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= Kudu Developer Documentation

== Building and installing Kudu

Follow the steps in the
https://kudu.apache.org/docs/installation.html#build_from_source[documentation]
to build and install Kudu from source

=== Building Kudu out of tree

A single Kudu source tree may be used for multiple builds, each with its
own build directory. Build directories may be placed anywhere in the
filesystem with the exception of the root directory of the source tree. The
Kudu build is invoked with a working directory of the build directory
itself, so you must ensure it exists (i.e. create it with _mkdir -p_). It's
recommended to place all build directories within the _build_ subdirectory;
_build/latest_ will be symlinked to most recently created one.

The rest of this document assumes the build directory
_<root directory of kudu source tree>/build/debug_.

=== Automatic rebuilding of dependencies

The script `thirdparty/build-if-necessary.sh` is invoked by cmake, so
new thirdparty dependencies added by other developers will be downloaded
and built automatically in subsequent builds if necessary.

To disable the automatic invocation of `build-if-necessary.sh`, set the
`NO_REBUILD_THIRDPARTY` environment variable:

[source,bash]
----
$ cd build/debug
$ NO_REBUILD_THIRDPARTY=1 cmake ../..
----

This can be particularly useful when trying to run tools like `git bisect`
between two commits which may have different dependencies.


=== Building Kudu itself

[source,bash]
----
# Add <root of kudu tree>/thirdparty/installed/common/bin to your $PATH
# before other parts of $PATH that may contain cmake, such as /usr/bin
# For example: "export PATH=$HOME/git/kudu/thirdparty/installed/common/bin:$PATH"
# if using bash.
$ mkdir -p build/debug
$ cd build/debug
$ cmake ../..
$ make -j8  # or whatever level of parallelism your machine can handle
----

The build artifacts, including the test binaries, will be stored in
_build/debug/bin/_.

To omit the Kudu unit tests during the build, add -DNO_TESTS=1 to the
invocation of cmake. For example:

[source,bash]
----
$ cd build/debug
$ cmake -DNO_TESTS=1 ../..
----

== Running unit/functional tests

To run the Kudu unit tests, you can use the `ctest` command from within the
_build/debug_ directory:

[source,bash]
----
$ cd build/debug
$ ctest -j8
----

This command will report any tests that failed, and the test logs will be
written to _build/debug/test-logs_.

Individual tests can be run by directly invoking the test binaries in
_build/debug/bin_. Since Kudu uses the Google C++ Test Framework (gtest),
specific test cases can be run with gtest flags:

[source,bash]
----
# List all the tests within a test binary, then run a single test
$ build/debug/bin/tablet-test --gtest_list_tests
$ build/debug/bin/tablet-test --gtest_filter=TestTablet/9.TestFlush
----

gtest also allows more complex filtering patterns. See the upstream
documentation for more details.

=== Running tests with the clang AddressSanitizer enabled


AddressSanitizer is a nice clang feature which can detect many types of memory
errors. The Jenkins setup for kudu runs these tests automatically on a regular
basis, but if you make large changes it can be a good idea to run it locally
before pushing. To do so, you'll need to build using `clang`:

[source,bash]
----
$ mkdir -p build/asan
$ cd build/asan
$ CC=../../thirdparty/clang-toolchain/bin/clang \
  CXX=../../thirdparty/clang-toolchain/bin/clang++ \
  ../../thirdparty/installed/common/bin/cmake \
  -DKUDU_USE_ASAN=1 ../..
$ make -j8
$ ctest -j8
----

The tests will run significantly slower than without ASAN enabled, and if any
memory error occurs, the test that triggered it will fail. You can then use a
command like:


[source,bash]
----
$ cd build/asan
$ ctest -R failing-test
----

to run just the failed test.

NOTE: For more information on AddressSanitizer, please see the
https://clang.llvm.org/docs/AddressSanitizer.html[ASAN web page].

=== Running tests with the clang Undefined Behavior Sanitizer (UBSAN) enabled


Similar to the above, you can use a special set of clang flags to enable the Undefined
Behavior Sanitizer. This will generate errors on certain pieces of code which may
not themselves crash but rely on behavior which isn't defined by the C++ standard
(and thus are likely bugs). To enable UBSAN, follow the same directions as for
ASAN above, but pass the `-DKUDU_USE_UBSAN=1` flag to the `cmake` invocation.

