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<h1>Kudu Release Notes</h1>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_introducing_kudu"><a class="link" href="#_introducing_kudu">Introducing Kudu</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Kudu is a columnar storage manager developed for the Hadoop platform. Kudu shares
the common technical properties of Hadoop ecosystem applications: it runs on
commodity hardware, is horizontally scalable, and supports highly available operation.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Kudu’s design sets it apart. Some of Kudu’s benefits include:</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Fast processing of OLAP workloads.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Integration with MapReduce, Spark, and other Hadoop ecosystem components.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Tight integration with Cloudera Impala, making it a good, mutable alternative to
using HDFS with Parquet. See <a href="kudu_impala_integration.html">Kudu Impala Integration</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Strong but flexible consistency model.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Strong performance for running sequential and random workloads simultaneously.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Efficient utilization of hardware resources.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>High availability. Tablet Servers and Masters use the Raft Consensus Algorithm.
Given a replication factor of <code>2f+1</code>, if <code>f</code> tablet servers serving a given tablet
fail, the tablet is still available.</p>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
High availability for masters is not supported during the public beta.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>By combining all of these properties, Kudu targets support for families of
applications that are difficult or impossible to implement on current-generation
Hadoop storage technologies.</p>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_kudu_impala_integration_features"><a class="link" href="#_kudu_impala_integration_features">Kudu-Impala Integration Features</a></h3>
<div class="dlist">
<dl>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>CREATE TABLE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Impala supports creating and dropping tables using Kudu as the persistence layer.
The tables follow the same internal / external approach as other tables in Impala,
allowing for flexible data ingestion and querying.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>INSERT</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Data can be inserted into Kudu tables in Impala using the same mechanisms as
any other table with HDFS or HBase persistence.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1"><code>UPDATE</code> / <code>DELETE</code></dt>
<dd>
<p>Impala supports the <code>UPDATE</code> and <code>DELETE</code> SQL commands to modify existing data in
a Kudu table row-by-row or as a batch. The syntax of the SQL commands is chosen
to be as compatible as possible to existing solutions. In addition to simple <code>DELETE</code>
or <code>UPDATE</code> commands, you can specify complex joins in the <code>FROM</code> clause of the query
using the same syntax as a regular <code>SELECT</code> statement.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Flexible Partitioning</dt>
<dd>
<p>Similar to partitioning of tables in Hive, Kudu allows you to dynamically
pre-split tables by hash or range into a predefined number of tablets, in order
to distribute writes and queries evenly across your cluster. You can partition by
any number of primary key columns, by any number of hashes and an optional list of
split rows. See <a href="schema_design.html">Schema Design</a>.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">Parallel Scan</dt>
<dd>
<p>To achieve the highest possible performance on modern hardware, the Kudu client
within Impala parallelizes scans to multiple tablets.</p>
</dd>
<dt class="hdlist1">High-efficiency queries</dt>
<dd>
<p>Where possible, Impala pushes down predicate evaluation to Kudu, so that predicates
are evaluated as close as possible to the data. Query performance is comparable
to Parquet in many workloads.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_about_the_kudu_public_beta"><a class="link" href="#_about_the_kudu_public_beta">About the Kudu Public Beta</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This release of Kudu is a public beta. Do not run this beta release on production clusters.
During the public beta period, Kudu will be supported via a
<a href="https://issues.cloudera.org/projects/KUDU">public JIRA</a> and a public
<a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/kudu-user">mailing list</a>, which will be
monitored by the Kudu development team and community members. Commercial support
is not available at this time.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>You can submit any issues or feedback related to your Kudu experience via either
the JIRA system or the mailing list. The Kudu development team and community members
will respond and assist as quickly as possible.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Kudu team will work with early adopters to fix bugs and release new binary drops
when fixes or features are ready. However, we cannot commit to issue resolution or
bug fix delivery times during the public beta period, and it is possible that some
fixes or enhancements will not be selected for a release.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>We can&#8217;t guarantee time frames or contents for future beta code drops. However,
they will be announced to the user group when they occur.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>No guarantees are made regarding upgrades from this release to follow-on releases.
While multiple drops of beta code are planned, we can&#8217;t guarantee their schedules
or contents.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_resources"><a class="link" href="#_resources">Resources</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://kudu.apache.org">Kudu Website</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://github.com/cloudera/kudu">Kudu Github Repository</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="index.html">Kudu Documentation</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_installation_options"><a class="link" href="#_installation_options">Installation Options</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>A Quickstart VM is provided to get you up and running quickly.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You can install Kudu using provided deb/yum packages.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You can install Kudu, in clusters managed by Cloudera Manager, using parcels or deb/yum packages.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>You can build Kudu from source.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For full installation details, see <a href="installation.html">Kudu Installation</a>.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_limitations_of_the_public_beta"><a class="link" href="#_limitations_of_the_public_beta">Limitations of the Public Beta</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_operating_system_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_operating_system_limitations">Operating System Limitations</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>RHEL 6.4 or newer, CentOS 6.4 or newer, and Ubuntu Trusty are are the only
operating systems supported for installation in the public beta. Others may work
but have not been tested.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_storage_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_storage_limitations">Storage Limitations</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Kudu has been tested with up to 4 TB of data per tablet server. More testing
is needed for denser storage configurations.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_schema_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_schema_limitations">Schema Limitations</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Testing with more than 20 columns has been limited.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Kudu is primarily designed for analytic use cases and, in the beta release,
you are likely to encounter issues if a single row contains multiple kilobytes of data.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The columns which make up the primary key must be listed first in the schema.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Key columns cannot be altered. You must drop and recreate a table to change its keys.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Key columns must not be null.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Columns with <code>DOUBLE</code>, <code>FLOAT</code>, or <code>BOOL</code> types are not allowed as part of a
primary key definition.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Type and nullability of existing columns cannot be changed by altering the table.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A table’s primary key cannot be changed.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Dropping a column does not immediately reclaim space. Compaction must run first.
