
+		@GETPATH_OBJS@ \
 		Modules/main.o \
 		Modules/gcmodule.o
 
@@ -586,6 +596,10 @@
 		-DVPATH='"$(VPATH)"' \
 		-o $@ $(srcdir)/Modules/getpath.c
 
+PC/getpathp.o: $(srcdir)/PC/getpathp.c Makefile
+	$(CC) -c $(PY_CFLAGS) -DVERSION='"$(VERSION)"' \
+		-o $@ $(srcdir)/PC/getpathp.c
+
 Modules/python.o: $(srcdir)/Modules/python.c
 	$(MAINCC) -c $(PY_CFLAGS) -o $@ $(srcdir)/Modules/python.c
 
@@ -634,6 +648,12 @@
 Objects/unicodectype.o:	$(srcdir)/Objects/unicodectype.c \
 				$(srcdir)/Objects/unicodetype_db.h
 
+Objects/exceptions.o:	$(srcdir)/Objects/exceptions.c
+		$(CC) -c $(PY_CFLAGS) -I$(srcdir)/PC -o $@ $(srcdir)/Objects/exceptions.c
+
+PC/import_nt.o: $(srcdir)/PC/import_nt.c
+		$(CC) -c $(PY_CFLAGS) -I$(srcdir)/Python -o $@ $(srcdir)/PC/import_nt.c
+
 STRINGLIB_HEADERS= \
 		$(srcdir)/Include/bytes_methods.h \
 		$(srcdir)/Objects/stringlib/count.h \
@@ -829,7 +849,11 @@
 # Install shared libraries enabled by Setup
 DESTDIRS=	$(exec_prefix) $(LIBDIR) $(BINLIBDEST) $(DESTSHARED)
 
+ifeq (@MACHDEP@,winmingw32)
+oldsharedinstall: $(DESTSHAREDFORRULES) $(SHAREDMODS)
+else
 oldsharedinstall: $(DESTSHARED) $(SHAREDMODS)
+endif
 		@for i in X $(SHAREDMODS); do \
 		  if test $$i != X; then \
 		    echo $(INSTALL_SHARED) $$i $(DESTSHARED)/`basename $$i`; \
@@ -837,7 +861,11 @@
 		  fi; \
 		done
 
+ifeq (@MACHDEP@,winmingw32)
+$(DESTSHAREDFORRULES):
+else
 $(DESTSHARED):
+endif
 		@for i in $(DESTDIRS); \
 		do \
 			if test ! -d $(DESTDIR)$$i; then \
@@ -949,7 +977,11 @@
 		unittest unittest/test \
 		lib-old \
 		curses pydoc_data $(MACHDEPS)
+ifeq (@MACHDEP@,winmingw32)
+libinstall:	build_all $(srcdir)/Lib/$(PLATDIR) $(srcdir)/Modules/xxmodule.c sharedinstall
+else
 libinstall:	build_all $(srcdir)/Lib/$(PLATDIR) $(srcdir)/Modules/xxmodule.c
+endif
 	@for i in $(SCRIPTDIR) $(LIBDEST); \
 	do \
 		if test ! -d $(DESTDIR)$$i; then \
@@ -1009,6 +1041,26 @@
 		$(INSTALL_DATA) $(srcdir)/Modules/xxmodule.c \
 			$(DESTDIR)$(LIBDEST)/distutils/tests ; \
 	fi
+ifeq (@MACHDEP@,winmingw32)
+	PYTHONPATH="$(DESTPYTHONPATH)"  $(RUNSHARED) \
+		./$(BUILDPYTHON) -Wi -tt $(LIBPYTHONPATH)/compileall.py \
+		-d $(LIBDESTPARAM) -f \
+		-x 'bad_coding|badsyntax|site-packages' $(LIBPYTHONPATH)
+	PYTHONPATH="$(DESTPYTHONPATH)"  $(RUNSHARED) \
+		./$(BUILDPYTHON) -Wi -tt -O $(LIBPYTHONPATH)/compileall.py \
+		-d $(LIBDESTPARAM) -f \
+		-x 'bad_coding|badsyntax|site-packages' $(LIBPYTHONPATH)
+	-PYTHONPATH="$(DESTPYTHONPATH)"  $(RUNSHARED) \
+		./$(BUILDPYTHON) -Wi -t $(LIBPYTHONPATH)/compileall.py \
+		-d $(LIBDESTPARAM)/site-packages -f \
+		-x badsyntax $(LIBPYTHONPATH)/site-packages
+	-PYTHONPATH="$(DESTPYTHONPATH)"  $(RUNSHARED) \
+		./$(BUILDPYTHON) -Wi -t -O $(LIBPYTHONPATH)/compileall.py \
+		-d $(LIBDESTPARAM)/site-packages -f \
+		-x badsyntax $(LIBPYTHONPATH)/site-packages
+	-PYTHONPATH="$(DESTPYTHONPATH)"  $(RUNSHARED) \
+		./$(BUILDPYTHON) -Wi -t -c "import lib2to3.pygram, lib2to3.patcomp;lib2to3.patcomp.PatternCompiler()"
+else
 	PYTHONPATH=$(DESTDIR)$(LIBDEST)  $(RUNSHARED) \
 		$(PYTHON_FOR_BUILD) -Wi -tt $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDEST)/compileall.py \
 		-d $(LIBDEST) -f \
@@ -1035,6 +1087,7 @@
 # Create the PLATDIR source directory, if one wasn't distributed..
 $(srcdir)/Lib/$(PLATDIR):
 	mkdir $(srcdir)/Lib/$(PLATDIR)
+ifneq (@MACHDEP@,winmingw32)
 	cp $(srcdir)/Lib/plat-generic/regen $(srcdir)/Lib/$(PLATDIR)/regen
 	export PATH; PATH="`pwd`:$$PATH"; \
 	export PYTHONPATH; PYTHONPATH="$(srcdir)/Lib:$(abs_builddir)/`cat pybuilddir.txt`"; \
@@ -1048,6 +1101,7 @@
 	  PYTHON_FOR_BUILD="$(PYTHON_FOR_BUILD)"; \
 	fi; \
 	cd $(srcdir)/Lib/$(PLATDIR); $(RUNSHARED) ./regen
+endif
 
