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 <div class="container">
   <div class="row">
     <div class="col-md-9">

 <h1>Known Issues and Limitations</h1>
       <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_schema"><a class="link" href="#_schema">Schema</a></h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_primary_keys"><a class="link" href="#_primary_keys">Primary keys</a></h3>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>The primary key may not be changed after the table is created.
 You must drop and recreate a table to select a new primary key.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>The columns which make up the primary key must be listed first in the schema.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>The primary key of a row may not be modified using the <code>UPDATE</code> functionality.
 To modify a row&#8217;s primary key, the row must be deleted and re-inserted with
 the modified key. Such a modification is non-atomic.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Columns with <code>DOUBLE</code>, <code>FLOAT</code>, or <code>BOOL</code> types are not allowed as part of a
 primary key definition. Additionally, all columns that are part of a primary
 key definition must be <code>NOT NULL</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Auto-generated primary keys are not supported.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Cells making up a composite primary key are limited to a total of 16KB after the internal
 composite-key encoding done by Kudu.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_columns"><a class="link" href="#_columns">Columns</a></h3>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE, and complex types like ARRAY are not supported.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Type and nullability of existing columns cannot be changed by altering the table.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>The precision and scale of <code>DECIMAL</code> columns cannot be changed by altering the table.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Tables can have a maximum of 300 columns.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_tables"><a class="link" href="#_tables">Tables</a></h3>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Tables must have an odd number of replicas, with a maximum of 7.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Replication factor (set at table creation time) cannot be changed.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_cells_individual_values"><a class="link" href="#_cells_individual_values">Cells (individual values)</a></h3>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Cells cannot be larger than 64KB before encoding or compression.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect2">
 <h3 id="_other_usage_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_other_usage_limitations">Other usage limitations</a></h3>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Kudu is primarily designed for analytic use cases. You are likely to encounter issues if
 a single row contains multiple kilobytes of data.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Secondary indexes are not supported.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Multi-row transactions are not supported.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Relational features, like foreign keys, are not supported.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Identifiers such as column and table names are restricted to be valid UTF-8 strings.
 Additionally, a maximum length of 256 characters is enforced.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Dropping a column does not immediately reclaim space. Compaction must run first.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>There is no way to run compaction manually, but dropping the table will reclaim the
 space immediately.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_partitioning_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_partitioning_limitations">Partitioning Limitations</a></h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Tables must be manually pre-split into tablets using simple or compound primary
 keys. Automatic splitting is not yet possible. Range partitions may be added
 or dropped after a table has been created. See
 <a href="schema_design.html">Schema Design</a> for more information.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Data in existing tables cannot currently be automatically repartitioned. As a workaround,
 create a new table with the new partitioning and insert the contents of the old
 table.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Tablets that lose a majority of replicas (such as 1 left out of 3) require manual
 intervention to be repaired.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_cluster_management"><a class="link" href="#_cluster_management">Cluster management</a></h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Rack awareness is not supported.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Multi-datacenter is not supported.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Rolling restart is not supported.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_server_management"><a class="link" href="#_server_management">Server management</a></h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Production deployments should configure a least 4GB of memory for tablet servers,
 and ideally more than 16GB when approaching the data and tablet <a href="#_scale">Scale</a> limits.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Write ahead logs (WAL) can only be stored on one disk.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Tablet servers cannot be gracefully decommissioned.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Tablet servers can’t change address/port.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Kudu has a hard requirement on having up-to-date NTP. Kudu masters and tablet servers
 will crash when out of sync.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Kudu releases are only tested with NTP. Other time synchronization providers like Chrony
 may or may not work.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_scale"><a class="link" href="#_scale">Scale</a></h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Recommended maximum number of tablet servers is 100.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Recommended maximum number of masters is 3.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Recommended maximum amount of stored data, post-replication and post-compression,
 per tablet server is 8TB.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>The maximum number of tablets per tablet server is 2000, post-replication,
 but we recommend 1000 tablets or fewer per tablet server.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Maximum number of tablets per table for each tablet server is 60, post-replication,
 at table-creation time.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_replication_and_backup_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_replication_and_backup_limitations">Replication and Backup Limitations</a></h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Kudu does not currently include any built-in features for backup and restore.
 Users are encouraged to use tools such as Spark or Impala to export or import
 tables as necessary.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_security_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_security_limitations">Security Limitations</a></h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>Authorization is only available at a system-wide, coarse-grained level. Table-level,
 column-level, and row-level authorization features are not available.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Data encryption at rest is not directly built into Kudu. Encryption of
 Kudu data at rest can be achieved through the use of local block device
 encryption software such as <code>dmcrypt</code>.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Kudu server Kerberos principals must follow the pattern <code>kudu/&lt;HOST&gt;@DEFAULT.REALM</code>.
 Configuring an alternate Kerberos principal is not supported.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Kudu&#8217;s integration with Apache Flume does not support writing to Kudu clusters that
 require Kerberos authentication.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>Server certificates generated by Kudu IPKI are incompatible with
 <a href="https://www.bouncycastle.org/">bouncycastle</a> version 1.52 and earlier. See
 <a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-2145">KUDU-2145</a> for details.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="sect1">
 <h2 id="_other_known_issues"><a class="link" href="#_other_known_issues">Other Known Issues</a></h2>
 <div class="sectionbody">
 <div class="paragraph">
 <p>The following are known bugs and issues with the current release of Kudu. They will
 be addressed in later releases. Note that this list is not exhaustive, and is meant
 to communicate only the most important known issues.</p>
 </div>
 <div class="ulist">
 <ul>
 <li>
 <p>If the Kudu master is configured with the <code>-log_force_fsync_all</code> option, tablet servers
 and clients will experience frequent timeouts, and the cluster may become unusable.</p>
 </li>
 <li>
 <p>If a tablet server has a very large number of tablets, it may take several minutes
 to start up. It is recommended to limit the number of tablets per server to 1000
 or fewer. The maximum allowed number of tablets per server is 2000.
 Consider this limitation when pre-splitting your tables. If you notice slow start-up times,
 you can monitor the number of tablets per server in the web UI.</p>
 </li>
 </ul>
 </div>
 </div>
 </div>
     </div>
     <div class="col-md-3">

