/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------- *//** 
 *
 * @file student.c
 *
 * @brief Evaluate the Student-T distribution function.
 * @author Florian Schoppmann
 * @date   November 2010
 *
 *//* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
 *
 * This file is compliant with the C99 standard (Compile with "-std=c99").
 */

/**
 * @file student.c
 *
 * Emprirical results indicate that the numerical quality of the series
 * expansion from [1] (see notes below) is vastly superior to using continued
 * fractions for computing the cdf via the incomplete beta function.
 *
 * @literature
 *
 * [1] Abramowitz and Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions with Formulas,
 *     Graphs, and Mathematical Tables, 1972
 *     page 948: http://people.math.sfu.ca/~cbm/aands/page_948.htm
 * 
 * Further reading (for computing the Student-T cdf via the incomplete beta
 * function):
 *
 * [2] NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions, Ch. 8,
 *     Incomplete Gamma and Related Functions,
 *     http://dlmf.nist.gov/8.17
 *
 * [3] Lentz, Generating Bessel functions in Mie scattering calculations using
 *     continued fractions, Applied Optics, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1976
 *
 * [4] Thompson and Barnett, Coulomb and Bessel Functions of Complex Arguments
 *     and Order, Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 64, 1986
 *
 * [5] Cuyt et al., Handbook of Continued Fractions for Special Functions,
 *     Springer, 2008
 *
 * [6] Gil et al., Numerical Methods for Special Functions, SIAM, 2008
 *
 * [7] Press et al., Numerical Recipes in C++, 3rd edition,
 *     Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007
 *
 * [8] DiDonato, Morris, Jr., Algorithm 708: Significant Digit Computation of
 *     the Incomplete Beta Function Ratios, ACM Transactions on Mathematical
 *     Software, Vol. 18, No. 3, 1992
 *
 * Approximating the Student-T distribution function with the normal
 * distribution:
 *
 * [9]  Gleason, A note on a proposed student t approximation, Computational
 *      Statistics & Data Analysis, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2000
 *
 * [10] Gaver and Kafadar, A Retrievable Recipe for Inverse t, The American
 *      Statistician, Vol. 38, No. 4, 1984
 */

/* Type definitions for float8, uint32, ... occur in postgres.h.
 * Postgres-specific code only begins after: -- POSTGRES -- */
#include "postgres.h"

#include "student.h"

#include <math.h>


/* Prototypes of internal functions */

static inline float8 normal_cdf(float8 t);
static float8 studentT_cdf_approx(int64 nu, float8 t);


/**
 * Compute Pr[T <= t] for Student-t distributed T with nu degrees of freedom.
 *
 * For nu >= 1000000, we just use the normal distribution as an approximation.
 * For 1000000 >= nu >= 200, we use a simple approximation from [9].
 * We are much more cautious than usual here (it is folklore that the normal
 * distribution is a "good" estimate for Student-T if nu >= 30), but we can
 * afford the extra work as this function is not designed to be called from
 * inner loops. Performance should still be reasonably good, with at most ~100
 * iterations in any case (just one if nu >= 200).
 * 
 * For nu < 200, we use the series expansions 26.7.3 and 26.7.4 from [1] and
 * substitute sin(theta) = t/sqrt(n * z), where z = 1 + t^2/nu.
 *
 * This gives:
 * @verbatim
 *                          t
 *   A(t|1)  = 2 arctan( -------- ) ,
 *                       sqrt(nu)
 *
 *                                                    (nu-3)/2
 *             2   [            t              t         --    2 * 4 * ... * (2i)  ]
 *   A(t|nu) = - * [ arctan( -------- ) + ------------ * \  ---------------------- ]
 *             π   [         sqrt(nu)     sqrt(nu) * z   /_ 3 * ... * (2i+1) * z^i ]
 *                                                       i=0
 *           for odd nu > 1, and
 *
 *                         (nu-2)/2
 *                  t         -- 1 * 3 * ... * (2i - 1)
 *   A(t|nu) = ------------ * \  ------------------------ for even nu,
 *             sqrt(nu * z)   /_ 2 * 4 * ... * (2i) * z^i
 *                            i=0
 *
 * where A(t|nu) = Pr[|T| <= t].
 * @endverbatim
 *
 * @param nu Degree of freedom (>= 1)
 * @param t Argument to cdf.
 *
 * Note: The running time of calculating the series is proportional to nu. This
 * We therefore use the normal distribution as an approximation for large nu.
 * Another idea for handling this case can be found in reference [8].
 */

float8 studentT_cdf(int64 nu, float8 t) {
	float8		z,
				t_by_sqrt_nu;
	float8		A, /* contains A(t|nu) */
				prod = 1.,
				sum = 1.;

