lucene/core/src/java/org/apache/lucene/index/PointValues.java

/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
 * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
 * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
 * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
 * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.lucene.index;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.net.InetAddress;

import org.apache.lucene.document.BinaryPoint;
import org.apache.lucene.document.DoublePoint;
import org.apache.lucene.document.Field;
import org.apache.lucene.document.FloatPoint;
import org.apache.lucene.document.IntPoint;
import org.apache.lucene.document.LatLonPoint;
import org.apache.lucene.document.LongPoint;
import org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator;
import org.apache.lucene.util.FutureArrays;
import org.apache.lucene.util.bkd.BKDConfig;

/**
 * Access to indexed numeric values.
 * <p>
 * Points represent numeric values and are indexed differently than ordinary text. Instead of an inverted index,
 * points are indexed with datastructures such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-d_tree">KD-trees</a>.
 * These structures are optimized for operations such as <i>range</i>, <i>distance</i>, <i>nearest-neighbor</i>,
 * and <i>point-in-polygon</i> queries.
 * <h2>Basic Point Types</h2>
 * <table>
 *   <caption>Basic point types in Java and Lucene</caption>
 *   <tr><th>Java type</th><th>Lucene class</th></tr>
 *   <tr><td>{@code int}</td><td>{@link IntPoint}</td></tr>
 *   <tr><td>{@code long}</td><td>{@link LongPoint}</td></tr>
 *   <tr><td>{@code float}</td><td>{@link FloatPoint}</td></tr>
 *   <tr><td>{@code double}</td><td>{@link DoublePoint}</td></tr>
 *   <tr><td>{@code byte[]}</td><td>{@link BinaryPoint}</td></tr>
 *   <tr><td>{@link BigInteger}</td><td><a href="{@docRoot}/../sandbox/org/apache/lucene/document/BigIntegerPoint.html">BigIntegerPoint</a>*</td></tr>
 *   <tr><td>{@link InetAddress}</td><td><a href="{@docRoot}/../misc/org/apache/lucene/document/InetAddressPoint.html">InetAddressPoint</a>*</td></tr>
 * </table>
 * * in the <i>lucene-sandbox</i> jar<br>
 * <p>
 * Basic Lucene point types behave like their java peers: for example {@link IntPoint} represents a signed 32-bit
 * {@link Integer}, supporting values ranging from {@link Integer#MIN_VALUE} to {@link Integer#MAX_VALUE}, ordered
 * consistent with {@link Integer#compareTo(Integer)}. In addition to indexing support, point classes also contain
 * static methods (such as {@link IntPoint#newRangeQuery(String, int, int)}) for creating common queries. For example:
 * <pre class="prettyprint">
 *   // add year 1970 to document
 *   document.add(new IntPoint("year", 1970));
 *   // index document
 *   writer.addDocument(document);
 *   ...
 *   // issue range query of 1960-1980
 *   Query query = IntPoint.newRangeQuery("year", 1960, 1980);
 *   TopDocs docs = searcher.search(query, ...);
 * </pre>
 * <h2>Geospatial Point Types</h2>
 * Although basic point types such as {@link DoublePoint} support points in multi-dimensional space too, Lucene has
 * specialized classes for location data. These classes are optimized for location data: they are more space-efficient and
 * support special operations such as <i>distance</i> and <i>polygon</i> queries. There are currently two implementations:
 * <br>
 * <ol>
 *   <li>{@link LatLonPoint}: indexes {@code (latitude,longitude)} as {@code (x,y)} in two-dimensional space.
 *   <li><a href="{@docRoot}/../spatial3d/org/apache/lucene/spatial3d/Geo3DPoint.html">Geo3DPoint</a>* in <i>lucene-spatial3d</i>: indexes {@code (latitude,longitude)} as {@code (x,y,z)} in three-dimensional space.
 * </ol>
 * * does <b>not</b> support altitude, 3D here means "uses three dimensions under-the-hood"<br>
 * <h2>Advanced usage</h2>
 * Custom structures can be created on top of single- or multi- dimensional basic types, on top of
 * {@link BinaryPoint} for more flexibility, or via custom {@link Field} subclasses.
 *
 *  @lucene.experimental */
public abstract class PointValues {