 python-config: $(srcdir)/Misc/python-config.in
 	# Substitution happens here, as the completely-expanded BINDIR
@@ -1141,6 +1195,15 @@
 
 # Install the dynamically loadable modules
 # This goes into $(exec_prefix)
+ifeq (@MACHDEP@,winmingw32)
+sharedinstall: $(DESTSHAREDFORRULES)
+       $(RUNSHARED) ./$(BUILDPYTHON) -E $(srcdir)/setup.py install \
+               --prefix=$(PREFIXPARAM) \
+               --install-scripts=$(BINDIRPARAM) \
+               --install-platlib=$(DESTSHAREDPARAM) \
+               --root=$(DESTDIRPARAM)
+else
+
 sharedinstall: sharedmods
 	$(RUNSHARED) $(PYTHON_FOR_BUILD) $(srcdir)/setup.py install \
 	   	--prefix=$(prefix) \
@@ -1148,6 +1211,7 @@
 		--install-platlib=$(DESTSHARED) \
 		--root=$(DESTDIR)/
 	-rm $(DESTDIR)$(DESTSHARED)/_sysconfigdata.py*
+endif
 
 # Here are a couple of targets for MacOSX again, to install a full
 # framework-based Python. frameworkinstall installs everything, the
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/Setup.config.in misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/Setup.config.in
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/Setup.config.in	2014-06-29 21:05:40.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/Setup.config.in	2016-01-01 17:49:55.179718421 -0500
@@ -9,5 +9,9 @@
 # The signal module
 @USE_SIGNAL_MODULE@signal signalmodule.c
 
+# The password module
+@USE_PASSWORD_MODULE@pwd pwdmodule.c	# this is needed to find out the user's home dir
+					# if $HOME is not set
+
 # The rest of the modules previously listed in this file are built
 # by the setup.py script in Python 2.1 and later.
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/Setup.dist misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/Setup.dist
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/Setup.dist	2014-06-29 21:05:40.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/Setup.dist	2016-01-01 17:49:55.180717640 -0500
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
 
 posix posixmodule.c		# posix (UNIX) system calls
 errno errnomodule.c		# posix (UNIX) errno values
-pwd pwdmodule.c			# this is needed to find out the user's home dir
+#pwd pwdmodule.c			# this is needed to find out the user's home dir
 				# if $HOME is not set
 _sre _sre.c			# Fredrik Lundh's new regular expressions
 _codecs _codecsmodule.c		# access to the builtin codecs and codec registry
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure	2014-06-29 21:05:40.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure	2016-01-01 17:49:55.235718066 -0500
@@ -14855,6 +14855,12 @@
 fi
 