In order to get a stack trace from UBSan, you can use gdb on the failing test, and
set a breakpoint as follows:

----
(gdb) b __ubsan::Diag::~Diag
----

Then, when the breakpoint fires, gather a backtrace as usual using the `bt` command.

=== Running tests with ThreadSanitizer enabled

ThreadSanitizer (TSAN) is a feature of recent Clang and GCC compilers which can
detect improperly synchronized access to data along with many other threading
bugs. To enable TSAN, pass `-DKUDU_USE_TSAN=1` to the `cmake` invocation,
recompile, and run tests. For example:

[source,bash]
----
$ mkdir -p build/tsan
$ cd build/tsan
$ CC=../../thirdparty/clang-toolchain/bin/clang \
    CXX=../../thirdparty/clang-toolchain/bin/clang++ \
    ../../thirdparty/installed/common/bin/cmake \
    -DKUDU_USE_TSAN=1 ../..
$ make -j8
$ ctest -j8
----

TSAN may truncate a few lines of the stack trace when reporting where the error
is. This can be bewildering. It's documented for TSANv1 here:
https://code.google.com/p/data-race-test/wiki/ThreadSanitizerAlgorithm
It is not mentioned in the documentation for TSANv2, but has been observed.
In order to find out what is _really_ happening, set a breakpoint on the TSAN
report in GDB using the following incantation:

[source,bash]
----
$ gdb -ex 'set disable-randomization off' -ex 'b __tsan::PrintReport' ./some-test
----


=== Generating code coverage reports


In order to generate a code coverage report, you must use the following flags:

[source,bash]
----
$ mkdir -p build/coverage
$ cd build/coverage
$ CC=../../thirdparty/clang-toolchain/bin/clang \
  CXX=../../thirdparty/clang-toolchain/bin/clang++ \
  cmake -DKUDU_GENERATE_COVERAGE=1 ../..
$ make -j4
$ ctest -j4
----

This will generate the code coverage files with extensions .gcno and .gcda. You can then
use a tool like `gcovr` or `llvm-cov gcov` to visualize the results. For example, using
gcovr:

[source,bash]
----
$ cd build/coverage
$ mkdir cov_html
$ ../../thirdparty/installed/common/bin/gcovr \
      --gcov-executable=$(pwd)/../../build-support/llvm-gcov-wrapper \
      --html --html-details -o cov_html/coverage.html
----

Then open `cov_html/coverage.html` in your web browser.

=== Running lint checks

Kudu uses cpplint.py from Google to enforce coding style guidelines. You can run the
lint checks via cmake using the `ilint` target:

[source,bash]
----
$ make ilint
----

This will scan any file which is dirty in your working tree, or changed since the last
gerrit-integrated upstream change in your git log. If you really want to do a full
scan of the source tree, you may use the `lint` target instead.

=== Running clang-tidy checks

Kudu also uses the clang-tidy tool from LLVM to enforce coding style
guidelines. You can run the tidy checks via cmake using the `tidy` target:

[source,bash]
----
$ make tidy
----

This will scan any changes in the latest commit in the local tree. At the time
of writing, it will not scan any changes that are not locally committed.

=== Running include-what-you-use (IWYU) checks

Kudu uses the https://github.com/include-what-you-use/include-what-you-use[IWYU]
tool to keep the set of headers in the C++ source files consistent. For more
information on what _consistent_ means, see
https://github.com/include-what-you-use/include-what-you-use/blob/master/docs/WhyIWYU.md[_Why IWYU_].

You can run the IWYU checks via cmake using the `iwyu` target:

[source,bash]
----
$ make iwyu
----

This will scan any file which is dirty in your working tree, or changed since the last
gerrit-integrated upstream change in your git log.

If you want to run against a specific file, or against all files, you can use the
`iwyu.py` script:

[source,bash]
----
$ ./build-support/iwyu.py
----

See the output of `iwyu.py --help` for details on various modes of operation.

