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 <html><head>
       <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
    <title>2.&nbsp;Salient Features</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="css/docbook.css" type="text/css"><base href="display"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0"><link rel="start" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.0 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="ref_guide_slice.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;13.&nbsp; Distributed Persistence"><link rel="prev" href="ref_guide_slice.html" title="Chapter&nbsp;13.&nbsp; Distributed Persistence"><link rel="next" href="slice_configuration.html" title="3.&nbsp;Usage"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">2.&nbsp;Salient Features</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ref_guide_slice.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter&nbsp;13.&nbsp;
     Distributed Persistence
   </th><td width="20%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="slice_configuration.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="features_and_limitations"></a>2.&nbsp;Salient Features</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34747">2.1. Transparency</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34760">2.2. Scaling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34773">2.3. Distributed Query</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34815">2.4. Data Distribution</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34862">2.5. Data Replication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34884">2.6. Heterogeneous Database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34889">2.7. Distributed Transaction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#collocation_constraint">2.8. Collocation Constraint</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34747"></a>2.1.&nbsp;Transparency</h3></div></div></div><p>
 			  The primary design objective for Slice is to make the user
 			  application transparent to the change in storage strategy where
 			  data resides in multiple (possibly heterogeneous) databases instead
 			  of a single database. Slice achieves this transparency by
 			  virtualization of multiple databases as a single database such
 			  that OpenJPA object management kernel continues to interact in
 			  exactly the same manner with storage layer. Similarly,
               the existing application or the persistent domain model requires
               <span class="emphasis"><em>no change</em></span> to upgrade from a single database
               to a distributed database environment.
             </p><p>
 			  An existing application developed for a single database can be
 			  adapted to work with multiple databases purely by configuring
 			  a persistence unit via <code class="classname">META-INF/persistence.xml</code>.
 			</p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34760"></a>2.2.&nbsp;Scaling</h3></div></div></div><p>
 			The primary performance characteristics for Slice is to scale against
 			growing data volume by <span class="emphasis"><em>horizontal</em></span> partitioning data
 			across many databases.
 			</p><p>
 			Slice executes the database operations such as query or flush <span class="emphasis"><em>in
 			parallel</em></span> across each physical database. Hence, scaling characteristics
 			against data volume are bound by the size of the maximum data
 			partition instead of the size of the entire data set. The use cases
 			where the data is naturally amenable to horizontal partitions,
 			for example, by temporal interval (e.g. Purchase Orders per month)
 			or by geographical regions (e.g. Customer by Zip Code) can derive
 			significant performance benefit and favorable scaling behavior by
 			using Slice.
 			</p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34773"></a>2.3.&nbsp;Distributed Query</h3></div></div></div><p>
             The queries are executed in parallel across one or more slices and the
 			individual query results are merged into a single list before being
 			returned to the caller application. The <span class="emphasis"><em>merge</em></span> operation is
 			more complex for the queries that involve sorting and/or specify a
 			range. Slice supports both sorting and range queries.
             </p><p>
             Slice also supports aggregate queries where the aggregate operation
 			is <span class="emphasis"><em>commutative</em></span> to partitioning such as
 			<code class="classname">COUNT()</code> or <code class="classname">MAX()</code> but not <code class="classname">AVG()</code>.
             </p><p>
             By default, any query is executed against all available slices.
 			However, the application can target the query only to a subset of
 			slices by setting <span class="emphasis"><em>hint</em></span> on <code class="classname">javax.persistence.Query</code>.
 			The hint key is  <code class="classname">openjpa.hint.slice.Target</code> and
             hint value is a comma-separated list of slice identifiers. The following
             example shows how to target a query only to a pair of slices
 			with logical identifier <code class="classname">"One"</code> and <code class="classname">"Two"</code>.