 
+case $host_os in
+mingw*)
+	srcdir=`cd $srcdir && cmd /c cd | sed -e 's:\\\\:/:g'`
+	;;
+esac
+
 ac_config_commands="$ac_config_commands include"
 
 ac_config_commands="$ac_config_commands src"
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure.ac misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure.ac
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure.ac	2014-06-29 21:05:40.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/configure.ac	2016-01-01 17:49:55.236718053 -0500
@@ -564,6 +564,12 @@
 fi
 AC_SUBST(toolexeclibdir)
 
+case $host_os in
+mingw*)
+	srcdir=`cd $srcdir && cmd /c cd | sed -e 's:\\\\:/:g'`
+	;;
+esac
+
 AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS(include, [test -d include || mkdir include])
 AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS(src, [
 test -d src || mkdir src
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/include/ffi.h.in misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/include/ffi.h.in
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/include/ffi.h.in	2014-06-29 21:05:40.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/_ctypes/libffi/include/ffi.h.in	2016-01-01 17:49:55.236718053 -0500
@@ -428,7 +428,11 @@
 			    ffi_type *rtype,
 			    ffi_type **atypes);
 
+#ifdef MS_WIN32
+int ffi_call(ffi_cif *cif,
+#else
 void ffi_call(ffi_cif *cif,
+#endif
 	      void (*fn)(void),
 	      void *rvalue,
 	      void **avalue);
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/config.c.in misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/config.c.in
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/config.c.in	2014-06-29 21:05:42.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/config.c.in	2016-01-01 17:49:55.237718460 -0500
@@ -48,6 +48,9 @@
     {"__builtin__", NULL},
     {"sys", NULL},
     {"exceptions", NULL},
+#ifdef __MINGW32__
+	{"winmingw32", NULL},
+#endif
 
     /* This lives in gcmodule.c */
     {"gc", initgc},
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/posixmodule.c misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/posixmodule.c
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/posixmodule.c	2014-06-29 21:05:43.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/posixmodule.c	2016-01-01 17:49:55.241719248 -0500
@@ -132,6 +132,15 @@
 #define HAVE_FSYNC      1
 #define fsync _commit
 #else
+#ifdef __MINGW32__
+#define HAVE_SPAWNV	1
+#define HAVE_EXECV      1
+#define HAVE_GETCWD     1
+#define HAVE_OPENDIR    1
+#define HAVE_PIPE       1
+#define HAVE_POPEN      1
+#define HAVE_SYSTEM	1
+#else
 #if defined(PYOS_OS2) && defined(PYCC_GCC) || defined(__VMS)
 /* Everything needed is defined in PC/os2emx/pyconfig.h or vms/pyconfig.h */
 #else                   /* all other compilers */
@@ -157,6 +166,7 @@
 #define HAVE_WAIT       1
 #define HAVE_TTYNAME    1
 #endif  /* PYOS_OS2 && PYCC_GCC && __VMS */
+#endif  /* __MINGW32__ */
 #endif  /* _MSC_VER */
 #endif  /* __BORLANDC__ */
 #endif  /* ! __WATCOMC__ || __QNX__ */
@@ -277,6 +287,14 @@
 #define pclose  _pclose
 #endif /* _MSC_VER */
 
+#ifdef __MINGW32__
+#include "osdefs.h"
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <shellapi.h>	/* for ShellExecute() */
+#define popen	_popen
+#define pclose	_pclose
+#endif
+
 #if defined(PYCC_VACPP) && defined(PYOS_OS2)
 #include <io.h>
 #endif /* OS2 */
@@ -575,7 +593,7 @@
 */
 #include <crt_externs.h>
 static char **environ;
-#elif !defined(_MSC_VER) && ( !defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(__QNX__) )
+#elif !defined(_MSC_VER) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && ( !defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(__QNX__) )
 extern char **environ;
 #endif /* !_MSC_VER */
 
@@ -994,7 +1012,7 @@
     int st_ctime_nsec;
 };
 
