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| <h1 class="title">SPARQL Tutorial - Filters</h1> |
| |
| |
| <main class="d-flex flex-xl-row flex-column"> |
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| <h2 class="h6 sticky-top m-0 p-2 bg-body-tertiary">On this page</h2> |
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| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#string-matching">String Matching</a></li> |
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| <p>Graph matching allows patterns in the graph to be found. This |
| section describes how the values in a solution can be restricted. |
| There are many comparisons available - we just cover two cases |
| here.</p> |
| <h2 id="string-matching">String Matching</h2> |
| <p>SPARQL provides an operation to test strings, based on regular |
| expressions. This includes the ability to ask SQL “LIKE” style |
| tests, although the syntax of the regular expression is different |
| from SQL.</p> |
| <p>The syntax is:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-sparql" data-lang="sparql"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">FILTER</span> <span style="color:#00a000">regex</span>(<span style="color:#b8860b">?x</span>, <span style="color:#b44">"pattern"</span> [, <span style="color:#b44">"flags"</span>]) |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><p>The flags argument is optional. The flag “i” means a |
| case-insensitive pattern match is done.</p> |
| <p>The example query (<a href="sparql_data/q-f1.rq">q-f1.rq</a>) finds given names with an |
| “r” or “R” in them.</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-sparql" data-lang="sparql"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">PREFIX</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vcard</span>: <span style="color:#a0a000"><http://www.w3.org/2001/vcard-rdf/3.0#></span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">SELECT</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?g</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">WHERE</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span>{ <span style="color:#b8860b">?y</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vcard</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?g</span> . |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">FILTER</span> <span style="color:#00a000">regex</span>(<span style="color:#b8860b">?g</span>, <span style="color:#b44">"r"</span>, <span style="color:#b44">"i"</span>) } |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><p>with the results:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-turtle" data-lang="turtle"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="">-------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">g</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">=============</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Rebecca"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b44">"Sarah"</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">-------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>The regular expression language is the same as the |
| <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath-functions/#regex-syntax">XQuery regular expression language</a> |
| which is codified version of that found in Perl.</p> |
| <h2 id="testing-values">Testing Values</h2> |
| <p>There are times when the application wants to filter on the value |
| of a variable. In the data file <a href="sparql_data/vc-db-2.rdf">vc-db-2.rdf</a>, we |
| have added an extra field for age. Age is not defined by the vCard |
| schema, so we have created a new property for the purpose of this |
| tutorial. RDF allows such mixing of different definitions of |
| information because URIs are unique. Note also that the <code>info:age</code> |
| property value is typed.</p> |
| <p>In this extract of the data, we show the typed value. It can also |
| be written plain 23.</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-sparql" data-lang="sparql"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a0a000"><http://somewhere/RebeccaSmith/></span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">info</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">age</span> <span style="color:#b44">"23"</span><span style="color:#666">^^</span><span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">xsd</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">integer</span> ; |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">FN</span> <span style="color:#b44">"Becky Smith"</span> ; |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">N</span> [ <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Family</span> <span style="color:#b44">"Smith"</span> ; |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">vCard</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">Given</span> <span style="color:#b44">"Rebecca"</span> ] . |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><p>So, a query (<a href="sparql_data/q-f2.rq">q-f2.rq</a>) to find the names of people who |
| are older than 24 is:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-sparql" data-lang="sparql"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">PREFIX</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">info</span>: <span style="color:#a0a000"><http://somewhere/peopleInfo#></span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">SELECT</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?resource</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">WHERE</span> |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> { |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?resource</span> <span style="color:#00f;font-weight:bold">info</span>:<span style="color:#008000;font-weight:bold">age</span> <span style="color:#b8860b">?age</span> . |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> <span style="color:#a2f;font-weight:bold">FILTER</span> (<span style="color:#b8860b">?age</span> <span style="color:#666">>=</span> <span style="color:#666">24</span>) |
| </span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span> } |
| </span></span></code></pre></div><p>The arithmetic expression must be in parentheses (round brackets). |
| The only solution is:</p> |
| <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-turtle" data-lang="turtle"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="">---------------------------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">resource</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">=================================</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="color:#b8860b"><http://somewhere/JohnSmith/></span><span style="color:#bbb"> </span><span style="">|</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#bbb"></span><span style="">---------------------------------</span><span style="color:#bbb"> |
| </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>Just one match, resulting in the resource URI for John Smith. |
| Turning this round to ask for those less than 24 also yields one |
| match for Rebecca Smith. Nothing about the Jones'.</p> |
| <p>The database contains no age information about the Jones: there are |
| no info:age properties on these vCards so the variable <code>age</code> did |
| not get a value and so was not tested by the filter.</p> |
| <p><a href="sparql_optionals.html">Next: Optionals</a></p> |
| |
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