             </p><pre class="programlisting">
               EntityManager em = ...;
               em.getTransaction().begin();
               String hint = "openjpa.hint.slice.Target";
               Query query = em.createQuery("SELECT p FROM PObject")
 				              .setHint(hint, "One, Two");
               List result = query.getResultList();
               // verify that each instance is originating from the hinted slices
               for (Object pc : result) {
                  String sliceOrigin = SlicePersistence.getSlice(pc);
                  assertTrue ("One".equals(sliceOrigin) || "Two".equals(sliceOrigin));
               }

             </pre><p>
             </p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34815"></a>2.4.&nbsp;Data Distribution</h3></div></div></div><p>
              The user application decides how the newly persistent instances be
              distributed across the slices. The user application specifies the
 			 data distribution policy by implementing
              <code class="classname">org.apache.openjpa.slice.DistributionPolicy</code>.

 			 The  <code class="classname">DistributionPolicy</code> interface
 			 is simple with a single method. The complete listing of the
 			 documented interface follows:
 		   </p><pre class="programlisting">

 			public interface DistributionPolicy {
 			/**
 			 * Gets the name of the slice where the given newly persistent
 			 * instance will be stored.
 			 *
 			 * @param pc The newly persistent or to-be-merged object.
 			 * @param slices name of the configured slices.
 			 * @param context persistence context managing the given instance.
 			 *
 			 * @return identifier of the slice. This name must match one of the
 			 * configured slice names.
 			 * @see DistributedConfiguration#getSliceNames()
 			 */
 			String distribute(Object pc, List&lt;String&gt; slices, Object context);
 			}

        </pre><p>
         </p><p>
 			 Slice runtime invokes this user-supplied method for the newly
 			 persistent instance that is explicit argument of the
 			 <code class="classname">javax.persistence.EntityManager.persist(Object pc)</code>
 			 method. The user application must return a valid slice name from
 			 this method to designate the target slice for the given instance.
 			 The data distribution policy may be based on the attribute
 			 of the data itself. For example, all Customer whose first name
 			 begins with character 'A' to 'M' will be stored in one slice
 			 while names beginning with 'N' to 'Z' will be stored in another
 			 slice. The noteworthy aspect of such policy implementation is
 			 the attribute values that participate in
 			 the distribution policy logic should be set before invoking
 			 <code class="classname">EntityManager.persist()</code> method.
 		 </p><p>
 			The user application needs to specify the target slice <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span>
 			for the <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span> instance i.e. the explicit argument for the
 			<code class="classname">EntityManager.persist(Object pc)</code> method. Slice computes
 			the transitive closure of the graph i.e. the set of all instances
 			directly or indirectly reachable from the root instance and stores
 			them in the same target slice.
 		</p><p>
 		 Slice tracks the original database for existing instances. When
 		 an application issues a query, the resultant instances can be loaded
 		 from different slices. As Slice tracks the original slice for each
 		 instance, any subsequent update to an instance is committed to the
 		 appropriate original database slice.
 		</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
             You can find the original slice of an instance <code class="classname">pc</code> by
             the static utility method
             <code class="methodname">SlicePersistence.getSlice(pc)</code>.
             This method returns the slice identifier associated with the
             given <span class="emphasis"><em>managed</em></span> instance. If the instance is not
             being managed then the method return null because any unmanaged or
             detached instance is not associated with any slice.
             </p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34862"></a>2.5.&nbsp;Data Replication</h3></div></div></div><p>
 			While Slice ensures that the transitive closure is stored in the
 			same slice, there can be data elements that are commonly referred by
 			many instances such as Country or Currency code. Such quasi-static
 			master data can be stored as identical copies in multiple slices.
 			The user application needs to annotate such entity with
 			<code class="classname">@Replicated</code> annotation and implement
 			a <code class="classname">org.apache.openjpa.slice.ReplicationPolicy</code>
 			interface. The <code class="classname">ReplicationPolicy</code> interface
 			is quite similar to <code class="classname">DistributionPolicy</code>
 			interface except it returns an array of target slice names instead
 			of a single slice.
 			</p><pre class="programlisting">

 			 String[] replicate(Object pc, List&lt;String&gt; slices, Object context);

