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| <h1 class="title">Reading and Writing RDF in Apache Jena</h1> |
| |
| <p>This page details the setup of RDF I/O technology (RIOT).</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><a href="#formats">Formats</a></li> |
| <li><a href="#command-line-tools">Commands</a></li> |
| <li><a href="rdf-input.html">Reading RDF in Jena</a></li> |
| <li><a href="rdf-output.html">Writing RDF in Jena</a></li> |
| <li><a href="streaming-io.html">Working with RDF Streams</a></li> |
| <li><a href="rdfxml_howto.html">Additional details on working with RDF/XML</a></li> |
| </ul> |
| <h2 id="formats">Formats</h2> |
| <p>The following RDF formats are supported by Jena. In addition, other syntaxes |
| can be integrated into both the parser and writer registries.</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li>Turtle</li> |
| <li>RDF/XML</li> |
| <li>N-Triples</li> |
| <li>JSON-LD</li> |
| <li>RDF/JSON</li> |
| <li>TriG</li> |
| <li>N-Quads</li> |
| <li>TriX</li> |
| <li>RDF Binary</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>RDF/JSON is different from JSON-LD - it is a direct encoding of RDF triples in JSON. |
| See the <a href="rdf-json.html">description of RDF/JSON</a>.</p> |
| <p>From Jena 4.5.0, JSON-LD 1.1 is the main supported version of JSON-LD.</p> |
| <p>RDF Binary is a binary encoding of RDF (graphs and datasets) that can be useful |
| for fast parsing. See <a href="rdf-binary.html">RDF Binary</a>.</p> |
| <h2 id="command-line-tools">Command line tools</h2> |
| <p>There are scripts in Jena download to run these commands.</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><code>riot</code> - parse, guessing the syntax from the file extension. |
| Assumes N-Quads/N-Triples from stdin.</li> |
| <li><code>turtle</code>, <code>ntriples</code>, <code>nquads</code>, <code>trig</code>, <code>rdfxml</code> - parse a particular language</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>These can be called directly as Java programs:</p> |
| <p>The file extensions understood are:</p> |
| <table> |
| <thead> |
| <tr> |
| <th> Extension </th> |
| <th> Language </th> |
| </tr> |
| </thead> |
| <tbody> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.ttl</code></td> |
| <td>Turtle</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.nt</code></td> |
| <td>N-Triples</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.nq</code></td> |
| <td>N-Quads</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.trig</code></td> |
| <td>TriG</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.rdf</code></td> |
| <td>RDF/XML</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.owl</code></td> |
| <td>RDF/XML</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.jsonld</code></td> |
| <td>JSON-LD</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.trdf</code></td> |
| <td>RDF Thrift</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.rt</code></td> |
| <td>RDF Thrift</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td>`.rpb | RDF Protobuf |</td> |
| <td></td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.pbrdf</code></td> |
| <td>RDF Protobuf</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.rj</code></td> |
| <td>RDF/JSON</td> |
| </tr> |
| <tr> |
| <td><code>.trix</code></td> |
| <td>TriX</td> |
| </tr> |
| </tbody> |
| </table> |
| <p><code>.n3</code> is supported but only as a synonym for Turtle.</p> |
| <p>The <a href="trix.html">TriX</a> support is for the core TriX format.</p> |
| <p>In addition, if the extension is <code>.gz</code> the file is assumed to be gzip |
| compressed. The file name is examined for an inner extension. For |
| example, <code>.nt.gz</code> is gzip compressed N-Triples.</p> |
| <p>Jena does not support all possible compression formats itself, only |
| GZip and BZip2 are supported directly. If you want to use an |
| alternative compression format you can do so by piping the output of the |
| relevant decompression utility into one of Jena’s commands e.g.</p> |
| <pre><code>zstd -d < FILE.nq.zst | riot --syntax NQ ... |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>These scripts call java programs in the <code>riotcmd</code> package. For example:</p> |
| <pre><code>java -cp ... riotcmd.riot file.ttl |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>This can be a mixture of files in different syntaxes when file extensions |
| are used to determine the file syntax type.</p> |
| <p>The scripts all accept the same arguments (type <code>"riot --help"</code> to |
| get command line reminders):</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><code>--syntax=NAME</code>; Explicitly set the input syntax for all files.</li> |
| <li><code>--validate</code>: Checking mode: same as <code>--strict --sink --check=true</code>.</li> |
| <li><code>--check=true/false</code>: Run with checking of literals and IRIs either on or off.</li> |
| <li><code>--time</code>: Output timing information.</li> |
| <li><code>--sink</code>: No output.</li> |
| <li><code>--output=FORMAT</code>: Output in a given syntax (streaming if possible).</li> |
| <li><code>--formatted=FORMAT</code>: Output in a given syntax, using pretty printing.</li> |
| <li><code>--stream=FORMAT</code>: Output in a given syntax, streaming (not all syntaxes can be streamed).</li> |
| </ul> |
| <p>To aid in checking for errors in UTF8-encoded files, there is a |
| utility which reads a file of bytes as UTF8 and checks the encoding.</p> |
| <ul> |
| <li><code>utf8</code> – read bytes as UTF8</li> |
| </ul> |
| <h2 id="inference">Inference</h2> |
| <p>RIOT support creation of inferred triples during the parsing |
| process:</p> |
| <pre><code>riotcmd.infer --rdfs VOCAB FILE FILE ... |
| </code></pre> |
| <p>Output will contain the base data and triples inferred based on |
| RDF subclass, subproperty, domain and range declarations.</p> |
| |
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