Adding an Analog Sensor on nRF52
================================
We will be adding an analog sensor to the NRF52DK development board and
using the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) to read the values from the
sensor. It's also using Bluetooth to allow you to connect to the app and
read the value of the sensor.

.. contents::
   :local:
   :depth: 1

Required Hardware
-----------------

-  nRF52 Development Kit (one of the following)

   -  Dev Kit from Nordic - PCA 10040
   -  Eval Kit from Rigado - BMD-300-EVAL-ES

-  eTape Liquid Sensor -- buy from
   `Adafruit <https://www.adafruit.com/products/1786>`__
-  Laptop running Mac OS
-  It is assumed you have already installed newt tool.
-  It is assumed you already installed native tools as described
   :doc:`here <../../get_started/native_install/native_tools>`

Create a Project
----------------

Create a new project to hold your work. For a deeper understanding, you
can read about project creation in :doc:`Get Started -- Creating Your First
Project <../../get_started/project_create>` or just follow the
commands below.

.. code-block:: console

        $ mkdir ~/dev
        $ cd ~/dev
        $ newt new myadc
        Downloading project skeleton from apache/mynewt-blinky...
        Installing skeleton in myadc...
        Project myadc successfully created.
        $ cd myadc

Change the Repo Version in ``project.yml``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Recently, members of the Mynewt community have contributed great efforts to integrate the nrfx drivers, but to take advantage of such resources, we will need to use the master of the Mynewt repo (pre v1.4.0 release). To be set at the master of the Mynewt repo, we will need to change the repo version in our ``project.yml`` file. If you're not familiar with using repositories,
see the section on :doc:`repositories <../repo/add_repos>` before continuing. 

In your ``project.yml`` file, change the ``vers`` field under ``repository.apache-mynewt-core`` from ``1-latest`` to ``0-dev``. When you're done, your ``project.yml`` file should look like this:

.. code-block:: console

    project.name: "my_project"

    project.repositories:
        - apache-mynewt-core 
        - mynewt_nordic

    # Use github's distribution mechanism for core ASF libraries.
    # This provides mirroring automatically for us.

    repository.apache-mynewt-core:
        type: github
        vers: 0-dev
        user: apache
        repo: incubator-mynewt-core
        
If you already have newt previously installed, you can still change the repo version in your ``project.yml`` file, but you will need to run ``newt upgrade`` for the change to take effect. 

Install Everything
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Now that you have defined the needed repositories, it's time to install everything so
that you can get started.

.. code-block:: console

    $ newt install -v 
    apache-mynewt-core
    Downloading repository mynewt-core (commit: master) ...
    ....
    Downloading repository mynewt-nimble (commit: master) ...
    ....
    Downloading repository mcuboot (commit: master) ...
    ....
    apache-mynewt-core successfully installed version 0.0.0
    apache-mynewt-nimble successfully installed version 0.0.0
    mcuboot successfully installed version 0.0.0

Create the App and Targets
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For the sensor app we will be building and modifying on top of the :doc:`bleprph <../ble/bleprph/bleprph-app>` app so that we get the Bluetooth communications built in. The first thing we'll need to do is copy that app into our own app directory:

.. code-block:: console

    $ mkdir -p apps/nrf52_adc
    $ cp -Rp repos/apache-mynewt-core/apps/bleprph/* apps/nrf52_adc

Next, you'll modify the ``pkg.yml`` file for your app. Note the change in ``pkg.name`` and ``pkg.description``. Also make sure that you specify the full path of all the packages with the prefix ``@apache-mynewt-core/`` as shown in the third highlighted line.

.. code-block:: console

    $ cat apps/nrf52_adc/pkg.yml 
    ... 
    pkg.name: apps/nrf52_adc
    pkg.type: app 
    pkg.description: Simple BLE peripheral
    application for ADC Sensors. 
    pkg.author: "Apache Mynewt <dev@mynewt.incubator.apache.org>" 
    pkg.homepage: "http://mynewt.apache.org/" 
    pkg.keywords:

    pkg.deps:
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/boot/split"
        - "@mcuboot/boot/bootutil"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/kernel/os"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/imgmgr"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/newtmgr"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/newtmgr/transport/ble"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/services/ans"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/services/gap"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/services/gatt"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/store/config"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/util"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/transport"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/console/full"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/log/full"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/stats/full"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/sysinit"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/id"

Create two targets - one for the bootloader and one for the nrf52 board.