-static __int64 secs_between_epochs = 11644473600; /* Seconds between 1.1.1601 and 1.1.1970 */
+static __int64 secs_between_epochs = 11644473600LL; /* Seconds between 1.1.1601 and 1.1.1970 */
 
 static void
 FILE_TIME_to_time_t_nsec(FILETIME *in_ptr, time_t *time_out, int* nsec_out)
@@ -1514,7 +1532,7 @@
     return v;
 }
 
-#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+#if defined(MS_WINDOWS) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
 
 /* IsUNCRoot -- test whether the supplied path is of the form \\SERVER\SHARE\,
    where / can be used in place of \ and the trailing slash is optional.
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/socketmodule.c misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/socketmodule.c
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Modules/socketmodule.c	2014-06-29 21:05:43.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Modules/socketmodule.c	2016-01-01 17:49:55.244718023 -0500
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@
   /* Do not include addrinfo.h for MSVC7 or greater. 'addrinfo' and
    * EAI_* constants are defined in (the already included) ws2tcpip.h.
    */
-#else
+#elif !defined(__MINGW32__)
 #  include "addrinfo.h"
 #endif
 
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/PC/_winreg.c misc/build/Python-2.7.8/PC/_winreg.c
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/PC/_winreg.c	2014-06-29 21:05:46.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/PC/_winreg.c	2016-01-01 17:49:55.246717928 -0500
@@ -1790,6 +1790,9 @@
 }
 
 #define ADD_KEY(val) inskey(d, #val, val)
+#ifndef REG_LEGAL_CHANGE_FILTER
+#define REG_LEGAL_CHANGE_FILTER (REG_NOTIFY_CHANGE_NAME|REG_NOTIFY_CHANGE_ATTRIBUTES|REG_NOTIFY_CHANGE_LAST_SET|REG_NOTIFY_CHANGE_SECURITY)
+#endif
 
 PyMODINIT_FUNC init_winreg(void)
 {
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Python/dynload_win.c misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Python/dynload_win.c
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Python/dynload_win.c	2014-06-29 21:05:47.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Python/dynload_win.c	2016-01-01 17:49:55.246717928 -0500
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 /* Case insensitive string compare, to avoid any dependencies on particular
    C RTL implementations */
 
+#ifndef __MINGW32__
 static int strcasecmp (char *string1, char *string2)
 {
     int first, second;
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@
 
     return (first - second);
 }
+#endif
 
 
 /* Function to return the name of the "python" DLL that the supplied module
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/Python/frozenmain.c misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Python/frozenmain.c
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/Python/frozenmain.c	2014-06-29 21:05:47.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/Python/frozenmain.c	2016-01-01 17:49:55.247717915 -0500
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 #include "Python.h"
 
-#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+#if defined(MS_WINDOWS) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
 extern void PyWinFreeze_ExeInit(void);
 extern void PyWinFreeze_ExeTerm(void);
 extern int PyInitFrozenExtensions(void);
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@
         setbuf(stderr, (char *)NULL);
     }
 
-#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+#ifdef MS_WINDOWS && !defined(__MINGW32__)
     PyInitFrozenExtensions();
 #endif /* MS_WINDOWS */
     Py_SetProgramName(argv[0]);
     Py_Initialize();
-#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+#ifdef MS_WINDOWS && !defined(__MINGW32__)
     PyWinFreeze_ExeInit();
 #endif
 
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
     if (inspect && isatty((int)fileno(stdin)))
         sts = PyRun_AnyFile(stdin, "<stdin>") != 0;
 
-#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
+#ifdef MS_WINDOWS && !defined(__MINGW32__)
     PyWinFreeze_ExeTerm();
 #endif
     Py_Finalize();
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/configure misc/build/Python-2.7.8/configure
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/configure	2014-06-29 21:05:48.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/configure	2016-01-01 17:49:55.307717091 -0500
@@ -637,8 +637,10 @@
 LIBOBJS
 TRUE
 MACHDEP_OBJS
+GETPATH_OBJS
 DYNLOADFILE
 DLINCLDIR
+USE_PASSWORD_MODULE
 THREADOBJ
 LDLAST
 USE_THREAD_MODULE
@@ -3359,6 +3361,13 @@
         LDFLAGS="$SGI_ABI $LDFLAGS"
         MACHDEP=`echo "${MACHDEP}${SGI_ABI}" | sed 's/ *//g'`
 fi
+case $MACHDEP in
+        *mingw*|*MINGW*|*MinGW*)
+		MACHDEP="winmingw32"
+		ac_sys_system=`uname -s`
+		ac_sys_release=`uname -r`
+	;;
+esac
 { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $MACHDEP" >&5
 $as_echo "$MACHDEP" >&6; }
 