        </pre><p>
 		</p><p>
 				The default implementation assumes that replicated instances are
 				stored in all available slices. If any such replicated instance
 				is modified then the modification is updated to all target slices
 				to maintain the critical assumption that the state of a replicated
 				instance is identical across all its target slices.
 			</p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34884"></a>2.6.&nbsp;Heterogeneous Database</h3></div></div></div><p>
               Each slice can be configured independently with its own JDBC
               driver and other connection parameters. Hence the target database
               environment can constitute of heterogeneous databases.
             </p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34889"></a>2.7.&nbsp;Distributed Transaction</h3></div></div></div><p>
             The database slices participate in a global transaction provided
             each slice is configured with a XA-compliant JDBC driver, even
             when the persistence unit is configured for <code class="classname">RESOURCE_LOCAL</code>
             transaction.
             </p><p>
             </p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
             If any of the configured slices is not XA-compliant <span class="emphasis"><em>and</em></span>
             the persistence unit is configured for <code class="classname">RESOURCE_LOCAL</code>
             transaction then each slice is committed without any two-phase
             commit protocol. If commit on any slice fails, then atomic nature of
             the transaction is not ensured.
             </div><p>
             </p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="collocation_constraint"></a>2.8.&nbsp;Collocation Constraint</h3></div></div></div><p>
             No relationship can exist across database slices. In O-R mapping parlance,
             this condition translates to the limitation that the transitive closure of an object graph must be
             <span class="emphasis"><em>collocated</em></span> in the same database.
             For example, consider a domain model where Person relates to Address.
             Person X refers to Address A while Person Y refers to Address B.
             Collocation Constraint means that <span class="emphasis"><em>both</em></span> X and A
             must be stored in the same
             database slice. Similarly Y and B must be stored in a single slice.
             </p><p>
             Slice, however, helps to maintain collocation constraint automatically.
             The instances in the closure set of any newly persistent instance
             reachable via cascaded relationship is stored in the same slice.
             The user-defined distribution policy requires to supply the slice
             for the root instance only.
             </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ref_guide_slice.html">Prev</a>&nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ref_guide_slice.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right">&nbsp;<a accesskey="n" href="slice_configuration.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter&nbsp;13.&nbsp;
     Distributed Persistence
   &nbsp;</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="manual.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top">&nbsp;3.&nbsp;Usage</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
	<html><head>
	<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
	<title>2. Salient Features</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="css/docbook.css" type="text/css"><base href="display"><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.72.0"><link rel="start" href="manual.html" title="Apache OpenJPA 2.0 User's Guide"><link rel="up" href="ref_guide_slice.html" title="Chapter 13.  Distributed Persistence"><link rel="prev" href="ref_guide_slice.html" title="Chapter 13.  Distributed Persistence"><link rel="next" href="slice_configuration.html" title="3. Usage"></head><body bgcolor="white" text="black" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084" alink="#0000FF"><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">2. Salient Features</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ref_guide_slice.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13.
	Distributed Persistence
	</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="slice_configuration.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a name="features_and_limitations"></a>2. Salient Features</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34747">2.1. Transparency</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34760">2.2. Scaling</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34773">2.3. Distributed Query</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34815">2.4. Data Distribution</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34862">2.5. Data Replication</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34884">2.6. Heterogeneous Database</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#d0e34889">2.7. Distributed Transaction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="features_and_limitations.html#collocation_constraint">2.8. Collocation Constraint</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34747"></a>2.1. Transparency</h3></div></div></div><p>
	The primary design objective for Slice is to make the user
	application transparent to the change in storage strategy where
	data resides in multiple (possibly heterogeneous) databases instead
	of a single database. Slice achieves this transparency by
	virtualization of multiple databases as a single database such
	that OpenJPA object management kernel continues to interact in
	exactly the same manner with storage layer. Similarly,
	the existing application or the persistent domain model requires
	<span class="emphasis"><em>no change</em></span> to upgrade from a single database
	to a distributed database environment.
	</p><p>
	An existing application developed for a single database can be
	adapted to work with multiple databases purely by configuring
	a persistence unit via <code class="classname">META-INF/persistence.xml</code>.
	</p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34760"></a>2.2. Scaling</h3></div></div></div><p>
	The primary performance characteristics for Slice is to scale against
	growing data volume by <span class="emphasis"><em>horizontal</em></span> partitioning data
	across many databases.
	</p><p>
	Slice executes the database operations such as query or flush <span class="emphasis"><em>in
	parallel</em></span> across each physical database. Hence, scaling characteristics
	against data volume are bound by the size of the maximum data
	partition instead of the size of the entire data set. The use cases
	where the data is naturally amenable to horizontal partitions,
	for example, by temporal interval (e.g. Purchase Orders per month)
	or by geographical regions (e.g. Customer by Zip Code) can derive
	significant performance benefit and favorable scaling behavior by
	using Slice.
	</p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34773"></a>2.3. Distributed Query</h3></div></div></div><p>
	The queries are executed in parallel across one or more slices and the
	individual query results are merged into a single list before being
	returned to the caller application. The <span class="emphasis"><em>merge</em></span> operation is
	more complex for the queries that involve sorting and/or specify a
	range. Slice supports both sorting and range queries.
	</p><p>
	Slice also supports aggregate queries where the aggregate operation
	is <span class="emphasis"><em>commutative</em></span> to partitioning such as
	<code class="classname">COUNT()</code> or <code class="classname">MAX()</code> but not <code class="classname">AVG()</code>.
	</p><p>
	By default, any query is executed against all available slices.
	However, the application can target the query only to a subset of
	slices by setting <span class="emphasis"><em>hint</em></span> on <code class="classname">javax.persistence.Query</code>.
	The hint key is <code class="classname">openjpa.hint.slice.Target</code> and
	hint value is a comma-separated list of slice identifiers. The following
	example shows how to target a query only to a pair of slices
	with logical identifier <code class="classname">"One"</code> and <code class="classname">"Two"</code>.