  /** Maximum number of bytes for each dimension */
  public static final int MAX_NUM_BYTES = 16;

  /** Maximum number of dimensions */
  public static final int MAX_DIMENSIONS = BKDConfig.MAX_DIMS;

  /** Maximum number of index dimensions */
  public static final int MAX_INDEX_DIMENSIONS = BKDConfig.MAX_INDEX_DIMS;

  /** Return the cumulated number of points across all leaves of the given
   * {@link IndexReader}. Leaves that do not have points for the given field
   * are ignored.
   *  @see PointValues#size() */
  public static long size(IndexReader reader, String field) throws IOException {
    long size = 0;
    for (LeafReaderContext ctx : reader.leaves()) {
      PointValues values = ctx.reader().getPointValues(field);
      if (values != null) {
        size += values.size();
      }
    }
    return size;
  }

  /** Return the cumulated number of docs that have points across all leaves
   * of the given {@link IndexReader}. Leaves that do not have points for the
   * given field are ignored.
   *  @see PointValues#getDocCount() */
  public static int getDocCount(IndexReader reader, String field) throws IOException {
    int count = 0;
    for (LeafReaderContext ctx : reader.leaves()) {
      PointValues values = ctx.reader().getPointValues(field);
      if (values != null) {
        count += values.getDocCount();
      }
    }
    return count;
  }

  /** Return the minimum packed values across all leaves of the given
   * {@link IndexReader}. Leaves that do not have points for the given field
   * are ignored.
   *  @see PointValues#getMinPackedValue() */
  public static byte[] getMinPackedValue(IndexReader reader, String field) throws IOException {
    byte[] minValue = null;
    for (LeafReaderContext ctx : reader.leaves()) {
      PointValues values = ctx.reader().getPointValues(field);
      if (values == null) {
        continue;
      }
      byte[] leafMinValue = values.getMinPackedValue();
      if (leafMinValue == null) {
        continue;
      }
      if (minValue == null) {
        minValue = leafMinValue.clone();
      } else {
        final int numDimensions = values.getNumIndexDimensions();
        final int numBytesPerDimension = values.getBytesPerDimension();
        for (int i = 0; i < numDimensions; ++i) {
          int offset = i * numBytesPerDimension;
          if (FutureArrays.compareUnsigned(leafMinValue, offset, offset + numBytesPerDimension, minValue, offset, offset + numBytesPerDimension) < 0) {
            System.arraycopy(leafMinValue, offset, minValue, offset, numBytesPerDimension);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return minValue;
  }

  /** Return the maximum packed values across all leaves of the given
   * {@link IndexReader}. Leaves that do not have points for the given field
   * are ignored.
   *  @see PointValues#getMaxPackedValue() */
  public static byte[] getMaxPackedValue(IndexReader reader, String field) throws IOException {
    byte[] maxValue = null;
    for (LeafReaderContext ctx : reader.leaves()) {
      PointValues values = ctx.reader().getPointValues(field);
      if (values == null) {
        continue;
      }
      byte[] leafMaxValue = values.getMaxPackedValue();
      if (leafMaxValue == null) {
        continue;
      }
      if (maxValue == null) {
        maxValue = leafMaxValue.clone();
      } else {
        final int numDimensions = values.getNumIndexDimensions();
        final int numBytesPerDimension = values.getBytesPerDimension();
        for (int i = 0; i < numDimensions; ++i) {
          int offset = i * numBytesPerDimension;
          if (FutureArrays.compareUnsigned(leafMaxValue, offset, offset + numBytesPerDimension, maxValue, offset, offset + numBytesPerDimension) > 0) {
            System.arraycopy(leafMaxValue, offset, maxValue, offset, numBytesPerDimension);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return maxValue;
  }

  /** Default constructor */
  protected PointValues() {
  }

  /** Used by {@link #intersect} to check how each recursive cell corresponds to the query. */
  public enum Relation {
    /** Return this if the cell is fully contained by the query */
    CELL_INSIDE_QUERY,
    /** Return this if the cell and query do not overlap */
    CELL_OUTSIDE_QUERY,
    /** Return this if the cell partially overlaps the query */
    CELL_CROSSES_QUERY
  };