@@ -5272,7 +5281,7 @@
 if test -z "$enable_shared"
 then
   case $ac_sys_system in
-  CYGWIN* | atheos*)
+  CYGWIN* | MINGW* | atheos*)
     enable_shared="yes";;
   *)
     enable_shared="no";;
@@ -5341,7 +5350,7 @@
     BeOS*)
           LDLIBRARY='libpython$(VERSION).so'
           ;;
-    CYGWIN*)
+    CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
           LDLIBRARY='libpython$(VERSION).dll.a'
           DLLLIBRARY='libpython$(VERSION).dll'
           ;;
@@ -5397,7 +5406,7 @@
   esac
 else # shared is disabled
   case $ac_sys_system in
-    CYGWIN*)
+    CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
           BLDLIBRARY='$(LIBRARY)'
           LDLIBRARY='libpython$(VERSION).dll.a'
           ;;
@@ -7812,6 +7821,10 @@
 
 
 
+ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_off_t | tr -d '\015'`
+ac_cv_sizeof_long=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_long | tr -d '\015'`
+ac_cv_sizeof_long_long=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_long_long | tr -d '\015'`
+ac_cv_sizeof_short=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_short | tr -d '\015'`
 { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking whether to enable large file support" >&5
 $as_echo_n "checking whether to enable large file support... " >&6; }
 if test "$have_long_long" = yes
@@ -8128,7 +8141,7 @@
 	  		*)    SO=.sl;;
 		esac
 		;;
-	CYGWIN*)   SO=.dll;;
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)   SO=.dll;;
 	*)	   SO=.so;;
 	esac
 else
@@ -8292,7 +8305,7 @@
 	SCO_SV*)
 		LDSHARED='$(CC) -Wl,-G,-Bexport'
 		LDCXXSHARED='$(CXX) -Wl,-G,-Bexport';;
-	CYGWIN*)
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
 		LDSHARED="gcc -shared -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base"
 		LDCXXSHARED="g++ -shared -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base";;
 	atheos*)
@@ -8388,7 +8401,7 @@
 			LINKFORSHARED="-Xlinker --export-dynamic"
 		    fi;;
 		  esac;;
-	CYGWIN*)
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
 		if test $enable_shared = "no"
 		then
 			LINKFORSHARED='-Wl,--out-implib=$(LDLIBRARY)'
@@ -8412,7 +8425,7 @@
 if test ! "$LIBRARY" = "$LDLIBRARY"
 then
 	case $ac_sys_system in
-	CYGWIN*)
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
 		# Cygwin needs CCSHARED when building extension DLLs
 		# but not when building the interpreter DLL.
 		CFLAGSFORSHARED='';;
@@ -9663,7 +9676,7 @@
 #define HAVE_PTHREAD_SIGMASK 1
 _ACEOF
  case $ac_sys_system in
-        CYGWIN*)
+        CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
 
 $as_echo "#define HAVE_BROKEN_PTHREAD_SIGMASK 1" >>confdefs.h
 
@@ -9686,6 +9699,17 @@
 fi
 
 
+case $MACHDEP in
+winmingw*)
+	THREADOBJ="Python/thread.o"
+	USE_THREAD_MODULE="#"
+	USE_PASSWORD_MODULE="#"
+	;;
+*)
+	USE_PASSWORD_MODULE=""
+	;;
+esac
+
 # Check for enable-ipv6
 
 { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking if --enable-ipv6 is specified" >&5
@@ -10120,6 +10144,11 @@
 	# Use dynload_next.c only on 10.2 and below, which don't have native dlopen()
 	Darwin/[0156]\..*) DYNLOADFILE="dynload_next.o";;
 	atheos*) DYNLOADFILE="dynload_atheos.o";;
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
+		case $MACHDEP in
+		winmingw*) DYNLOADFILE="dynload_win.o PC/import_nt.o PC/dl_nt.o";;
+		esac
+		;;
 	*)
 	# use dynload_shlib.c and dlopen() if we have it; otherwise stub
 	# out any dynamic loading
@@ -10139,6 +10168,21 @@
 
 fi
 
+
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking GETPATH_OBJS" >&5
+$as_echo_n "checking GETPATH_OBJS... " >&6; }
+if test -z "$GETPATH_OBJS"
+then
+	case $MACHDEP in
+	winmingw*)
+		GETPATH_OBJS='PC/getpathp.o';;
+	*)
+		GETPATH_OBJS='Modules/getpath.o';;
+	esac
+fi
+{ $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: result: $GETPATH_OBJS" >&5
+$as_echo "$GETPATH_OBJS" >&6; }
+
 # MACHDEP_OBJS can be set to platform-specific object files needed by Python
 