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       <li>

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       </li>
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       </li>
       <li>

           <a href="command_line_tools_reference.html">Kudu Command Line Tools Reference</a>
       </li>
       <li>
 <span class="active-toc">Known Issues and Limitations</span>
             <ul class="sectlevel1">
 <li><a href="#_schema">Schema</a>
 <ul class="sectlevel2">
 <li><a href="#_primary_keys">Primary keys</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_columns">Columns</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_tables">Tables</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_cells_individual_values">Cells (individual values)</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_other_usage_limitations">Other usage limitations</a></li>
 </ul>
 </li>
 <li><a href="#_partitioning_limitations">Partitioning Limitations</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_cluster_management">Cluster management</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_server_management">Server management</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_scale">Scale</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_replication_and_backup_limitations">Replication and Backup Limitations</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_security_limitations">Security Limitations</a></li>
 <li><a href="#_other_known_issues">Other Known Issues</a></li>
 </ul>
       </li>
       <li>

           <a href="contributing.html">Contributing to Kudu</a>
       </li>
       <li>

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	<div class="container">
	<div class="row">
	<div class="col-md-9">

	<h1>Known Issues and Limitations</h1>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="_schema"><a class="link" href="#_schema">Schema</a></h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="_primary_keys"><a class="link" href="#_primary_keys">Primary keys</a></h3>
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>The primary key may not be changed after the table is created.
	You must drop and recreate a table to select a new primary key.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>The columns which make up the primary key must be listed first in the schema.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>The primary key of a row may not be modified using the <code>UPDATE</code> functionality.
	To modify a row’s primary key, the row must be deleted and re-inserted with
	the modified key. Such a modification is non-atomic.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Columns with <code>DOUBLE</code>, <code>FLOAT</code>, or <code>BOOL</code> types are not allowed as part of a
	primary key definition. Additionally, all columns that are part of a primary
	key definition must be <code>NOT NULL</code>.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Auto-generated primary keys are not supported.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Cells making up a composite primary key are limited to a total of 16KB after the internal
	composite-key encoding done by Kudu.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="_columns"><a class="link" href="#_columns">Columns</a></h3>
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE, and complex types like ARRAY are not supported.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Type and nullability of existing columns cannot be changed by altering the table.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>The precision and scale of <code>DECIMAL</code> columns cannot be changed by altering the table.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Tables can have a maximum of 300 columns.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="_tables"><a class="link" href="#_tables">Tables</a></h3>
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Tables must have an odd number of replicas, with a maximum of 7.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Replication factor (set at table creation time) cannot be changed.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="_cells_individual_values"><a class="link" href="#_cells_individual_values">Cells (individual values)</a></h3>
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Cells cannot be larger than 64KB before encoding or compression.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect2">
	<h3 id="_other_usage_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_other_usage_limitations">Other usage limitations</a></h3>
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Kudu is primarily designed for analytic use cases. You are likely to encounter issues if
	a single row contains multiple kilobytes of data.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Secondary indexes are not supported.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Multi-row transactions are not supported.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Relational features, like foreign keys, are not supported.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Identifiers such as column and table names are restricted to be valid UTF-8 strings.
	Additionally, a maximum length of 256 characters is enforced.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Dropping a column does not immediately reclaim space. Compaction must run first.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>There is no way to run compaction manually, but dropping the table will reclaim the
	space immediately.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="_partitioning_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_partitioning_limitations">Partitioning Limitations</a></h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Tables must be manually pre-split into tablets using simple or compound primary
	keys. Automatic splitting is not yet possible. Range partitions may be added
	or dropped after a table has been created. See
	<a href="schema_design.html">Schema Design</a> for more information.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Data in existing tables cannot currently be automatically repartitioned. As a workaround,
	create a new table with the new partitioning and insert the contents of the old
	table.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Tablets that lose a majority of replicas (such as 1 left out of 3) require manual
	intervention to be repaired.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="_cluster_management"><a class="link" href="#_cluster_management">Cluster management</a></h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Rack awareness is not supported.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Multi-datacenter is not supported.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Rolling restart is not supported.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="_server_management"><a class="link" href="#_server_management">Server management</a></h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Production deployments should configure a least 4GB of memory for tablet servers,