  /** We recurse the BKD tree, using a provided instance of this to guide the recursion.
   *
   * @lucene.experimental */
  public interface IntersectVisitor {
    /** Called for all documents in a leaf cell that's fully contained by the query.  The
     *  consumer should blindly accept the docID. */
    void visit(int docID) throws IOException;

    /** Called for all documents in a leaf cell that crosses the query.  The consumer
     *  should scrutinize the packedValue to decide whether to accept it.  In the 1D case,
     *  values are visited in increasing order, and in the case of ties, in increasing
     *  docID order. */
    void visit(int docID, byte[] packedValue) throws IOException;

    /** Similar to {@link IntersectVisitor#visit(int, byte[])} but in this case the packedValue
     * can have more than one docID associated to it. The provided iterator should not escape the
     * scope of this method so that implementations of PointValues are free to reuse it,*/
    default void visit(DocIdSetIterator iterator, byte[] packedValue) throws IOException {
      int docID;
      while ((docID = iterator.nextDoc()) != DocIdSetIterator.NO_MORE_DOCS) {
        visit(docID, packedValue);
      }
    }

    /** Called for non-leaf cells to test how the cell relates to the query, to
     *  determine how to further recurse down the tree. */
    Relation compare(byte[] minPackedValue, byte[] maxPackedValue);

    /** Notifies the caller that this many documents are about to be visited */
    default void grow(int count) {};
  }

  /** Finds all documents and points matching the provided visitor.
   *  This method does not enforce live documents, so it's up to the caller
   *  to test whether each document is deleted, if necessary. */
  public abstract void intersect(IntersectVisitor visitor) throws IOException;

  /** Estimate the number of points that would be visited by {@link #intersect}
   * with the given {@link IntersectVisitor}. This should run many times faster
   * than {@link #intersect(IntersectVisitor)}. */
  public abstract long estimatePointCount(IntersectVisitor visitor);

  /** Estimate the number of documents that would be matched by {@link #intersect}
   * with the given {@link IntersectVisitor}. This should run many times faster
   * than {@link #intersect(IntersectVisitor)}.
   * @see DocIdSetIterator#cost */
  public long estimateDocCount(IntersectVisitor visitor) {
    long estimatedPointCount = estimatePointCount(visitor);
    int docCount = getDocCount();
    double size = size();
    if (estimatedPointCount >= size) {
      // math all docs
      return docCount;
    } else if (size == docCount || estimatedPointCount == 0L ) {
      // if the point count estimate is 0 or we have only single values
      // return this estimate
      return  estimatedPointCount;
    } else {
      // in case of multi values estimate the number of docs using the solution provided in
      // https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/1175295/urn-problem-probability-of-drawing-balls-of-k-unique-colors
      // then approximate the solution for points per doc << size() which results in the expression
      // D * (1 - ((N - n) / N)^(N/D))
      // where D is the total number of docs, N the total number of points and n the estimated point count
      long docEstimate = (long) (docCount * (1d - Math.pow((size - estimatedPointCount) / size, size / docCount)));
      return docEstimate == 0L ? 1L : docEstimate;
    }
  }


  /** Returns minimum value for each dimension, packed, or null if {@link #size} is <code>0</code> */
  public abstract byte[] getMinPackedValue() throws IOException;

  /** Returns maximum value for each dimension, packed, or null if {@link #size} is <code>0</code> */
  public abstract byte[] getMaxPackedValue() throws IOException;

  /** Returns how many dimensions are represented in the values */
  public abstract int getNumDimensions() throws IOException;

  /** Returns how many dimensions are used for the index */
  public abstract int getNumIndexDimensions() throws IOException;

  /** Returns the number of bytes per dimension */
  public abstract int getBytesPerDimension() throws IOException;

  /** Returns the total number of indexed points across all documents. */
  public abstract long size();

  /** Returns the total number of documents that have indexed at least one point. */
  public abstract int getDocCount();
}