**Note**: The correct bsp must be chosen for the board you are using.

-  For the Nordic Dev Kit choose ``@apache-mynewt-core/hw/bsp/nrf52dk`` for the bsp
-  For the Rigado Eval Kit choose ``@apache-mynewt-core/hw/bsp/bmd300eval`` for the bsp

.. code-block:: console

    $ newt target create nrf52_adc 
    $ newt target set nrf52_adc app=apps/nrf52_adc
    $ newt target set nrf52_adc bsp=@apache-mynewt-core/hw/bsp/nrf52dk 
    $ newt target set nrf52_adc build_profile=debug

    $ newt target create nrf52_boot 
    $ newt target set nrf52_boot app=@mcuboot/boot/mynewt
    $ newt target set nrf52_boot bsp=@apache-mynewt-core/hw/bsp/nrf52dk 
    $ newt target set nrf52_boot build_profile=optimized

    $ newt target show
    targets nrf52_adc
        app=apps/nrf52_adc
        bsp=@apache-mynewt-core/hw/bsp/nrf52dk
        build_profile=debug
    targets nrf52_boot
        app=@mcuboot/boot/mynewt
        bsp=@apache-mynewt-core/hw/bsp/nrf52dk
        build_profile=optimized

**Note**: If you've already built and installed a bootloader for your NRF52dk then you do 
not need to create a target, build and load it here.

Build the Target Executables
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. code-block:: console

    $ newt build nrf52_boot
    ...
    Compiling boot.c
    Archiving boot.a
    Linking boot.elf
    App successfully built: ~/dev/myadc/bin/nrf52_boot/boot/mynewt/mynewt.elf

.. code-block:: console

    $ newt build nrf52_adc 
    ... 
    Compiling main.c 
    Archiving nrf52_adc.a
    Linking nrf52_adc.elf 
    App successfully built: ~/dev/myadc/bin/nrf52\_adc/apps/nrf52_adc/nrf52_adc.elf


Sign and Create the ``nrf52_adc`` Application Image
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You must sign and version your application image to download it using newt to the board. 
Use the ``newt create-image`` command to perform this action. You may assign an arbitrary 
version (e.g. 1.0.0) to the image.

.. code-block:: console
    $ newt create-image nrf52_adc 1.0.0
    App image successfully generated: ~/dev/myadc/bin/nrf52_adc/apps/nrf52_adc/nrf52_adc.img
    Build manifest: ~/dev/myadc/bin/nrf52_adc/apps/nrf52_adc/manifest.json

Connect the Board
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Connect the evaluation board via micro-USB to your PC via USB cable.

Download to the Target
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Download the bootloader first and then the nrf52_adc executable to the target platform. 
Don't forget to reset the board if you don't see the LED blinking right away!

.. code-block:: console

    $ newt load nrf52_boot 
    $ newt load nrf52_adc

**Note:** If you want to erase the flash and load the image again, you can use JLinkExe to issue an `erase` command.

.. code-block:: console

    $ JLinkExe -device nRF52 -speed 4000 -if SWD 
    SEGGER J-Link Commander
    V5.12c (Compiled Apr 21 2016 16:05:51) 
    DLL version V5.12c, compiled Apr 21 2016 16:05:45

    Connecting to J-Link via USB...O.K. 
    Firmware: J-Link
    OB-SAM3U128-V2-NordicSemi compiled Mar 15 2016 18:03:17 
    Hardware version: V1.00 
    S/N: 682863966 
    VTref = 3.300V

    Type "connect" to establish a target connection, '?' for help
    J-Link>erase 
    Cortex-M4 identified. 
    Erasing device (0;?i?)... 
    Comparing flash     [100%] Done. 
    Erasing flash       [100%] Done. 
    Verifying flash     [100%] Done. 
    J-Link: Flash download: Total time needed: 0.363s (Prepare: 0.093s, Compare: 0.000s, Erase: 0.262s, Program: 0.000
    s, Verify: 0.000s, Restore: 0.008s) 
    Erasing done. 
    J-Link>exit 
    $

So you have a BLE app, but really all you've done is change the name of
the **bleprph** app to **nrf52_adc** and load that. Not all that
impressive, and it certainly won't read an Analog Sensor right now. So
let's do that next. In order to read an ADC sensor, we'll create a driver
for it here in our app that will leverage the existing nrfx driver. It adds another layer of indirection, but it will
also give us a look at building our own driver, so we'll do it this way.