	and ideally more than 16GB when approaching the data and tablet <a href="#_scale">Scale</a> limits.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Write ahead logs (WAL) can only be stored on one disk.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Tablet servers cannot be gracefully decommissioned.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Tablet servers can’t change address/port.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Kudu has a hard requirement on having up-to-date NTP. Kudu masters and tablet servers
	will crash when out of sync.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Kudu releases are only tested with NTP. Other time synchronization providers like Chrony
	may or may not work.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="_scale"><a class="link" href="#_scale">Scale</a></h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Recommended maximum number of tablet servers is 100.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Recommended maximum number of masters is 3.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Recommended maximum amount of stored data, post-replication and post-compression,
	per tablet server is 8TB.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>The maximum number of tablets per tablet server is 2000, post-replication,
	but we recommend 1000 tablets or fewer per tablet server.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Maximum number of tablets per table for each tablet server is 60, post-replication,
	at table-creation time.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="_replication_and_backup_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_replication_and_backup_limitations">Replication and Backup Limitations</a></h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Kudu does not currently include any built-in features for backup and restore.
	Users are encouraged to use tools such as Spark or Impala to export or import
	tables as necessary.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="_security_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_security_limitations">Security Limitations</a></h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>Authorization is only available at a system-wide, coarse-grained level. Table-level,
	column-level, and row-level authorization features are not available.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Data encryption at rest is not directly built into Kudu. Encryption of
	Kudu data at rest can be achieved through the use of local block device
	encryption software such as <code>dmcrypt</code>.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Kudu server Kerberos principals must follow the pattern <code>kudu/<HOST>@DEFAULT.REALM</code>.
	Configuring an alternate Kerberos principal is not supported.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Kudu’s integration with Apache Flume does not support writing to Kudu clusters that
	require Kerberos authentication.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>Server certificates generated by Kudu IPKI are incompatible with
	<a href="https://www.bouncycastle.org/">bouncycastle</a> version 1.52 and earlier. See
	<a href="https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/KUDU-2145">KUDU-2145</a> for details.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="sect1">
	<h2 id="_other_known_issues"><a class="link" href="#_other_known_issues">Other Known Issues</a></h2>
	<div class="sectionbody">
	<div class="paragraph">
	<p>The following are known bugs and issues with the current release of Kudu. They will
	be addressed in later releases. Note that this list is not exhaustive, and is meant
	to communicate only the most important known issues.</p>
	</div>
	<div class="ulist">
	<ul>
	<li>
	<p>If the Kudu master is configured with the <code>-log_force_fsync_all</code> option, tablet servers
	and clients will experience frequent timeouts, and the cluster may become unusable.</p>
	</li>
	<li>
	<p>If a tablet server has a very large number of tablets, it may take several minutes
	to start up. It is recommended to limit the number of tablets per server to 1000
	or fewer. The maximum allowed number of tablets per server is 2000.
	Consider this limitation when pre-splitting your tables. If you notice slow start-up times,
	you can monitor the number of tablets per server in the web UI.</p>
	</li>
	</ul>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	</div>
	<div class="col-md-3">

	<div id="toc" data-spy="affix" data-offset-top="70">
	<ul>

	<li>

	<a href="index.html">Introducing Kudu</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="release_notes.html">Kudu Release Notes</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="quickstart.html">Getting Started with Kudu</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="installation.html">Installation Guide</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="configuration.html">Configuring Kudu</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="kudu_impala_integration.html">Using Impala with Kudu</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="administration.html">Administering Kudu</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting Kudu</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="developing.html">Developing Applications with Kudu</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="schema_design.html">Kudu Schema Design</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="scaling_guide.html">Kudu Scaling Guide</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="security.html">Kudu Security</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="transaction_semantics.html">Kudu Transaction Semantics</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="background_tasks.html">Background Maintenance Tasks</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="configuration_reference.html">Kudu Configuration Reference</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="command_line_tools_reference.html">Kudu Command Line Tools Reference</a>
	</li>
	<li>
	<span class="active-toc">Known Issues and Limitations</span>
	<ul class="sectlevel1">
	<li><a href="#_schema">Schema</a>
	<ul class="sectlevel2">
	<li><a href="#_primary_keys">Primary keys</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_columns">Columns</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_tables">Tables</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_cells_individual_values">Cells (individual values)</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_other_usage_limitations">Other usage limitations</a></li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li><a href="#_partitioning_limitations">Partitioning Limitations</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_cluster_management">Cluster management</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_server_management">Server management</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_scale">Scale</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_replication_and_backup_limitations">Replication and Backup Limitations</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_security_limitations">Security Limitations</a></li>
	<li><a href="#_other_known_issues">Other Known Issues</a></li>
	</ul>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="contributing.html">Contributing to Kudu</a>
	</li>
	<li>

	<a href="export_control.html">Export Control Notice</a>
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