	</p><pre class="programlisting">
	EntityManager em = ...;
	em.getTransaction().begin();
	String hint = "openjpa.hint.slice.Target";
	Query query = em.createQuery("SELECT p FROM PObject")
	.setHint(hint, "One, Two");
	List result = query.getResultList();
	// verify that each instance is originating from the hinted slices
	for (Object pc : result) {
	String sliceOrigin = SlicePersistence.getSlice(pc);
	assertTrue ("One".equals(sliceOrigin) \|\| "Two".equals(sliceOrigin));
	}

	</pre><p>
	</p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34815"></a>2.4. Data Distribution</h3></div></div></div><p>
	The user application decides how the newly persistent instances be
	distributed across the slices. The user application specifies the
	data distribution policy by implementing
	<code class="classname">org.apache.openjpa.slice.DistributionPolicy</code>.

	The <code class="classname">DistributionPolicy</code> interface
	is simple with a single method. The complete listing of the
	documented interface follows:
	</p><pre class="programlisting">

	public interface DistributionPolicy {
	/**
	* Gets the name of the slice where the given newly persistent
	* instance will be stored.
	*
	* @param pc The newly persistent or to-be-merged object.
	* @param slices name of the configured slices.
	* @param context persistence context managing the given instance.
	*
	* @return identifier of the slice. This name must match one of the
	* configured slice names.
	* @see DistributedConfiguration#getSliceNames()
	*/
	String distribute(Object pc, List<String> slices, Object context);
	}