 
@@ -11737,6 +11781,20 @@
 
 fi
 
+case $MACHDEP in
+winmingw*)
+ac_fn_c_check_member "$LINENO" "struct stat" "st_blocks" "ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks" "$ac_includes_default"
+if test "x$ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks" = xyes; then :
+
+cat >>confdefs.h <<_ACEOF
+#define HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLOCKS 1
+_ACEOF
+
+
+fi
+
+;;
+*)
 ac_fn_c_check_member "$LINENO" "struct stat" "st_blocks" "ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks" "$ac_includes_default"
 if test "x$ac_cv_member_struct_stat_st_blocks" = xyes; then :
 
@@ -11757,6 +11815,8 @@
 fi
 
 
+;;
+esac
 
 { $as_echo "$as_me:${as_lineno-$LINENO}: checking for time.h that defines altzone" >&5
 $as_echo_n "checking for time.h that defines altzone... " >&6; }
@@ -13140,6 +13200,7 @@
 
 
 
+ac_cv_sizeof_wchar_t=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_wchar_t | tr -d '\015'`
 
 if test "$enable_unicode" = "no"
 then
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/configure.ac misc/build/Python-2.7.8/configure.ac
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/configure.ac	2014-06-29 21:05:48.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/configure.ac	2016-01-01 17:49:55.310717403 -0500
@@ -488,6 +488,13 @@
         LDFLAGS="$SGI_ABI $LDFLAGS"
         MACHDEP=`echo "${MACHDEP}${SGI_ABI}" | sed 's/ *//g'`
 fi
+case $MACHDEP in
+        *mingw*|*MINGW*|*MinGW*)
+		MACHDEP="winmingw32"
+		ac_sys_system=`uname -s`
+		ac_sys_release=`uname -r`
+	;;
+esac
 AC_MSG_RESULT($MACHDEP)
 
 # And add extra plat-mac for darwin
@@ -821,7 +828,7 @@
 if test -z "$enable_shared"
 then 
   case $ac_sys_system in
-  CYGWIN* | atheos*)
+  CYGWIN* | MINGW* | atheos*)
     enable_shared="yes";;
   *)
     enable_shared="no";;
@@ -873,7 +880,7 @@
     BeOS*)
           LDLIBRARY='libpython$(VERSION).so'
           ;;
-    CYGWIN*)
+    CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
           LDLIBRARY='libpython$(VERSION).dll.a'
           DLLLIBRARY='libpython$(VERSION).dll'
           ;;
@@ -929,7 +936,7 @@
   esac
 else # shared is disabled
   case $ac_sys_system in
-    CYGWIN*)
+    CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
           BLDLIBRARY='$(LIBRARY)'
           LDLIBRARY='libpython$(VERSION).dll.a'
           ;;
@@ -1711,6 +1718,10 @@
 #endif
 ])
 
+ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_off_t | tr -d '\015'`
+ac_cv_sizeof_long=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_long | tr -d '\015'`
+ac_cv_sizeof_long_long=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_long_long | tr -d '\015'`
+ac_cv_sizeof_short=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_short | tr -d '\015'`
 AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether to enable large file support)
 if test "$have_long_long" = yes
 then
@@ -1916,7 +1927,7 @@
 	  		*)    SO=.sl;;
 		esac
 		;;
-	CYGWIN*)   SO=.dll;;
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)   SO=.dll;;
 	*)	   SO=.so;;
 	esac
 else
@@ -2074,7 +2085,7 @@
 	SCO_SV*)
 		LDSHARED='$(CC) -Wl,-G,-Bexport'
 		LDCXXSHARED='$(CXX) -Wl,-G,-Bexport';;
-	CYGWIN*)
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
 		LDSHARED="gcc -shared -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base"
 		LDCXXSHARED="g++ -shared -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base";;
 	atheos*)
@@ -2166,7 +2177,7 @@
 			LINKFORSHARED="-Xlinker --export-dynamic"
 		    fi;;
 		  esac;;
-	CYGWIN*)
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
 		if test $enable_shared = "no"
 		then
 			LINKFORSHARED='-Wl,--out-implib=$(LDLIBRARY)'
@@ -2188,7 +2199,7 @@
 if test ! "$LIBRARY" = "$LDLIBRARY"
 then
 	case $ac_sys_system in
-	CYGWIN*)
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
 		# Cygwin needs CCSHARED when building extension DLLs
 		# but not when building the interpreter DLL.
 		CFLAGSFORSHARED='';;
@@ -2598,7 +2609,7 @@
       fi
       AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pthread_sigmask,
         [case $ac_sys_system in
-        CYGWIN*)
+        CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
           AC_DEFINE(HAVE_BROKEN_PTHREAD_SIGMASK, 1,
             [Define if pthread_sigmask() does not work on your system.])
             ;;
@@ -2606,6 +2617,17 @@
       AC_CHECK_FUNCS(pthread_atfork)
 fi
 
+AC_SUBST(USE_PASSWORD_MODULE)
+case $MACHDEP in
+winmingw*)
+	THREADOBJ="Python/thread.o"
+	USE_THREAD_MODULE="#"
+	USE_PASSWORD_MODULE="#"
+	;;
+*)
+	USE_PASSWORD_MODULE=""
+	;;
+esac
 
 # Check for enable-ipv6
 AH_TEMPLATE(ENABLE_IPV6, [Define if --enable-ipv6 is specified])
@@ -2877,6 +2899,11 @@
 	# Use dynload_next.c only on 10.2 and below, which don't have native dlopen()
 	Darwin/@<:@0156@:>@\..*) DYNLOADFILE="dynload_next.o";;
 	atheos*) DYNLOADFILE="dynload_atheos.o";;
+	CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
+		case $MACHDEP in
+		winmingw*) DYNLOADFILE="dynload_win.o PC/import_nt.o PC/dl_nt.o";;
+		esac
+		;;
 	*)
 	# use dynload_shlib.c and dlopen() if we have it; otherwise stub
 	# out any dynamic loading
@@ -2894,6 +2921,19 @@
         [Defined when any dynamic module loading is enabled.])
 fi
 
+AC_SUBST(GETPATH_OBJS)
+AC_MSG_CHECKING(GETPATH_OBJS)
+if test -z "$GETPATH_OBJS"
+then
+	case $MACHDEP in
+	winmingw*)
+		GETPATH_OBJS='PC/getpathp.o';;
+	*)
+		GETPATH_OBJS='Modules/getpath.o';;
+	esac
+fi
+AC_MSG_RESULT($GETPATH_OBJS)
+
 # MACHDEP_OBJS can be set to platform-specific object files needed by Python
 
 AC_SUBST(MACHDEP_OBJS)
@@ -3355,7 +3395,14 @@
 AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_flags])
 AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_gen])
 AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_birthtime])
+case $MACHDEP in
+winmingw*)
+AC_CHECK_MEMBERS([struct stat.st_blocks])
+;;
+*)
 AC_STRUCT_ST_BLOCKS
+;;
+esac
 
 AC_MSG_CHECKING(for time.h that defines altzone)
 AC_CACHE_VAL(ac_cv_header_time_altzone,[
@@ -3976,6 +4023,7 @@
 AH_TEMPLATE(PY_UNICODE_TYPE,
   [Define as the integral type used for Unicode representation.])
 
+ac_cv_sizeof_wchar_t=`echo $ac_cv_sizeof_wchar_t | tr -d '\015'`
 AC_SUBST(UNICODE_OBJS)
 if test "$enable_unicode" = "no"
 then
diff -ru misc/Python-2.7.8/setup.py misc/build/Python-2.7.8/setup.py
--- misc/Python-2.7.8/setup.py	2014-06-29 21:05:48.000000000 -0500
+++ misc/build/Python-2.7.8/setup.py	2016-01-01 17:49:55.312719892 -0500
@@ -285,6 +285,18 @@
             if not self.configure_ctypes(ext):
                 return
 