Building a Driver
-----------------

The first thing to do is to create the directory structure for your
driver:

.. code-block:: console

    $ mkdir -p libs/my_drivers/myadc/include/myadc
    $ mkdir -p libs/my_drivers/myadc/src

Now you can add the files you need. You'll need a pkg.yml to describe
the driver, and then header stub followed by source stub.

.. code-block:: console

    $ cat libs/my_drivers/myadc/pkg.yml

.. code-block:: console

    #
    # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
    # or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
    # distributed with this work for additional information
    # regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
    # to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
    # "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
    # with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
    # 
    #  http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
    #
    # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
    # software distributed under the License is distributed on an
    # "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
    # KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
    # specific language governing permissions and limitations
    # under the License.
    #
    pkg.name: libs/my_drivers/myadc
    pkg.deps:
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/hw/hal"

First, let's create the required header file ``myadc.h`` in the include
directory (i.e. ``libs/my_drivers/myadc/include/myadc/myadc.h``). It's a
pretty straightforward header file, since we only need to do 2 things:

-  Initialize the ADC device
-  Read ADC Values

.. code-block:: c

    #ifndef _NRF52_ADC_H_
    #define _NRF52_ADC_H_

    void * adc_init(void);
    int adc_read(void *buffer, int buffer_len);

    #endif /* _NRF52_ADC_H_ */

Next we'll need a corresponding source file ``myadc.c`` in the src
directory. This is where we'll implement the specifics of the driver:

.. code-block:: c

    #include <assert.h>
    #include <os/os.h>
    #include <string.h>
    
    /* ADC */
    #include "myadc/myadc.h"
    #include "nrf.h"
    #include <adc/adc.h>
    
    /* Nordic headers */
    #include <nrfx.h>
    #include <nrf_saadc.h>
    #include <nrfx_saadc.h>
    #include <nrfx_config.h>

    #define ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES (2)
    #define ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS (1)

    nrfx_saadc_config_t adc_config = NRFX_SAADC_DEFAULT_CONFIG;

    struct adc_dev *adc;
    uint8_t *sample_buffer1;
    uint8_t *sample_buffer2;
    
    void *
    adc_init(void)
    {
        nrf_saadc_channel_config_t cc = NRFX_SAADC_DEFAULT_CHANNEL_CONFIG_SE(NRF_SAADC_INPUT_AIN1);
        cc.gain = NRF_SAADC_GAIN1_6;
        cc.reference = NRF_SAADC_REFERENCE_INTERNAL;
        adc = (struct adc_dev *) os_dev_open("adc0", 0, &adc_config);
        assert(adc != NULL);
        adc_chan_config(adc, 0, &cc);
        sample_buffer1 = malloc(adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        sample_buffer2 = malloc(adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        memset(sample_buffer1, 0, adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        memset(sample_buffer2, 0, adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        adc_buf_set(adc, sample_buffer1, sample_buffer2,
            adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        return adc;
    }

    int
    adc_read(void *buffer, int buffer_len)
    {
        int i;
        int adc_result;
        int my_result_mv = 0;
        int rc;
        for (i = 0; i < ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES; i++) {
            rc = adc_buf_read(adc, buffer, buffer_len, i, &adc_result);
            if (rc != 0) {
                goto err;
            }
            my_result_mv = adc_result_mv(adc, 0, adc_result);
        }        
        adc_buf_release(adc, buffer, buffer_len);
        return my_result_mv;
    err:
        return (rc);
    }

There's a lot going on in here, so let's walk through it step by step.

