Sometimes you find yourself in the situation where the model you want to use has been written using the symbolic Module API rather than the simpler, easier-to-debug, more flexible, imperative Gluon API. In this tutorial, we will give you a comprehensive guide for transforming Module code to Gluon code.
The different steps to take into consideration are:
I) Data loading
II) Model definition
III) Loss
IV) Training Loop
V) Exporting Models
VI) Loading Models for Inference
In the following section we will look at 1:1 mappings between the Module and the Gluon ways of training a neural network.
In this section we will be looking at the difference in loading data between Module and Gluon. Let's first import a few Python modules.
from collections import namedtuple import logging logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO) import random import numpy as np import mxnet as mx from mxnet.gluon.data import ArrayDataset, DataLoader from mxnet.gluon import nn from mxnet import gluon # parameters batch_size = 5 dataset_length = 50 # random seeds random.seed(1) np.random.seed(1) mx.random.seed(1)
When using the Module API we use a DataIter, in addition to the data itself, the DataIter contains information about the name of the input symbols.
In the Module API, DataIters are responsible for both holding the data and iterating through it. Some DataIters support multi-threading like the ImageRecordIter, while other don't, such as the NDArrayIter.
Let's create some random data, following the same format as grayscale 28x28 images.
train_data = np.random.rand(dataset_length, 28,28).astype('float32') train_label = np.random.randint(0, 10, (dataset_length,)).astype('float32')
We can now wraps this data into an ArrayIterator that will create batches of data using the first dimension of the provided array as the batch dimension.
data_iter = mx.io.NDArrayIter(data=train_data, label=train_label, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False, data_name='data', label_name='softmax_label') for batch in data_iter: print(batch.data[0].shape, batch.label[0]) break
(5, 28, 28) [5. 0. 3. 4. 9.] <NDArray 5 @cpu(0)>
With Gluon, the preferred method is to use a DataLoader that makes use of a Dataset to asynchronously prefetch the data.
The Gluon API offers you the ability to efficiently fetch data and separate the concerns of loading versus holding data. The DataLoader role is to request certain indices of the dataset. The Dataset has ownership of the data. The Dataset data can be in or out of memory, and the DataLoader role is to request certain indices of the dataset, in the main thread or through multi-processing (or multi-threaded) workers and batch the data together.
dataset = ArrayDataset(train_data, train_label) dataloader = DataLoader(dataset, batch_size=batch_size, shuffle=False, num_workers=0) for data, label in dataloader: print(data.shape, label) break
(5, 28, 28) [5. 0. 3. 4. 9.] <NDArray 5 @cpu(0)>
You can check the Dataset and DataLoader tutorials out. You can either rewrite your code in order to use one of the provided Dataset class, like the ArrayDataset or the ImageFolderDataset
Let's look at the model definition from the MNIST Module Tutorial:
For the Module API, you define the data flow by setting data keyword argument of one layer to the next. You then bind the symbolic model to a specific compute context and specify the symbol names for the data and the label.
# context ctx = mx.cpu() def get_module_network(): data = mx.sym.var('data') data = mx.sym.flatten(data=data) fc1 = mx.sym.FullyConnected(data=data, num_hidden=128) act1 = mx.sym.Activation(data=fc1, act_type="relu") fc2 = mx.sym.FullyConnected(data=act1, num_hidden = 64) act2 = mx.sym.Activation(data=fc2, act_type="relu") fc3 = mx.sym.FullyConnected(data=act2, num_hidden=10) mlp = mx.sym.SoftmaxOutput(data=fc3, name='softmax') return mlp mlp = get_module_network() # Bind model to Module mlp_model = mx.mod.Module(symbol=mlp, context=ctx, data_names=['data'], label_names=['softmax_label'])
In Gluon, for the equivalent model, you would create a Sequential block, in that case a HybridSequential block to allow for future hybridization since we are only using hybridizable blocks. The flow of the data will be automatically set from one layer to the next, since they are held in a Sequential block. Note that we don't need named symbols for the input, and we show how the loss is handled in Gluon in the next section.
def get_gluon_network(): net = nn.HybridSequential() with net.name_scope(): net.add( nn.Flatten(), nn.Dense(units=128, activation="relu"), nn.Dense(units=64, activation="relu"), nn.Dense(units=10) ) return net net = get_gluon_network()
The loss, that you are trying to minimize using an optimization algorithm like SGD, is defined differently in the Module API than in Gluon.
In the module API, the loss is part of the network. It has usually a forward pass result, that is the inference value, and a backward pass that is the gradient of the output with respect to that particular loss.
For example, the sym.SoftmaxOutput is a softmax output in the forward pass and the gradient with respect to the cross-entropy loss in the backward pass.
# Softmax with cross entropy loss, directly part of the network out = mx.sym.SoftmaxOutput(data=mlp, name='softmax')
In Gluon, it is a lot more transparent. Losses, like the SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss, are only computing the actual value of the loss. You then call .backward() on the loss value to compute the gradient of the parameters with respect to that loss. At inference time, you simply call .softmax() on your output to get the output of your network normalized according to the softmax function.
# We simply create a loss function we will use in our training loop loss_fn = gluon.loss.SoftmaxCrossEntropyLoss()
In the next section we will show how you use this loss function in Gluon to generate the loss value in the main training loop.