[[building-docs]]
=== Building Kudu documentation

Kudu's documentation is written in asciidoc and lives in the _docs_ subdirectory.

To build the documentation (this is primarily useful if you would like to
inspect your changes before submitting them to Gerrit), use the `docs` target:

[source,bash]
----
$ make docs
----

This will invoke `docs/support/scripts/make_docs.sh`, which requires
`asciidoctor` to process the doc sources and produce the HTML documentation,
emitted to _build/docs_. This script requires `ruby` and `gem` to be installed
on the system path, and will attempt to install `asciidoctor` and other related
dependencies into `$HOME/.gems` using https://bundler.io/[bundler].

Some of the dependencies require a recent version of Ruby. To build the
documentation on a system that comes with an older Ruby version (such as Ruby
2.0 on CentOS 7), it is easiest to use https://github.com/rbenv/rbenv[rbenv] to
install Ruby 2.7.

WARNING: As the default values for some configuration options differ between Mac
and Linux (e.g. file vs log block manager) and the configuration reference is
generated by running the binaries with `-help`, the documentation *MUST NOT* be
generated on Mac for publishing purposes, only for verification.

[[updating-the-site]]
=== Updating the Kudu web site documentation

To update the documentation that is integrated into the Kudu web site,
including Java and C++ client API documentation, you may run the following
command:

[source,bash]
----
$ ./docs/support/scripts/make_site.sh
----

This script will use your local Git repository to check out a shallow clone of
the 'gh-pages' branch and use `make_docs.sh` to generate the HTML documentation
for the web site. It will also build the Javadoc and Doxygen documentation.
These will be placed inside the checked-out web site, along with a tarball
containing only the generated documentation (the _docs/_ and _apidocs/_ paths
on the web site). Everything can be found in the _build/site_ subdirectory.

To build the C++ Client API you need to have Doxygen 1.8.19 or later which is
fairly new so you might need to
https://www.doxygen.nl/manual/install.html#install_src_unix[build it from
source]. To build it on RHEL/CentOS you'll also need
https://www.softwarecollections.org/en/scls/rhscl/devtoolset-8/[devtoolset] as
Doxygen uses {cpp}14 since 1.8.17.

You can proceed to commit the changes in the pages repository and send a code
review for your changes. In the future, this step may be automated whenever
changes are checked into the main Kudu repository.

After making changes to the `gh-pages` branch, follow the instructions below
when you want to deploy those changes to the live web site.

WARNING: The site *MUST NOT* be built on Mac for publishing purposes, only for
verification. See the warning in <<building-docs>> for details.

=== Deploying changes to the Apache Kudu web site

When the documentation is updated on the `gh-pages` branch, or when other web
site files on that branch are updated, the following procedure can be used to
deploy the changes to the official Apache Kudu web site. Committers have
permissions to publish changes to the live site.

[source,bash]
----
git checkout gh-pages
git fetch origin
git merge --ff-only origin/gh-pages
./site_tool proof        # Check for broken links (takes a long time to run)
./site_tool publish      # Generate the static HTML for the site.
cd _publish && git push  # Update the live web site.
----

NOTE: sometimes, due to glitches with the ASF gitpubsub system, a large commit,
such as a change to the docs, will not get mirrored to the live site. Adding an
empty commit and doing another git push tends to fix the problem. See the git
log for examples of people doing this in the past.

== Improving build times

=== Caching build output

The kudu build is compatible with ccache. Simply install your distro's _ccache_ package,
prepend _/usr/lib/ccache_ to your `PATH`, and watch your object files get cached. Link
times won't be affected, but you will see a noticeable improvement in compilation
times. You may also want to increase the size of your cache using "ccache -M new_size".

=== Improving linker speed

One of the major time sinks in the Kudu build is linking. GNU ld is historically
quite slow at linking large C++ applications. The alternative linker `gold` is much
better at it. It's part of the `binutils` package in modern distros (try `binutils-gold`
in older ones). To enable it, simply repoint the _/usr/bin/ld_ symlink from `ld.bfd` to
`ld.gold`.

Note that gold doesn't handle weak symbol overrides properly (see
https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=16979[this bug report] for details).
As such, it cannot be used with shared objects (see below) because it'll cause
tcmalloc's alternative malloc implementation to be ignored.