First, we don't need to define a default configuration for our ADC - this has already been created. So we initialize the ADC in ``adc_init()``:

.. code-block:: c

    void *
    adc_init(void)
    {
        nrf_saadc_channel_config_t cc = NRFX_SAADC_DEFAULT_CHANNEL_CONFIG_SE(NRF_SAADC_INPUT_AIN1);
        cc.gain = NRF_SAADC_GAIN1_6;
        cc.reference = NRF_SAADC_REFERENCE_INTERNAL;
        adc = (struct adc_dev *) os_dev_open("adc0", 0, &adc_config);
        assert(adc != NULL);
        adc_chan_config(adc, 0, &cc);
        sample_buffer1 = malloc(adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        sample_buffer2 = malloc(adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        memset(sample_buffer1, 0, adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        memset(sample_buffer2, 0, adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        adc_buf_set(adc, sample_buffer1, sample_buffer2,
            adc_buf_size(adc, ADC_NUMBER_CHANNELS, ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES));
        return adc;
    }

A few things need to be said about this part, as it is the most
confusing. First, we're using a **default** configuration for the ADC
Channel via the ``NRFX_SAADC_DEFAULT_CHANNEL_CONFIG_SE`` macro. The
important part here is that we're actually using ``AIN1``. I know what
you're thinking, "But we want ADC-0!" and that's true. The board is
actually labelled 'A0, A1, A2' etc., and the actual pin numbers are also
listed on the board, which seems handy. At first. But it gets messy very
quickly.

If you try to use AIN0, and then go poke around in the registers while
this is running,

.. code-block:: console

    (gdb) p/x {NRF_SAADC_Type}0x40007000
    ...
     CH = {{
          PSELP = 0x1,
          PSELN = 0x0,
          CONFIG = 0x20000,
          LIMIT = 0x7fff8000
        }, 

You'll see that the pin for channel 0 is set to 1, which corresponds to
AIN0, but that's **NOT** the same as A0 -- pin P0.03, the one we're
using. For that, you use AIN1, which would set the pin value to 2.
Messy. Someone, somewhere, thought this made sense.

The only other thing to note here is that we're using the internal
reference voltage, rather than setting our own. There's nothing wrong
with that, but since we are, we'll have to crank up the gain a bit by
using ``NRF_SAADC_GAIN1_6``.

Then, in ``adc_read()`` we will take readings, convert the raw readings
to a millivolt equivalent, and return the result.

.. code-block:: c

    int
    adc_read(void *buffer, int buffer_len)
    {
        int i;
        int adc_result;
        int my_result_mv = 0;
        int rc;
        for (i = 0; i < ADC_NUMBER_SAMPLES; i++) {
            rc = adc_buf_read(adc, buffer, buffer_len, i, &adc_result);
            if (rc != 0) {
                goto err;
            }
            my_result_mv = adc_result_mv(adc, 0, adc_result);
        }        
        adc_buf_release(adc, buffer, buffer_len);
        return my_result_mv;
    err:
        return (rc);
    }

Finally, we'll need to enable the ADC, which is disabled by default. To override this setting, we need to add a ``syscfg.yml`` file to our nrf52_adc target:

.. code-block:: console

   $ cat targets/nrf52_adc/syscfg.yml
   syscfg.vals:
    # Enable ADC 0
    ADC_0: 1

Once that's all done, you should have a working ADC Driver for your
nRF52dk board. The last step in getting the driver set up is to include
it in the package dependency defined by ``pkg.deps`` in the ``pkg.yml``
file of your app. You will also need to add the ``mcu/nordic`` package. Add them in ``apps/nrf52_adc/pkg.yml`` as shown below:

.. code-block:: console

    # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
    # <snip>

    pkg.name: apps/nrf52_adc
    pkg.type: app
    pkg.description: Simple BLE peripheral application for ADC sensor.
    pkg.author: "Apache Mynewt <dev@mynewt.incubator.apache.org>"
    pkg.homepage: "http://mynewt.apache.org/"
    pkg.keywords:
   
    pkg.deps: 
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/boot/split"
        - "@mcuboot/boot/bootutil"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/kernel/os"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/imgmgr"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/newtmgr"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/mgmt/newtmgr/transport/ble"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/services/ans"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/services/gap"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/services/gatt"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/store/config"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/host/util"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/net/nimble/transport"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/console/full"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/log/full"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/stats/full"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/sysinit"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/sys/id"
        - "@apache-mynewt-core/hw/mcu/nordic"
        - "libs/my_drivers/myadc"

Creating the ADC Task
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Now that the driver is done, we'll need to add calls to the main app's
``main.c`` file, as well as a few other things. First, we'll need to
update the includes, and add a task for our ADC sampling.

.. code-block:: c

    #include <adc/adc.h>
    ....
    #include "myadc/myadc.h"
    ....
    /* ADC Task settings */
    #define ADC_TASK_PRIO           5
    #define ADC_STACK_SIZE          (OS_STACK_ALIGN(336))
    struct os_eventq adc_evq;
    struct os_task adc_task;
    bssnz_t os_stack_t adc_stack[ADC_STACK_SIZE];

Next we'll need to initialize the task ``event_q`` so we'll add the
highlighted code to ``main()`` as shown below. You can also change the name of your Bluetooth device in ``ble_svc_gap_device_name_set``:

.. code-block:: c
   
    /* Set the default device name. */ 
    rc = ble_svc_gap_device_name_set("nimble-adc"); 
    assert(rc == 0);
    
    #if MYNEWT_VAL(BLEPRPH_LE_PHY_SUPPORT)
      phy_init();
    #endif
    
    conf_load();

    /* Initialize adc sensor task eventq */
    os_eventq_init(&adc_evq);

    /* Create the ADC reader task.  
     * All sensor operations are performed in this task.
     */
    os_task_init(&adc_task, "sensor", adc_task_handler,
            NULL, ADC_TASK_PRIO, OS_WAIT_FOREVER,
            adc_stack, ADC_STACK_SIZE);

We'll need that ``adc_task_handler()`` function to exist, and that's where 
we'll initialize the ADC Device and set the event handler. In the task's 
while() loop, we'll just make a call to``adc_sample()`` to cause the ADC 
driver to sample the adc device.

.. code-block:: c

    /**
     * Event loop for the sensor task.
     */
    static void
    adc_task_handler(void *unused)
    {
        struct adc_dev *adc;
        int rc;
        /* ADC init */
        adc = adc_init();
        rc = adc_event_handler_set(adc, adc_read_event, (void *) NULL);
        assert(rc == 0);
        
        while (1) {
            adc_sample(adc);
            /* Wait 2 second */
            os_time_delay(OS_TICKS_PER_SEC * 2);
        }
    }

Above the ``adc_task_handler``, add code to handle the
``adc_read_event()`` calls:

.. code-block:: c

    int
    adc_read_event(struct adc_dev *dev, void *arg, uint8_t etype,
            void *buffer, int buffer_len)
    {
        int value;
        uint16_t chr_val_handle;
        int rc;

        value = adc_read(buffer, buffer_len);
        if (value >= 0) {
            console_printf("Got %d\n", value);
        } else {
            console_printf("Error while reading: %d\n", value);
            goto err;
        }
        gatt_adc_val = value;
        rc = ble_gatts_find_chr(&gatt_svr_svc_adc_uuid.u, BLE_UUID16_DECLARE(ADC_SNS_VAL), NULL, &chr_val_handle);
        assert(rc == 0);
        ble_gatts_chr_updated(chr_val_handle);
        return (0);
    err:
        return (rc);
    } 

This is where we actually read the ADC value and then update the BLE
Characteristic for that value.

But wait, we haven't defined those BLE services and characteristics yet!
Right, so don't try to build and run this app just yet or it will surely
fail. Instead, move on to the next section and get all of those services
defined.

Building the BLE Services
-------------------------

If the ``nrf52_adc`` app is going to be a Bluetooth-enabled sensor app that
will allow you to read the value of the eTape Water Level Sensor via
Bluetooth we'll need to actually define those Services and
Characteristics.