The Module API provides a .fit() function that takes care of fitting training data to your symbolic model. With Gluon, your execution flow controls the data flow, so you need to write your own loop. It might seems like it is more verbose, but you have a lot more control as to what is happening during the training. With the .fit() function, you control the metric reporting, checkpointing or weights initialization through a lot of different keyword arguments (check the docs). That is where you define the optimizer for example.
mlp_model.fit(data_iter, # train data eval_data=data_iter, # validation data optimizer='sgd', # use SGD to train force_init=True, force_rebind=True, optimizer_params={'learning_rate':0.1}, # use fixed learning rate eval_metric='acc', # report accuracy during training num_epoch=5) # train for 5 full dataset passes
INFO:root:Epoch[4] Train-accuracy=0.070000
INFO:root:Epoch[4] Time cost=0.038
INFO:root:Epoch[4] Validation-accuracy=0.125000
With Gluon, you do these operations directly in the training loop, and the optimizer is part of the Trainer object that handles the weight updates of your parameters.
Notice the loss.backward() we call before updating the weight as mentionned in the previous section
net.initialize(mx.init.Xavier(magnitude=2.24), ctx=ctx) # Initialize network and trainer trainer = gluon.Trainer(net.collect_params(), 'sgd', {'learning_rate': 0.1}) metric = mx.metric.Accuracy() # Pick a metric for e in range(5): # start of epoch for data, label in dataloader: # start of mini-batch data = data.as_in_context(ctx) label = label.as_in_context(ctx) with mx.autograd.record(): output = net(data) # forward pass loss = loss_fn(output, label) # get loss loss.backward() # compute gradients trainer.step(data.shape[0]) # update weights with SGD metric.update(label, output) # update the metrics # end of mini-batch name, acc = metric.get() print('training metrics at epoch %d: %s=%f'%(e, name, acc)) metric.reset() # end of epoch
training metrics at epoch 3: accuracy=0.155000
training metrics at epoch 4: accuracy=0.145000
The Gluon training code is more verbose than the simple .fit from Module. However that is also the main advantage, there is no black magic going on here, you have full control of your training loop. You can for example easily set breakpoints, modify a learning rate or print data during the training flow. This flexibility also makes easy to implement more complex use-case like gradient accumulation across batches.
The ultimate purpose of training a model is to be able to export it and share it, whether it is for deployment or simply reproducibility purposes.
With the Module API, you can save model using the .save_checkpoint() and get a -symbol.json and a .params file that represent your network.
mlp_model.save_checkpoint('module-model', epoch=5) # module-model-0005.params module-model-symbol.json
INFO:root:Saved checkpoint to "module-model-0005.params"
With Gluon, network parameters are associated with a Block, but the execution flow is controlled in python through the code in .forward() function. Hence only hybridized networks can be exported with a -symbol.json and .params file using .export(), non-hybridized models can only have their parameters exported using .save_parameters(). Check this great tutorial to learn more: Saving and Loading Gluon Models.
Any models:
# save only the parameters net.save_parameters('gluon-model.params') # gluon-model.params
Hybridized models:
# save the parameters and the symbolic representation net.hybridize() net(mx.nd.ones((1,1,28,28), ctx)) net.export('gluon-model-hybrid', epoch=5) # gluon-model-hybrid-symbol.json gluon-model-hybrid-0005.params
For inference, in the Module API, you need to first load the parameters and symbol, bind the symbol to a module and load the corresponding parameters. You can then pass a batch of data through that module and request the output of the network.
# Load the symbol and parameters sym, arg_params, aux_params = mx.model.load_checkpoint('module-model', 5) # Bind them in a module mod = mx.mod.Module(symbol=sym, context=ctx, label_names=None) mod.bind(for_training=False, data_shapes=[('data', (1,1,28,28))], label_shapes=mod._label_shapes) # Set the parameters mod.set_params(arg_params, aux_params, allow_missing=True) # Run the inference Batch = namedtuple('Batch', ['data']) mod.forward(Batch([mx.nd.ones((1,28,28))])) prob = mod.get_outputs()[0].asnumpy() print("Output probabilities: {}".format(prob))
Output probabilities: [[0.05537598 0.03889056 0.06126577 0.08879893 0.12371024 0.05759033 0.1378248 0.26134694 0.07905186 0.09614458]]
For the Gluon API, it is a lot simpler. You can just load a serialized model in a SymbolBlock and run inference directly.
import warnings with warnings.catch_warnings(): warnings.simplefilter("ignore") net = gluon.SymbolBlock.imports('module-model-symbol.json', ['data', 'softmax_label'], 'module-model-0005.params') prob = net(mx.nd.ones((1,1,28,28)), mx.nd.ones(1)) # note the second argument here to account for the softmax_label symbol print("Output probabilities: {}".format(prob.asnumpy()))
Output probabilities: [[0.05537598 0.03889056 0.06126577 0.08879893 0.12371024 0.05759033 0.1378248 0.26134694 0.07905186 0.09614458]]
net = get_gluon_network() net.load_parameters('gluon-model.params') prob = net(mx.nd.ones((1,1,28,28))).softmax() print("Output probabilities: {}".format(prob.asnumpy()))
Output probabilities: [[0.01298077 0.00173413 0.01661885 0.3362421 0.00536332 0.02099853 0.01413316 0.5528366 0.0133819 0.02571066]]
This tutorial lead you through the steps necessary to train a deep learning model and showed you the differences between the symbolic approach of the Module API and the imperative one of the Gluon API. If you need more help converting your Module API code to the Gluon API, reach out to the community on the discuss forum! You can also compare the scripts for training MNIST in Gluon and Module.