	</pre><p>
	</p><p>
	Slice runtime invokes this user-supplied method for the newly
	persistent instance that is explicit argument of the
	<code class="classname">javax.persistence.EntityManager.persist(Object pc)</code>
	method. The user application must return a valid slice name from
	this method to designate the target slice for the given instance.
	The data distribution policy may be based on the attribute
	of the data itself. For example, all Customer whose first name
	begins with character 'A' to 'M' will be stored in one slice
	while names beginning with 'N' to 'Z' will be stored in another
	slice. The noteworthy aspect of such policy implementation is
	the attribute values that participate in
	the distribution policy logic should be set before invoking
	<code class="classname">EntityManager.persist()</code> method.
	</p><p>
	The user application needs to specify the target slice <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span>
	for the <span class="emphasis"><em>root</em></span> instance i.e. the explicit argument for the
	<code class="classname">EntityManager.persist(Object pc)</code> method. Slice computes
	the transitive closure of the graph i.e. the set of all instances
	directly or indirectly reachable from the root instance and stores
	them in the same target slice.
	</p><p>
	Slice tracks the original database for existing instances. When
	an application issues a query, the resultant instances can be loaded
	from different slices. As Slice tracks the original slice for each
	instance, any subsequent update to an instance is committed to the
	appropriate original database slice.
	</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
	You can find the original slice of an instance <code class="classname">pc</code> by
	the static utility method
	<code class="methodname">SlicePersistence.getSlice(pc)</code>.
	This method returns the slice identifier associated with the
	given <span class="emphasis"><em>managed</em></span> instance. If the instance is not
	being managed then the method return null because any unmanaged or
	detached instance is not associated with any slice.
	</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34862"></a>2.5. Data Replication</h3></div></div></div><p>
	While Slice ensures that the transitive closure is stored in the
	same slice, there can be data elements that are commonly referred by
	many instances such as Country or Currency code. Such quasi-static
	master data can be stored as identical copies in multiple slices.
	The user application needs to annotate such entity with
	<code class="classname">@Replicated</code> annotation and implement
	a <code class="classname">org.apache.openjpa.slice.ReplicationPolicy</code>
	interface. The <code class="classname">ReplicationPolicy</code> interface
	is quite similar to <code class="classname">DistributionPolicy</code>
	interface except it returns an array of target slice names instead
	of a single slice.
	</p><pre class="programlisting">

	String[] replicate(Object pc, List<String> slices, Object context);

	</pre><p>
	</p><p>
	The default implementation assumes that replicated instances are
	stored in all available slices. If any such replicated instance
	is modified then the modification is updated to all target slices
	to maintain the critical assumption that the state of a replicated
	instance is identical across all its target slices.
	</p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34884"></a>2.6. Heterogeneous Database</h3></div></div></div><p>
	Each slice can be configured independently with its own JDBC
	driver and other connection parameters. Hence the target database
	environment can constitute of heterogeneous databases.
	</p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="d0e34889"></a>2.7. Distributed Transaction</h3></div></div></div><p>
	The database slices participate in a global transaction provided
	each slice is configured with a XA-compliant JDBC driver, even
	when the persistence unit is configured for <code class="classname">RESOURCE_LOCAL</code>
	transaction.
	</p><p>
	</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
	If any of the configured slices is not XA-compliant <span class="emphasis"><em>and</em></span>
	the persistence unit is configured for <code class="classname">RESOURCE_LOCAL</code>
	transaction then each slice is committed without any two-phase
	commit protocol. If commit on any slice fails, then atomic nature of
	the transaction is not ensured.
	</div><p>
	</p></div><div class="section" lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a name="collocation_constraint"></a>2.8. Collocation Constraint</h3></div></div></div><p>
	No relationship can exist across database slices. In O-R mapping parlance,
	this condition translates to the limitation that the transitive closure of an object graph must be
	<span class="emphasis"><em>collocated</em></span> in the same database.
	For example, consider a domain model where Person relates to Address.
	Person X refers to Address A while Person Y refers to Address B.
	Collocation Constraint means that <span class="emphasis"><em>both</em></span> X and A
	must be stored in the same
	database slice. Similarly Y and B must be stored in a single slice.
	</p><p>
	Slice, however, helps to maintain collocation constraint automatically.
	The instances in the closure set of any newly persistent instance
	reachable via cascaded relationship is stored in the same slice.
	The user-defined distribution policy requires to supply the slice
	for the root instance only.
	</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ref_guide_slice.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ref_guide_slice.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="slice_configuration.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 13.
	Distributed Persistence
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