As with the :doc:`ble peripheral <../ble/bleprph/bleprph-app>` app, we will
advertise a couple of values from our app. The first is not strictly
necessary, but it will help us build an iOS app later. We've defined a
service and the characteristics in that service in ``bleprph.h`` in the
``apps/nrf52_adc/src/`` directory. Make sure to include the ``host/ble_uuid.h`` header:

.. code-block:: c

    #include "host/ble_uuid.h"
    ....
    /* Sensor Data */
    /* e761d2af-1c15-4fa7-af80-b5729002b340 */
    static const ble_uuid128_t gatt_svr_svc_adc_uuid =
            BLE_UUID128_INIT(0x40, 0xb3, 0x20, 0x90, 0x72, 0xb5, 0x80, 0xaf,
                             0xa7, 0x4f, 0x15, 0x1c, 0xaf, 0xd2, 0x61, 0xe7);
    #define ADC_SNS_TYPE          0xDEAD
    #define ADC_SNS_STRING "eTape Liquid Level Sensor"
    #define ADC_SNS_VAL           0xBEAD
    uint16_t gatt_adc_val; 

The first is the UUID of the service, followed by the 2 characteristics
we are going to offer. The first characteristic is going to advertise
the *type* of sensor we are advertising, and it will be a read-only
characteristic. The second characteristic will be the sensor value
itself, and we will allow connected devices to 'subscribe' to it in
order to get constantly-updated values.

**Note:** You can choose any valid Characteristic UUIDs to go here.
We're using these values for illustrative purposes only.

The value that we'll be updating is also defined here as
``gatt_adc_val``.

If we then go look at ``gatt_svr.c`` we can see the structure of the
service and characteristic offering that we set up:

.. code-block:: c
   
    static const struct ble_gatt_svc_def gatt_svr_svcs[] = {
        {
            /*** Service: Security test. */
            .type = BLE_GATT_SVC_TYPE_PRIMARY,
            .uuid = &gatt_svr_svc_sec_test_uuid.u,
            .characteristics = (struct ble_gatt_chr_def[]) { {
                /*** Characteristic: Random number generator. */
                .uuid = &gatt_svr_chr_sec_test_rand_uuid.u,
                .access_cb = gatt_svr_chr_access_sec_test,
                .flags = BLE_GATT_CHR_F_READ | BLE_GATT_CHR_F_READ_ENC,
            }, {
                /*** Characteristic: Static value. */
                .uuid = &gatt_svr_chr_sec_test_static_uuid.u,
                .access_cb = gatt_svr_chr_access_sec_test,
                .flags = BLE_GATT_CHR_F_READ |
                        BLE_GATT_CHR_F_WRITE | BLE_GATT_CHR_F_WRITE_ENC,
            }, {
                0, /* No more characteristics in this service. */
            } },
        },
        {
            /*** ADC Level Notification Service. */
            .type = BLE_GATT_SVC_TYPE_PRIMARY,
            .uuid = &gatt_svr_svc_adc_uuid.u,
            .characteristics = (struct ble_gatt_chr_def[]) { {
                .uuid = BLE_UUID16_DECLARE(ADC_SNS_TYPE),
                .access_cb = gatt_svr_sns_access,
                .flags = BLE_GATT_CHR_F_READ,
            }, {
                .uuid = BLE_UUID16_DECLARE(ADC_SNS_VAL),
                .access_cb = gatt_svr_sns_access,
                .flags = BLE_GATT_CHR_F_NOTIFY,
            }, {
                0, /* No more characteristics in this service. */
            } },
        },

        {
            0, /* No more services. */
        },
    };

You should recognize the first services from the :doc:`BLE
Peripheral <../ble/bleprph/bleprph-intro>` tutorial earlier. We're just
adding another Service, with 2 new Characteristics, to that application.

We'll need to fill in the function that will be called for this service,
``gatt_svr_sns_access`` next so that the service knows what to do.