	/* Handle extreme cases. See above. */
	 
	if (nu <= 0)
		return NAN;
	else if (nu >= 1000000)
		return normal_cdf(t);
	else if (nu >= 200)
		return studentT_cdf_approx(nu, t);

	/* Handle main case (nu < 200) in the rest of the function. */

	z = 1. + t * t / nu;
	t_by_sqrt_nu = fabs(t) / sqrt(nu);
	
	if (nu == 1)
	{
		A = 2. / M_PI * atan(t_by_sqrt_nu);
	}
	else if (nu & 1) /* odd nu > 1 */
	{
		for (int j = 2; j <= nu - 3; j += 2)
		{
			prod = prod * j / ((j + 1) * z);
			sum = sum + prod;
		}
		A = 2 / M_PI * ( atan(t_by_sqrt_nu) + t_by_sqrt_nu / z * sum );
	}
	else /* even nu */
	{
		for (int j = 2; j <= nu - 2; j += 2)
		{
			prod = prod * (j - 1) / (j * z);
			sum = sum + prod;
		}
		A = t_by_sqrt_nu / sqrt(z) * sum;
	}
	
	/* A should obviously lie withing the interval [0,1] plus minus (hopefully
	 * small) rounding errors. */
	if (A > 1.)
		A = 1.;
	else if (A < 0.)
		A = 0.;
	
	/* The Student-T distribution is obviously symmetric around t=0... */
	if (t < 0)
		return .5 * (1. - A);
	else
		return 1. - .5 * (1. - A);
}

/**
 * Compute the normal distribution function using the library error function.
 *
 * This approximation satisfies
 * rel_error < 0.0001 || abs_error < 0.00000001
 * for all nu >= 1000000. (Tested on Mac OS X 10.6, gcc-4.2.)
 */

static inline float8 normal_cdf(float8 t)
{
	return .5 + .5 * erf(t / sqrt(2.));
}


/**
 * Approximate Student-T distribution using a formula suggested in
 * [9], which goes back to an approximation suggested in [10].
 *
 * Compared to the series expansion, this approximation satisfies
 * rel_error < 0.0001 || abs_error < 0.00000001
 * for all nu >= 200. (Tested on Mac OS X 10.6, gcc-4.2.)
 */
static float8 studentT_cdf_approx(int64 nu, float8 t)
{
	float8	g = (nu - 1.5) / ((nu - 1) * (nu - 1)),
			z = sqrt( log(1. + t * t / nu) / g );

	if (t < 0)
		z *= -1.;
	
	return normal_cdf(z);
}

/* -- POSTGRES -- PostgreSQL-specific code begins here. */

/* Indicate "version 1" calling conventions for all exported functions. */

PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(student_t_cdf);

#include "utils/builtins.h"

/**
 * Expose the studentT_cdf as a user-defined function.
 */

Datum student_t_cdf(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
	int32		nu;
	float8		t;
	
	/* 
	 * Perform all the error checking needed to ensure that no one is
	 * trying to call this in some sort of crazy way. 
	 */
	if (PG_NARGS() != 2)
	{
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
				 errmsg("function \"%s\" called with invalid parameters",
					format_procedure(fcinfo->flinfo->fn_oid))));
	}
	if (PG_ARGISNULL(0) || PG_ARGISNULL(1))
		PG_RETURN_NULL();
	
	nu = PG_GETARG_INT32(0);
	t = PG_GETARG_FLOAT8(1);
	
	/* We want to ensure nu > 0 */
	if (nu <= 0)
		PG_RETURN_NULL();
	
	PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(studentT_cdf(nu, t));
}