There is no way to run compaction manually, but dropping the table will reclaim the
space immediately.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_ingest_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_ingest_limitations">Ingest Limitations</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Ingest via Sqoop or Flume is not supported in the public beta. The recommended
approach for bulk ingest is to use Impala’s <code>CREATE TABLE AS SELECT</code> functionality
or use the Kudu Java or C++ API.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Tables must be manually pre-split into tablets using simple or compound primary
keys. Automatic splitting is not yet possible. See
<a href="schema_design.html">Schema Design</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Tablets cannot currently be merged. Instead, create a new table with the contents
of the old tables to be merged.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_replication_and_backup_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_replication_and_backup_limitations">Replication and Backup Limitations</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Replication and failover of Kudu masters is considered experimental. It is
recommended to run a single master and periodically perform a manual backup of
its data directories.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_impala_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_impala_limitations">Impala Limitations</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>To use Kudu with Impala, you must install a special release of Impala called
Impala_Kudu. Obtaining and installing a compatible Impala release is detailed in Kudu&#8217;s
<a href="kudu_impala_integration.html">Impala Integration</a> documentation.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>To use Impala_Kudu alongside an existing Impala instance, you must install using parcels.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Updates, inserts, and deletes via Impala are non-transactional. If a query
fails part of the way through, its partial effects will not be rolled back.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>All queries will be distributed across all Impala nodes which host a replica
of the target table(s), even if a predicate on a primary key could correctly
restrict the query to a single tablet. This limits the maximum concurrency of
short queries made via Impala.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>No timestamp and decimal type support.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The maximum parallelism of a single query is limited to the number of tablets
in a table. For good analytic performance, aim for 10 or more tablets per host
or use large tables.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Impala is only able to push down predicates involving <code>=</code>, <code>&#8656;</code>, <code>&gt;=</code>,
or <code>BETWEEN</code> comparisons between any column and a literal value, and <code>&lt;</code> and <code>&gt;</code>
for integer columns only. For example, for a table with an integer key <code>ts</code>, and
a string key <code>name</code>, the predicate <code>WHERE ts &gt;= 12345</code> will convert into an
efficient range scan, whereas <code>where name &gt; 'lipcon'</code> will currently fetch all
data from the table and evaluate the predicate within Impala.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_security_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_security_limitations">Security Limitations</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Authentication and authorization are not included in the public beta.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Data encryption is not included in the public beta.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_client_and_api_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_client_and_api_limitations">Client and API Limitations</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Potentially-incompatible C++ and Java API changes may be required during the
public beta.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>ALTER TABLE</code> is not yet fully supported via the client APIs. More <code>ALTER TABLE</code>
operations will become available in future betas.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The Python API is experimental and not supported.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_application_integration_limitations"><a class="link" href="#_application_integration_limitations">Application Integration Limitations</a></h3>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The Spark DataFrame implementation is not yet complete.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_other_known_issues"><a class="link" href="#_other_known_issues">Other Known Issues</a></h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>The following are known bugs and issues with the current beta release. They will
be addressed in later beta releases.</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Building Kudu from source using <code>gcc</code> 4.6 causes runtime and test failures. Be sure
you are using a different version of <code>gcc</code> if you build Kudu from source.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If the Kudu master is configured with the <code>-log_fsync_all</code> option, tablet servers
and clients will experience frequent timeouts, and the cluster may become unusable.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If a tablet server has a very large number of tablets, it may take several minutes
to start up. It is recommended to limit the number of tablets per server to 100 or fewer.
Consider this limitation when pre-splitting your tables. If you notice slow start-up times,
you can monitor the number of tablets per server in the web UI.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_next_steps"><a class="link" href="#_next_steps">Next Steps</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="quickstart.html">Kudu Quickstart</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="installation.html">Installing Kudu</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="configuration.html">Configuring Kudu</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="col-md-3">
<div id="toc" data-spy="affix" data-offset-top="70">
<ul>
<li>
<a href="introduction.html">Introducing Kudu</a>
</li>
<li>
<span class="active-toc">Kudu Release Notes</span>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_introducing_kudu">Introducing Kudu</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_kudu_impala_integration_features">Kudu-Impala Integration Features</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_about_the_kudu_public_beta">About the Kudu Public Beta</a></li>
<li><a href="#_resources">Resources</a></li>
<li><a href="#_installation_options">Installation Options</a></li>
<li><a href="#_limitations_of_the_public_beta">Limitations of the Public Beta</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_operating_system_limitations">Operating System Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_storage_limitations">Storage Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_schema_limitations">Schema Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_ingest_limitations">Ingest Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_replication_and_backup_limitations">Replication and Backup Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_impala_limitations">Impala Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_security_limitations">Security Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_client_and_api_limitations">Client and API Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_application_integration_limitations">Application Integration Limitations</a></li>
<li><a href="#_other_known_issues">Other Known Issues</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_next_steps">Next Steps</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="quickstart.html">Getting Started with Kudu</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="installation.html">Installation Guide</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="configuration.html">Configuring Kudu</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="kudu_impala_integration.html">Using Impala with Kudu</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="administration.html">Administering Kudu</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting Kudu</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="developing.html">Developing Applications with Kudu</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="schema_design.html">Kudu Schema Design</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="transaction_semantics.html">Kudu Transaction Semantics</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="contributing.html">Contributing to Kudu</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="style_guide.html">Kudu Documentation Style Guide</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="configuration_reference.html">Kudu Configuration Reference</a>
</li>
</ul>
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