+        if self.get_platform() == "winmingw":
+            if ext.name == '_ctypes_test':
+                ext.libraries.append('oleaut32')
+            elif ext.name == 'select':
+                ext.libraries.append('ws2_32')
+            elif ext.name == '_socket':
+                ext.libraries.append('ws2_32')
+            if ext.name == '_ctypes':
+                ext.libraries.append('uuid')
+                ext.libraries.append('oleaut32')
+                ext.libraries.append('ole32')
+
         try:
             build_ext.build_extension(self, ext)
         except (CCompilerError, DistutilsError), why:
@@ -314,7 +326,7 @@
 
         # Workaround for Cygwin: Cygwin currently has fork issues when many
         # modules have been imported
-        if host_platform == 'cygwin':
+        if host_platform in ['cygwin', 'winmingw']:
             self.announce('WARNING: skipping import check for Cygwin-based "%s"'
                 % ext.name)
             return
@@ -1233,7 +1245,7 @@
 
         dbm_order = ['gdbm']
         # The standard Unix dbm module:
-        if host_platform not in ['cygwin']:
+        if host_platform not in ['cygwin', 'winmingw']:
             config_args = [arg.strip("'")
                            for arg in sysconfig.get_config_var("CONFIG_ARGS").split()]
             dbm_args = [arg for arg in config_args
@@ -1325,7 +1337,7 @@
                 missing.append('resource')
 
             # Sun yellow pages. Some systems have the functions in libc.
-            if (host_platform not in ['cygwin', 'atheos', 'qnx6'] and
+            if (host_platform not in ['cygwin', 'winmingw', 'atheos', 'qnx6'] and
                 find_file('rpcsvc/yp_prot.h', inc_dirs, []) is not None):
                 if (self.compiler.find_library_file(lib_dirs, 'nsl')):
                     libs = ['nsl']
@@ -1547,7 +1559,7 @@
             macros = dict()
             libraries = []
 
-        elif host_platform == 'cygwin':          # Cygwin
+        elif host_platform == 'cygwin', 'winmingw':          # Cygwin
             macros = dict()
             libraries = []
 
@@ -1569,7 +1581,7 @@
             macros = dict()
             libraries = ['rt']
 
-        if host_platform == 'win32':
+        if host_platform in ['win32', 'winmingw']:
             multiprocessing_srcs = [ '_multiprocessing/multiprocessing.c',
                                      '_multiprocessing/semaphore.c',
                                      '_multiprocessing/pipe_connection.c',
@@ -1588,6 +1600,7 @@
         if sysconfig.get_config_var('WITH_THREAD'):
             exts.append ( Extension('_multiprocessing', multiprocessing_srcs,
                                     define_macros=macros.items(),
+                                    libraries=libraries,
                                     include_dirs=["Modules/_multiprocessing"]))
         else:
             missing.append('_multiprocessing')
@@ -1721,6 +1734,10 @@
                                      '-framework', 'Carbon']) )
 
 
+        if platform == 'winmingw':
+            exts.append( Extension('_winreg', ['../PC/_winreg.c']) )
+            exts.append( Extension('winsound', ['../PC/winsound.c'], libraries = ['winmm']) )
+
         self.extensions.extend(exts)
 
         # Call the method for detecting whether _tkinter can be compiled
@@ -1930,7 +1947,7 @@
             added_lib_dirs.append('/usr/X11/lib')
 
         # If Cygwin, then verify that X is installed before proceeding
-        if host_platform == 'cygwin':
+        if host_platform in ['cygwin', 'winmingw']:
             x11_inc = find_file('X11/Xlib.h', [], include_dirs)
             if x11_inc is None:
                 return
@@ -1953,7 +1970,7 @@
             libs.append('ld')
 
         # Finally, link with the X11 libraries (not appropriate on cygwin)
-        if host_platform != "cygwin":
+        if not host_platform in ["cygwin", "winmingw"]:
             libs.append('X11')
 
         ext = Extension('_tkinter', ['_tkinter.c', 'tkappinit.c'],
@@ -2023,6 +2040,8 @@
                                if (('--host=' in arg) or ('--build=' in arg))]
                 if not self.verbose:
                     config_args.append("-q")
+                if self.get_platform() == "winmingw":
+                    config_args.append(" --build=mingw32")
 
                 # Pass empty CFLAGS because we'll just append the resulting
                 # CFLAGS to Python's; -g or -O2 is to be avoided.