=== Building Kudu with dynamic linking

Kudu can be built into shared objects, which, when used with ccache, can result in a
dramatic build time improvement in the steady state. Even after a `make clean` in the build
tree, all object files can be served from ccache. By default, `debug` and `fastdebug` will
use dynamic linking, while other build types will use static linking. To enable
dynamic linking explicitly, run:

[source,bash]
----
$ cmake -DKUDU_LINK=dynamic ../..
----

Subsequent builds will create shared objects instead of archives and use them when
linking the kudu binaries and unit tests. The full range of options for `KUDU_LINK` are
`static`, `dynamic`, and `auto`. The default is `auto` and only the first letter
matters for the purpose of matching.

NOTE: Static linking is incompatible with TSAN.


== Developing Kudu in Eclipse

Eclipse can be used as an IDE for Kudu. To generate Eclipse project files, run:

[source,bash]
----
$ mkdir -p <sibling directory to source tree>
$ cd <sibling directory to source tree>
$ rm -rf CMakeCache.txt CMakeFiles/
$ cmake -G "Eclipse CDT4 - Unix Makefiles" -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ARG1=-std=c++11 <source tree>
----

When the Eclipse generator is run in a subdirectory of the source tree, the
resulting project is incomplete. That's why it's recommended to use a directory
that's a sibling to the source tree. See [1] for more details.

It's critical that _CMakeCache.txt_ be removed prior to running the generator,
otherwise the extra Eclipse generator logic (the CMakeFindEclipseCDT4.make module)
won't run and standard system includes will be missing from the generated project.

Thanks to [2], the Eclipse generator ignores the `-std=c++11` definition and we must
add it manually on the command line via `CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ARG1`.

By default, the Eclipse CDT indexer will index everything under the _kudu/_
source tree. It tends to choke on certain complicated source files within
_thirdparty_. In CDT 8.7.0, the indexer will generate so many errors that it'll
exit early, causing many spurious syntax errors to be highlighted. In older
versions of CDT, it'll spin forever.

Either way, these complicated source files must be excluded from indexing. To do
this, right click on the project in the Project Explorer and select Properties. In
the dialog box, select "C/C++ Project Paths", select the Source tab, highlight
"Exclusion filter: (None)", and click "Edit...". In the new dialog box, click
"Add Multiple...". Select every subdirectory inside _thirdparty_ except _installed_.
Click OK all the way out and rebuild the project index by right clicking the project
in the Project Explorer and selecting Index -> Rebuild.

With this exclusion, the only false positives (shown as "red squigglies") that
CDT presents appear to be in atomicops functions (`NoBarrier_CompareAndSwap` for
example).

Another way to approach enormous source code indexing in Ecplise is to get rid of
unnecessary source code in "thirdparty/src" directory right after building code
and before opening project in Eclipse. You can remove all source code except
hadoop, hive and sentry directories.
Additionally, if you encounter red squigglies in code editor due to
Eclipse's poor macro discovery, you may need to provide Eclipse with preprocessor
macros values, which it could not extract during auto-discovery.
Go to "Project Explorer" -> "Properties" -> "C/C++ General" ->
"Preprocessor Include Paths, Macros, etc" -> "Entries" tab -> Language "GNU C++" ->
Setting Entries "CDT User Setting Entries" -> button "Add"
-> choose "Preprocessor Macro" [3]

Another Eclipse annoyance stems from the "[Targets]" linked resource that Eclipse
generates for each unit test. These are probably used for building within Eclipse,
but one side effect is that nearly every source file appears in the indexer twice:
once via a target and once via the raw source file. To fix this, simply delete the
[Targets] linked resource via the Project Explorer. Doing this should have no effect
on writing code, though it may affect your ability to build from within Eclipse.

1. https://cmake.org/pipermail/cmake-developers/2011-November/014153.html
2. https://public.kitware.com/Bug/view.php?id=15102
3. https://www.eclipse.org/community/eclipse_newsletter/2013/october/article4.php

== Export Control Notice

This distribution uses cryptographic software and may be subject to export controls.
Please refer to docs/export_control.adoc for more information.