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| <h1 class="title">ARQ - Negation</h1> |
| |
| |
| <main class="d-flex flex-xl-row flex-column"> |
| |
| <aside class="text-muted align-self-start mb-3 p-0 d-xl-none d-block"> |
| <h2 class="h6 sticky-top m-0 p-2 bg-body-tertiary">On this page</h2> |
| <nav id="TableOfContents"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#negation-by-failure-optional--bound">Negation by Failure (OPTIONAL + !BOUND)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#exists-and-not-exists">EXISTS and NOT EXISTS</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#minus">MINUS</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#not-in">NOT IN</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| </li> |
| </ul> |
| </nav> |
| </aside> |
| <article class="flex-column me-lg-4"> |
| <h3 id="negation-by-failure-optional--bound">Negation by Failure (OPTIONAL + !BOUND)</h3> |
| <p>Standard SPARQL 1.0 can perform negation using the idiom of |
| <code>OPTIONAL</code>/<code>!BOUND</code>. It is inconvenient and can be hard to use as |
| complexity increases. SPARQL 1.1 supports additional operators for |
| negation.</p> |
| <pre><code># Names of people who have not stated that they know anyone |
| PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> |
| SELECT ?name |
| WHERE |
| { |
| ?x foaf:givenName ?name . |
| OPTIONAL { ?x foaf:knows ?who } . |
| FILTER (!BOUND(?who)) |
| } |
| </code></pre> |
| <h3 id="exists-and-not-exists">EXISTS and NOT EXISTS</h3> |
| <p>The <code>EXISTS</code> and <code>NOT EXISTS</code> are now legal SPARQL 1.1 when used inside a <code>FILTER</code>, |
| they may be used as bare graph patterns only when <code>Syntax.syntaxARQ</code> is used</p> |
| <p>There is the <code>NOT EXISTS</code> operator which acts at the point in the query where it is |
| written. It does not bind any variables but variables already bound |
| in the query will have their bound value.</p> |
| <pre><code># Names of people who have not stated that they know anyone |
| PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> |
| SELECT ?name |
| WHERE |
| { |
| ?x foaf:givenName ?name . |
| FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?x foaf:knows ?who } |
| } |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>There is also an <code>EXISTS</code> operator.</p> |
| <pre><code># Names of people where it is stated that they know at least one other person. |
| PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> |
| SELECT ?name |
| WHERE |
| { |
| ?x foaf:givenName ?name . |
| FILTER EXISTS { ?x foaf:knows ?who . FILTER(?who != ?x) } |
| } |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>In this example, the pattern is a little more complex. Any graph |
| pattern is allowed although use of <code>OPTIONAL</code> is pointless (which |
| will always match, possible with no additional results).</p> |
| <p><code>NOT EXISTS</code> and <code>EXISTS</code> can also be used in <code>FILTER</code> expressions. |
| In SPARQL, <code>FILTER</code> expressions act over the whole of the basic |
| graph pattern in which they occur.</p> |
| <pre><code># Names of people who have not stated that they know anyone |
| PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> |
| SELECT ?name |
| WHERE |
| { |
| ?x foaf:givenName ?name . |
| FILTER (NOT EXISTS { ?x foaf:knows ?who }) |
| } |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>A note of caution:</p> |
| <pre><code>PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> |
| SELECT ?name |
| WHERE |
| { |
| ?x foaf:givenName ?name . |
| FILTER (NOT EXISTS { ?x foaf:knows ?y }) |
| ?x foaf:knows ?who |
| } |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>is the same as (it’s a single basic graph pattern - the filter does |
| not break it in two):</p> |
| <pre><code>PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> |
| SELECT ?name |
| WHERE |
| { |
| ?x foaf:givenName ?name . |
| ?x foaf:knows ?y . |
| FILTER (NOT EXISTS { ?x foaf:knows ?who }) |
| } |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>and the <code>FILTER</code> will always be false (<code>{ ?x foaf:knows ?y }</code> must |
| have matched to get to this point in the query and using <code>?who</code> |
| instead makes no difference).</p> |
| <h3 id="minus">MINUS</h3> |
| <p>SPARQL 1.1 also provides a <code>MINUS</code> keyword which is broadly similar to |
| <code>NOT EXISTS</code> though does have some key differences as explained in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#neg-notexists-minus">specification</a>:</p> |
| <pre><code>PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> |
| SELECT ?name |
| WHERE |
| { |
| ?x foaf:givenName ?name . |
| ?x foaf:knows ?y . |
| MINUS { ?x foaf:knows <http://example.org/A> } |
| } |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>Here we subtract any solutions where <code>?x</code> also knows <code>http://example.org/A</code></p> |
| <p>One of the key differences between <code>MINUS</code> and <code>NOT EXISTS</code> is that it is a child graph pattern and so breaks |
| the graph pattern and so the result of the query can change depending where the <code>MINUS</code> is placed. This is |
| unlike the earlier <code>NOT EXISTS</code> examples where moving the position of the <code>FILTER</code> resulted |
| in equivalent queries.</p> |
| <h3 id="not-in">NOT IN</h3> |
| <p>SPARQL 1.1 also has a simpler form of negation for when you simply |
| need to restrict a variable to not being in a given set of values, this is the |
| <code>NOT IN</code> function:</p> |
| <pre><code>PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/> |
| SELECT ?name |
| WHERE |
| { |
| ?x foaf:givenName ?name . |
| ?x foaf:knows ?y . |
| FILTER(?y NOT IN (<http://example.org/A>, <http://example.org/B>)) |
| } |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>This would filter out matches where the value of <code>?y</code> is either <code>http://example.org/A</code> or <code>http://example.org/B</code></p> |
| <p><a href="index.html">ARQ documentation index</a></p> |
| |
| </article> |
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| <nav id="TableOfContents"> |
| <ul> |
| <li> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#negation-by-failure-optional--bound">Negation by Failure (OPTIONAL + !BOUND)</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#exists-and-not-exists">EXISTS and NOT EXISTS</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#minus">MINUS</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#not-in">NOT IN</a></li> |
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| </li> |
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