.. code-block:: c

    static int
    gatt_svr_sns_access(uint16_t conn_handle, uint16_t attr_handle,
                              struct ble_gatt_access_ctxt *ctxt,
                              void *arg)
    {
        uint16_t uuid16;
        int rc;

        uuid16 = ble_uuid_u16(ctxt->chr->uuid);

        switch (uuid16) {
        case ADC_SNS_TYPE:
            assert(ctxt->op == BLE_GATT_ACCESS_OP_READ_CHR);
            rc = os_mbuf_append(ctxt->om, ADC_SNS_STRING, sizeof ADC_SNS_STRING);
            BLEPRPH_LOG(INFO, "ADC SENSOR TYPE READ: %s\n", ADC_SNS_STRING);
            return rc == 0 ? 0 : BLE_ATT_ERR_INSUFFICIENT_RES;

        case ADC_SNS_VAL:
            if (ctxt->op == BLE_GATT_ACCESS_OP_WRITE_CHR) {
                rc = gatt_svr_chr_write(ctxt->om, 0,
                                        sizeof gatt_adc_val,
                                        &gatt_adc_val,
                                        NULL);
                return rc;
            } else if (ctxt->op == BLE_GATT_ACCESS_OP_READ_CHR) {
                rc = os_mbuf_append(ctxt->om, &gatt_adc_val,
                                    sizeof gatt_adc_val);
                return rc == 0 ? 0 : BLE_ATT_ERR_INSUFFICIENT_RES;
            }

        default:
            assert(0);
            return BLE_ATT_ERR_UNLIKELY;
        }
    }

You can see that when request is for the ``ADC_SNS_TYPE``, we return the
Sensor Type we defined earlier. If the request if for ``ADC_SNS_VAL``
we'll return the ``gatt_adc_val`` value.

If you build, load and run this application now, you will see all those
Services and Characteristics advertised, and you will even be able to
read the "Sensor Type" String via the ``ADC_SNS_TYPE`` Characteristic.

Adding the eTape Water Sensor
-----------------------------

Now that we have a fully functioning BLE App that we can subscribe to
sensor values from, it's time to actually wire up the sensor!

As previously mentioned, we're going to be using an eTape Water Level
Sensor. You can get one from
`Adafruit <https://www.adafruit.com/products/1786>`__.

We're going to use the sensor as a resistive sensor, and the setup is
very simple. I'll be using a breadboard to put this all together for
illustrative purposes. First, attach a jumper-wire from V\ :sub:`DD`\  on the board
to the breadboard. Next, attach a jumper wire from pin P0.03 on the
board to the breadboard. This will be our ADC-in. The sensor should have
come with a 560 ohm resistor, so plug that into the board between V\ :sub:`DD`\  and ADC-in holes. Finally, attach a jumper from GND on the board to your
breadboard. At this point, your breadboard should look like this:

.. figure:: ../pics/breadboard.png
   :alt: Bread Board Setup

   Bread Board Setup

Now attach one of the middle 2 leads from the sensor to ground on the
breadboard and the other middle lead to the ADC-in on the breadboard.
Your breadboard should now look like this:

.. figure:: ../pics/adc-demo-1.png
   :alt: Bread Board Final

   Bread Board Final

And your eTape Sensor should look like this (at least if you have it
mounted in a graduated cylinder as I do).

.. figure:: ../pics/adc-demo-2.png
   :alt: eTape Sensor Setup

   eTape Sensor Setup

That concludes the hardware portion. Easy!

At this point you should be able to build, create-image and load your
application and see it properly sending readings.

View Data Remotely via Bluetooth
--------------------------------
To view these sensor readings via Bluetooth, you can use LightBlue or a similar app that can connect to Bluetooth devices and read data. Once your sensor application is running, you should see your device show up in LightBlue as ``nimble-adc`` (or whatever you named your Bluetooth device):

.. figure:: ../pics/lightblue-adc.png
   :alt: LightBlue connected to the ADC app
   
   LightBlue connected to the ADC app

Conclusion
----------

Congratulations, you've now completed both a hardware project and a
software project by connecting a sensor to your device and using Mynewt
to read data from that sensor and send it via Bluetooth to a connected
device. That's no small feat!

If you see anything missing or want to send us feedback, please do so by
signing up for appropriate mailing lists on our :doc:`Community
Page <community>`.

Keep on hacking and sensing!


Enjoy!